II. Stylistic functions of neologisms

Author's neologisms, which are also called individual-stylistic and occasional, are usually introduced in fiction by writers in order to emphasize the individual characteristics of style. Occasional words are produced in violation of the laws of word formation, and, as a rule, intentionally. These neologisms give the author’s text emotional expressiveness and expressiveness. Author's neologisms are practically not used in the modern Russian press, with the possible exception of individual literary works published in it.

General linguistic neologisms are regularly used by Russian speakers and, in turn, are divided into lexical and semantic.

Lexical neologisms include those that are newly formed or borrowed. Semantic neologisms are words that have acquired new meanings of previously known words. Most of the neologisms found in the press are newly coined (for example, “ATMs”) or borrowed (“branding”).

General linguistic neologisms often replace pre-existing words in order to show a change in some qualities of the subject in question. For example, if previously the office space was called an office, now the word office is widely used. The dance floor in modern journalistic materials is most often called a “dance floor”: “The number of people dancing on the dance floor here is something between the number of people dancing at a disco in a pioneer camp and in a medium-sized European club.” // Arguments and Facts. - 2005 - June 25.

In terms of their design, new lexical units are either individual words (for example, “innovation”), or compound names(“werewolves in uniform”).

Here you can point out phraseological neologisms, which are new stable phrases, for example: “to hang noodles on one’s ears” - “to mislead someone”, turn on the printing press - “to start printing additional paper money that is not backed by commodity production.” Neologisms, which are words, compound terms and phraseological units, are generally called lexical-phraseological.

Neologisms found in modern press, can be classified according to areas of use. Most neologisms are found in newspapers with a “business” content, for example, “Kommersant”, and among local ones - “City N”, “Southern Capital”. First of all, here you can find economic terms such as “investor”, “innovation”; Among the relatively new ones are “branding” (trademark promotion), “rebranding” (trademark change). For example, an article in the newspaper “Southern Capital” for May 19, 2005 is called: “Changing corporate identity as an element of rebranding - pros and cons”; in the newspaper “City N” for May 24, 2005 - “Entry for the investor.” Neologisms such as “black cash”, “pension fund”, “ATMs”, “terminals” are often encountered.

Many neologisms can be found in specialized publications devoted to computer technology. Thus, in the article “Deception on the Internet” from the magazine “World of Computers” No. 1 for 2005, neologisms occupy at least 50% of the entire text:

“In this article I will not talk about viruses. Trojans, worms, file viruses... They have already been discussed and discussed, and one more, not very talented note will not change the current situation. We will talk about another, if you think about it, no less harmful (that is, bringing inconvenience and loss) type of deception. About “false advertising”. Again, I’ll make a reservation right away - we’re not talking about spam. Gigabytes of disk space and tons of paper are also filled with discussions about it. No, we will talk about what seems to be the most harmless form of spreading false advertising - about all the usual web pages.” And further: “The second option is more complicated - you are taken to a page containing two or more frames. one of the frames usually has a length and height of zero (so you don’t see it) and contains a set of “keywords” for search engines.” Here, for example, “viruses” is an example of a semantic neologism meaning programs that can spoil software on the computer. Trojans and worms are types of viruses. “Spam” is mass mailings over the Internet.

Neologisms are a common occurrence in the youth press. Thus, in the youth newspaper “Cactus” (2005-No. 33), in the article “So that the Surikovs do not go into the gateways,” the words “graffiti” (artistic images on the walls of houses), “graffiti artists” (people who carry out these images), “bombers” are found. and “writers” (legal or illegal graffiti artists, respectively).

In a number of family newspapers, such as “Antenna” and “My Family,” neologisms are almost never found. In the newspaper “Arguments and Facts” you can mainly find political neologisms, such as “werewolves in uniform” (Ministry of Internal Affairs employees who have committed various crimes) and “monetization” (replacement of various benefits with material compensation). For example, in “Arguments and Facts” No. 23 for 2005 you can find articles entitled “Werewolves in uniform” and “Monetized swindlers.”

Neologisms are often found in advertising publications and advertisements placed in the modern press. For example, second hand - “used clothing”, from the English. second-hand “second-hand, second-hand” (“Now in the capital in every district you will definitely find one or two second-hand stores” // World of News. -2004.-No. 10); parking - from English. parking “parking” (“The house has underground parking, centralized security, satellite television”, “Komsomolskaya Pravda”); sales - from English. sale “sale at a reduced price at the end of the season” (“What about the famous Ramstore sales?”//Arguments and Facts. -2004.-No. 32.); microvan - “minibus”, from the English. van (short for caravan) “van” (“Audi’s first microvan is aluminum,” headline in Komsomolskaya Pravda), etc.

In terms of their sphere of use, neologisms found in newspapers and magazines are mostly interstyle, in other words, used in all functional styles of speech (image, yogurt, case, liberal democratic, benefit recipient, interbank, drug business). However, many neologisms are more characteristic of a certain style: scientific (aura, biolocator, clone, radioecology, ozone hole), journalistic (balanced, dissident, drug lord, kickback, integrator), business (depository, dealer, natural monopoly) or colloquial (compromising material, xerite , cheating, cash, strained, bad luck).

In terms of stylistic coloring, neologisms are mostly stylistically neutral (drug mafia, national Bolshevik, undemocratic). However, some of the new lexical units have a shade of depression or elevation. The first includes colloquial units (sbatsat - “perform a piece of music”, porno - “pornography”), jargon (rocking chair - “a machine for bodybuilding”, jock - “a person with highly developed (“pumped up”) muscles”). The second group includes neologisms that have a connotation of bookishness (invective - “cursing”, establishment - “totality public organizations, groups with power", meditative, mentality), officiality (poor, low-income, interviewed, certification).

Lexical units that have evaluative and emotional properties can express disdain (commie - “communist”), disapproval (populist, sexot), irony (political party).

The Russian language has always been open to borrowing. Starting from the era of Peter I, he focused on Western culture, which caused the penetration of numerous borrowings from Western European languages.

The trend towards the “Americanization” of Russian life is reflected in the “Americanization” of the Russian language, which is expressed in the penetration of numerous Anglicisms and Americanisms (words borrowed from the English language and its American variant). Words from the English language have previously been borrowed by the Russian language, for example: rally, inflation, import, interview, dollar, station, combine, tape recorder, shampoo, nylon, shorts, jeans, nylon, cupcake, cracker, etc. Modern Russian words are also full of Americanisms facilities mass media.

The modern press is primarily dominated by groups of nouns with the suffix - ing (representing gerund forms of the English language: for example, bowling, roaming, lifting, etc.), as well as with the suffix - er (for example, poster, roster, biker, broker, etc.). Borrowings are heterogeneous in their composition. Among them stand out words that came into the language from another language as the name of a new object, a new reality, or are words - terms that have an international character. Their use in speech is justified in most cases, although the meaning is not always correctly understood due to ignorance of the English language.

Some political terms of English origin have firmly entered the Russian language and are often used in the modern press, for example, speaker - chairman of parliament, from English. speaker - “speaker”, as well as “chairman of the House of Commons in England and the House of Representatives in the USA”; inauguration - “the ceremony of inauguration of the president of the country”, from English. inauguration “taking office”; rating - “score”, from English. rating “assessment, assignment to a particular class, category.”

There are many neologisms of English origin among sports terms and terms related to household appliances, which are often found in specialized magazines.

So, recently objects have firmly entered our lives, and their names have entered the language: mixer - from English. mixer “mixing apparatus or device”; toaster - from English. toaster “device for toasting toast” (from toast “toasted slice of bread, crouton”); roster - from English. roaster - “roaster” (from to roast “to fry”); shaker - from English. shaker “vessel for making cocktails” (from to shake “shake”), etc.

Among the sports terms, as well as the names of some games or types of sports activities that have become fashionable and popular recently, we can highlight, for example: bowling - a game in which you need to knock down pins standing in a group with a ball thrown across the floor, from the English. bowl “ball; bowling"; diving - “scuba diving”, from the English. to dive “dive, plunge into water” (hence diver - “underwater diving enthusiast, diver”); skateboard - “skating on a board with rollers”, from the English. skate “skating, sliding” and board “board”; snowboard - “riding a board in the snow”, from the English. snow “snow” and board “board”; snowblade - “skating on snow on large stunt skis”, from the English. snowblade “trick skis”; biker - “cyclist, motorcyclist”, from the English. bike - abbreviated, colloquial. from bicycle “bicycle”; shaping - from English. shaping “giving shape” (from to shape “to give shape”); fitness - from English. fitness - “compliance” (from to be fit “to correspond, to be in shape”), etc.

Many neologisms, especially those borrowed from the English language, used in the media, are agonims (i.e., words whose meaning is unclear, unknown to most native speakers). They often require special decoding and semantization using the native language. Such vocabulary clogs our language, leads to misunderstanding of speech, and moreover, it can easily be replaced by Russian analogues. These words include, in particular:

showroom - from English. show-room “exhibition hall, showroom for displaying samples of goods” (“In addition to the showroom, where all Volkswagen cars officially sold in Russia are constantly displayed, a technical center is located here”, “Komsomolskaya Pravda”);

prime time - from English. prime time best time"("Brazilian TV series have no place in prime time!" - headline in Komsomolskaya Pravda No. 74, 2004);

blockbuster - “sensation; a film that is extremely popular,” from English. decomposition block-buster, the original meaning of which is “high-explosive large-caliber aerial bomb” (“Today one of the main blockbusters of the year is being released on the screens of Russian cinemas - the film “The Day After Tomorrow”, “Komsomolskaya Pravda” No. 199 for 2004);

spread - “soft butter”, from English. spread, one of the meanings of which is “that which can be spread on bread”, from to spread “to spread, cover, spread” (“Where did this “soft happiness” fall on us? Like so much in last years- from abroad, spreads have been in use there for a long time,” “Arguments and Facts” No. 34, 2004);

development company - “a construction company that develops the construction of houses”, from the English. to develop “to develop, improve, develop”;

multiplex - “multi-hall complex”, from the English. multiplex “complex, multiple” (“There will be a multiplex here - a multiplex cinema”, “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, No. 1 for 2003);

tuning - “turning work”, from English. turning “rotation; turning” from to turn “to rotate, sharpen” (“In addition to basic services, Rus-Lan also offers installation of anti-theft systems, tuning and a wide range of spare parts”, “Komsomolskaya Pravda”).

The names of some professions found in the modern press also require additional clarification, for example: handmaker - “one who deals handmade", from English. hand “hand” and make “to do); image maker - “one who develops an image”, from the English. image “image” and make “do”; merchandiser - “one who is engaged in the design of retail shelves”, from the English. merchandise “goods, trade” (From the advertisement: “The company is hiring merchandisers (work on decorating the shelves of chain supermarkets)”), etc.

IEAU teacher

ON THE QUESTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF SOME LINGUISTIC CONCEPTS

Systematic study of vocabulary in different spheres of human activity involves both turning to words that have a certain tradition of use in the language, and to new types of lexical units. This article is devoted to consideration of the second direction of research of lexical units.

Due to various intralinguistic and extralinguistic factors lexical composition the language loses certain words and groups of words. However, at the same time, it is intensively replenished with new lexical units. According to the degree of novelty, they are distinguished: actual neologisms, occasionalisms, potential words. Such units may reflect the relationship to the scope of application in different ways. Here we distinguish: terms, professionalisms, jargons. Below we will consider lexical units from the point of view of the degree of their novelty.

Let us turn to the classification of neologisms themselves. Views on neologisms formed in linguistic science (for example, in the works of V.V. Lopatin, A.A. Bragina, etc.) are reflected in many modern publications, including textbooks. IN last sections are devoted to neologisms and, as a rule, contain updated illustrative material that makes it possible to clarify the classification of new words. Our choice of the classification contained in the textbook “Modern Russian Language” (edited by V.G. Kostomarov and V.I. Maksimov, 2003) is due to its greatest completeness and rigor.

By design new lexical units are individual words or compound names. This - lexical neologisms: renting, ATM, hyperinflation; poverty line. There are also phraseological neologisms are new stable combinations of words: hang noodles on the ears- mislead someone. Some researchers highlight lexico-phraseological neologisms that combine words, compound terms and phraseological units. Next we will talk about lexical neologisms, that is, about those words that appear as new entirely, in all their meanings.

By purpose Neologisms can be divided into the following thematic groups: 1) naming new realities and concepts: birding, glamour, grace period, casket, sales, stakeholder, fitness; 2) naming phenomena that existed previously, but for one reason or another (usually ideological) did not receive their name: returnee, de-Sovietization, Yezhovism; 3) denoting concepts that do not exist in reality, but are predicted: spaceplane, walker, nuclear winter; 4) duplicate words with the same meaning (full, ideographic, as well as stylistic synonyms, words replacing free phrases): fateful– historical, destructive(book) – destructive, index– carry out indexing.

By area of ​​use Neologisms are, as a rule, inter-style, used in all styles. Moreover, some similar words and phrases are characteristic of a certain style: scientific - biofield, geoecology, clone; journalistic – balance, dissenter, rollback; colloquial - tin, xeric, strained. Certain lexical units have a narrower scope of use: in religion - Islamization, sectology, Orthodox mobile phone; In sports - callanetics, Pilates, tiebreaker; in economics - quota, leasing, futures.

According to stylistic coloring Most neologisms are stylistically neutral. Some new lexical units have a connotation of depression or elevation. The first include vernacular units - hopelessness, maza, fuck off and jargons – shoe(stand for level) , non-moo(drunk person), pop music. The second are neologisms that have a connotation of bookishness and formality: invective, mentality, elite; respondents. Lexical units that are characterized by evaluation and emotionality can express irony, disapproval, and disdain: otsident, political party; democrat, populist; commie.

By consolidation in use Neologisms are divided into linguistic and speech. Linguistic ones are those neologisms that are widely used and, as a rule, are recorded in Russian language dictionaries. Examples include the following lexical units: destabilization, monitoring, pseudo-democrats, showdown, Yabloko(members of the Yabloko party). Speech, or occasionalisms, have two types: anonymous (without established authorship, their occurrence is not associated with any person - satinism, mutual ignorance, marriageability) and copyright (created and publicly assigned to a specific person - hammered, sated, sickled– from V. Mayakovsky).

Close to speech ones, but not neologisms, potential words. These are words that can be created by any native speaker of the Russian language according to productive models and by analogy with regular and irregular formations of the language. “They seem to potentially exist in language, and only an external stimulus, conditioned by the speech situation, is needed for them to be used. They are extremely easily and freely created directly in the process of communication, in the very flow of speech - almost as freely as phrases and sentences.” According to V.V. Lopatin, such words are potential only for the language; in the context of use they are quite real: well meter, mega cosmetics, metro dogs, claw, super tasty.

By duration of active use in this period, neologisms are divided into: 1) those included in the active stock and used along with its other units ( brand manager, website, global, consortium) and 2) appeared in a certain period and passed into the passive stock of the language ( East German, openness, privatization).

By origin neologisms are divided into Russian ones ( dollarization, pollution, pluralistic) and borrowings, the latter are divided into external - borrowings from other languages ​​- and internal, i.e. borrowings from territorial and social dialects ( tasting - fr.tasting, pop music - English.popmusic, flyers - English.flyers; grandfathers, cool, promotion).

There are also semantic (lexico-semantic) neologisms are lexical units that received a new meaning (new meanings) in a specific historical period: pirate– a person illegally engaged in the production and distribution of audio, video products, etc.; sarcophagus– a structure for the disposal of nuclear reactor waste. Along with the identified neologisms, there are also stylistic neologisms are words that, while maintaining their meaning, have received a new stylistic use or coloring: leader(in modern usage as ironic), kulaks(V Soviet time like a word with a disapproving connotation, patriotism.

Lexical, semantic (lexico-semantic) and stylistic neologisms are combined into the group of neologisms proper.

At least three more groups of units are adjacent to neologisms proper. The first group includes lexical units that were used in Soviet times in relation to the realities of modern foreign or pre-revolutionary Russian reality, but now denote the same phenomena and objects modern life, –reoriented: governor, cadet, lyceum, monopoly, president. They must be distinguished from internal or external borrowings. The second group includes lexical units that were already in use, but received a new combinability: shoe market, share participation, place available funds, convenient service. These units are classified as compatible . The third group is represented by lexical units that were in the passive stock, but due to historical stages they became relevant and frequent. Such units are called updated . In terms of expanding the boundaries of compatibility and frequency of use, such units are also updated: guarantee, humanitarian, rally, scoop.

The presented lexical units of the three groups can be called weak neologisms, since the degree of their novelty is very little felt by native speakers. Interaction with the lexical system of such words requires study and special comparison of use at different stages of language development.

Thus, new lexical units, neologisms, can be considered from two positions. Neologisms in the narrow sense (actually neologisms, strong neologisms) are lexical, semantic (or lexical-semantic) and stylistic linguistic units. Neologisms in a broad sense, in addition to those indicated, include reoriented, combinable and updated units of language.

Classification of neologisms (in a broad sense)

STRONG / PROPER NEOLOGISMS (in the narrow sense)

1. Lexical

2. Semantic (lexico-semantic)

3. Stylistic

WEAK

4. Refocused

5. Compatibility

6. Updated

Classification of lexical neologisms

1. By design	2. As intended	sphere of use	4. By stylistic coloring	5. According to fixedness in use	6. By duration of active use	7. By origin
1.1. Lexical Phraseological 1.3. Lexical and phraseological	2.1. Naming new realities and concepts 2.2. Naming pre-existing phenomena 2.3. Denoting concepts that do not exist in reality 2.4. Duplicate words with the same meaning	Majority - interstyle; some are characteristic of a certain style (have a narrower scope of use)	Majority - stylistically neutral	5.1. Speech (occasional): 5.1.2. Anonymous 5.2. Language	6.1. Included in the active stock 6.2. Appeared in a certain period and passed into the passive stock of the language	7.1. Actually Russians 7.2. Borrowings: 7.2.1. Domestic 7.2.2. External

Literature:

1. Kostomarov V.G. Linguistic taste of the era. From observations of the speech practice of mass media. – M., 1994.

2. Lopatin V.V. The birth of a word. Neologisms and occasional formations. – M., 1973.

3. Modern Russian literary language: Textbook / Ed. acad. RAO V.G. Kostomarov and prof. IN AND. Maksimova. – M., 2003.

See, for example: Modern Russian language: Theory. Analysis of linguistic units: Textbook. for students higher textbook establishments: At 2 o'clock / E.I. Dibrova, L.L. Kasatkin, N.A. Nikolina, I.I. Shchebolev; Ed. E.I. Dibrova. – M., 2002; Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language / Ed. N.S. Valgina: Textbook for universities. – Ed. 6th, revised and additional – M., 2003; Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language: Lexicon. Phraseology. Morphology: Textbook. a manual for university students studying in the direction and specialty “Journalism” / L.I. Rakhmanova, V.N. Suzdaltseva. – 2nd ed., rev. and additional – M., 2003; Vakhnina T.P., Ivanova O.V., Kuznetsova E.Yu. Modern Russian language: Textbook. manual for universities / Ed. E.Yu. Kuznetsova. – M., 2004; Russian language: Textbook. for students higher ped. textbook establishments / L.L. Kasatkin, E.V. Klobukov, L.P. Krysin et al.; Ed. L.L. Kasatkina. – 2nd ed., rev. – M., 2004; Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language. – 6th ed. – M., 2004.

The classification of neologisms is presented in: Modern Russian literary language: Textbook / Ed. acad. RAO V.G. Kostomarov and prof. IN AND. Maksimova. – M., 2003. – P. 207-215.

Lopatin V.V. The birth of a word. Neologisms and occasional formations. – M., 1973. – P. 70.

Each era enriches the language with new words. During periods of greatest activity in the socio-political and cultural life of a nation, the influx of new words especially increases.

Depending on the methods of formation, lexical neologisms are distinguished, which are created according to productive models or borrowed from other languages ​​(signatory; post-communist, special forces) and semantic ones, which arise as a result of assigning new meanings to already known words (shuttle - small merchant of imported goods). The uniqueness of semantic neologisms lies in the fact that, as lexemes, they have long been known in the language, but, having updated their meaning, from previous ones thematic groups move to completely new ones, while changing lexical compatibility and often stylistic consolidation and expressive coloring. For example, in the new meaning - catastrophe - collapse belongs to a group of words related to finance; becomes expressively colored and is assigned to journalistic style Russian language. As part of semantic neologisms, words with a bright expressive color are not isolated; it is no coincidence that fashionable new words are borrowed from jargons. So, go clubbing At first it was used by gamblers.

Depending on the conditions of creation, neologisms should be divided into two groups: words whose occurrence is not associated with the name of their creator, they can be called anonymous, and words introduced into use by specific authors, that is, individual authorial neologisms. The vast majority of neologisms belong to the first group. No one can say who coined the words earthlings, market man, Duma members. The second group of neologisms includes, for example, the word pro-sessed, created by V. Mayakovsky.

Depending on the goals of creating new words and their purpose in speech, all neologisms can be divided into nominative and stylistic. The emergence of nominative neologisms is dictated primarily by the needs of the development of science and technology. Stylistic neologisms created as a bright expressive means, they always have a positive or negative connotation. For example, failures and abuses during the privatization of state-owned enterprises gave rise to the satirical word privatization.

Depending on whether neologisms are part of the language or are just facts of speech, created “on occasion,” a distinction is made between linguistic (national) and occasional neologisms (from the Latin occasionalis - random).

A special place among neologisms is occupied by the so-called individual stylistic neologisms - words created by writers and publicists for a specific artistic purpose.

Neologisms in which the requirements for euphony of speech are violated are considered unsuccessful from the point of view of word formation. The sound form of a neologism is unacceptable if it causes undesirable associations due to the similarity in sound of the new word with an already known one ( kindergartenism).

Neologisms can be divided into four groups:

Neologisms of the first group appear to name realities and concepts that previously did not exist in the life of the people: venture - aimed at financing new untested ideas, projects involving risk, revivalists - followers of various pseudo-patriotic movements striving for the revival of Russia, grant - a form additional funding scientific research in the form of certain subsidies, decommunization, de-Sovietism - the elimination or transformation of the Soviets as bodies of state power, as well as hamburger, gigabyte, etc.

Neologisms of the second group are created to name phenomena that have already taken place in the life of society, but for one reason or another, in particular of an ideological nature, did not receive their name: extrajudicial - “located outside the scope of legal proceedings; carried out without trial or investigation", returnee - `one who voluntarily returns to his homeland from emigration", command-bureaucratic, Leninist.

The third group includes neologisms that denote realities that do not exist in real life, but are predicted, possible in fantasies, with the further development of science and technology: cyborg - "half-man-half-robot", spaceship - "spaceplane", spaceplane, nuclear winter.

The fourth group of neologisms consists of lexical units that duplicate words with the same meaning. These can be complete (ideographic) synonyms, identical in meaning and stylistic coloring: sovereign - statesman, loyal - servile, balanced - thoughtful, fateful - historical.

By sphere use neologisms for the most part are interstyle, in other words, used in all functional styles of speech (image, intergirl, yogurt, case, liberal democratic, benefit recipient, interbank, drug business). However, many neologisms are more characteristic of a certain style: scientific (aura, biolocator, clone, radioecology, ozone hole), journalistic (balanced, dissident, drug lord, rollback, integrator), business (depository, dealer, natural monopoly) or colloquial (compromising material, xerite , cheating, cash, strained, bad luck).

Some neologisms have an even narrower scope of use: in economics (indexation, quotas, commercialization, conversion, consulting, correspondent accounting, leasing, macroeconomics), in politics (ideologized, inauguration, command-administrative), in computer science (interactive, cartridge, informatization ), in technology (Internet, acupuncture, anabolic, deviant), in mass culture (cassette recorder, kitsch, video clip, CD, lambada, mass media, punks, pop group), in sports (karateka, kickboxing, libero , hat-trick), in religion (Jehovahism, icon veneration, Islamization, Judaism), etc.

When dealing with new borrowed vocabulary, you should also pay attention to the scope of use, since many foreign words are subject to rethinking and receive a slightly different meaning in Russian than in the donor language. For example, neologism image, which we will talk about below, is translated from English as image, statue (saint) similarity anyone metaphor, icon, appearance (political parties And etc. public subjects), depict, call V imagination, display, symbolize. In the Russian language, only one meaning of this word has taken root - appearance. Therefore, in order to correctly use this neologism, people need to know its scope of use. Otherwise, a person who relies only on the translation of a word from a foreign language may make a mistake in word usage // Krysin L.P. Foreign words in modern Russian. M., 1968. P. 118.

By stylistic coloring neologisms are mostly stylistically neutral (drug mafia, national-bolshevik, undemocratic, inconvertible, one-party). However, some of the new lexical units have a shade of depression or elevation. The first includes colloquial units (sbatsat - to perform a piece of music, porn - pornography), jargon (rocking chair - a bodybuilding exercise machine, jock - a person with highly developed (“pumped up”) muscles). The second group includes neologisms that have a connotation of bookishness (invective - swearing, establishment - a set of public organizations, groups with power, meditative, mentality), officiality (poor, low-income, homeless - without a fixed place of residence, interviewed, certification). Lexical units that have evaluative and emotional properties can express disdain (commie - communist), disapproval (pyramidist, populist, sexot), irony (democratizer - who or what contributes to the democratization of society, prisoner - political prisoner, political party). Summarizing what has been said about new lexical units, we should conclude that, in principle, the concept of neologisms can be narrow and broad. Neologisms in the narrow sense of the word include lexical, semantic (or lexical-semantic) and stylistic. Neologisms in the broad sense include, in addition to those indicated, reoriented, compatible and actualized.

Moscow Humanitarian Institute

Named after E.R. Dashkova

Faculty of Foreign Languages

ABSTRACT

According to the Stylistics of the Russian Language

On the topic

"Neologisms, their types and stylistic use"

Teacher: Khukhuni G.T.

Moscow, 2000
CONTENT

1. Neologisms………………………………………………………………………………4

2. Types of neologisms……………………………………………………………….……4

3. Stylistic use of neologisms………………………….…5

4. List of references………………………………………………………20

Neologisms(from Greek neos"new" and logos“word”) are new words, the novelty of which is felt by the speakers. Neologisms are linguistic, lexical, semantic, authorial and individual stylistic.

Linguistic neologisms are created mainly to designate a new subject or concept. They enter passive lexicon and are noted in Russian language dictionaries. A word is a neologism as long as it retains a touch of freshness. Thus, the words that recently entered the Russian language bulldozer, helicopter, astronaut, nylon, supermarket are fully mastered and actively used, and neologisms that were in the 20s Budyonnovets, women's department, educational program, People's Commissar, NEP managed to enter the active vocabulary, but then became historicisms. If the concept is relevant, and the word that names it is well connected with other words, then the word soon ceases to be a neologism.

Lexical neologisms can be formed according to the models available in the language: Venerokhod, Primarsitsya, one and a half exchanges, bester“a cross between a beluga and a sterlet” or borrowed from other languages: bobsleigh, makeup, punk, racket, sponsor.

Semantic neologisms- new meanings of famous words: zebra"stripes on the roadway indicating a crossing" after school“extended film screening; extended classes at school", slider"lightning lock" hatch"a paste for correcting errors in typewritten text."

Author's, individual stylistic neologisms are created by writers and poets to add imagery to an artistic text. Neologisms of this type are “attached” to the context and have an author. According to the very goals of their creation, they are designed to maintain unusualness and freshness. Author's neologisms formed according to productive models are called potential words: heavy ringing galloping, I'm fascinated(P.); bedbug breeding, ober-admirer(S.-Sch.); hammer-fingered, two-meter tall, million-fingered hand(M.); verse thief(M.G.). Occasionalisms (from lat. occaslonalis“random”) - author’s neologisms created according to unusual models: philosophy(M.G.); sports copper forehead(Color); dragonfly, montekaryaki(M.); autumn(Drive.). Author's neologisms can be semantic: professors crumbly from old age(M.); heavens exposed(Isa.).

Neologisms can also arise as new names for objects that already have names. Thus, when they arose, neologisms were words helicopter, airship, pilot, shipbuilder, replaced words helicopter, zeppelin, aviator, shipbuilder. Modern neologism computer used instead COMPUTER.

STYLISTIC USE OF NEOLOGISMS

The state of vocabulary, as is known, reflects the level of development of society. Various social factors are clearly expressed in language in the era of the atom, television, and space. Everything new that happens in our lives is imprinted in words. A striking example of this is conquest in space and the growing number of “space” words.

Word space not only becomes more common, but also expands its word-formation system. A whole series of new words appear: cosmodrome, cosmonaut, cosmovision, which are constructed by analogy with pre-existing names that are similar in meaning or function.

Let us conduct an analysis of neologisms that confirms this position.

Aerodrome -“a natural or artificial platform for parking, ascent and descent of flying machines.” Cosmodrome -“a platform for launching spacecraft - rockets, satellites-ships.” Lunodrome -“sites specially built for testing lunar vehicles, the topography and soil of which repeated the possible obstacles awaiting the laboratory on the surface of the Moon” (“Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 1971, February 9).

Aero-, space-, lunar- are perceived as a definition of -drome, borrowed from the Greek language and having a long-established meaning in Russian as “place”; compare: hippodrome -"place of horse racing" velodrome -"place of cycling competitions" tankodrome -“tank parking area” and already analyzed aerodrome And cosmodrome."

Argonaut - aeronaut - cosmonaut. The law of analogy also operates in this word-formation series. It would seem argo-, aero-, cosmo- can be considered as different definitions for what is repeated in all words -Navt. But the second part of these difficult words -naut in new formations aeronaut, and later astronaut seems to represent the meaning of the first - Argonaut; Argonauts - legendary heroes who travel to unknown lands.... In nouns aeronaut, cosmonaut Russified morpheme -naut means "navigator, sailor", but with a connotation of "discoverer, sailing or going on unknown paths." This shade of meaning made the morpheme - navt productive in space terminology.

Astronaut - education is purely Russian. IN English language the word was created to name American astronauts astronaut, but in information translations into Russian it is often replaced by Russian astronaut:“The Apollo 11 spacecraft is approaching Earth. When readers of Izvestia pick up this issue, perhaps the brave astronauts - Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins will already return to our planet... Well-being astronauts good... Astronauts clean the cabin from time to time using a vacuum cleaner... Now astronauts busy with final preparations before the finish line" (Izvestia, 1969, July 24). Astronaut And astronaut are perceived as synonyms, differing only in national-local coloring. It is curious that after the successful launches of lunar automatic probes, some writers and scientists flashed the word selenaut - about the first man on the moon, the discoverer. It is interesting that for naming the inhabitants of the Moon in literature there was selenite.“By the way, we are already thinking about what to call the first man on the moon. Astronaut it doesn't fit anymore. For now let's stop at selenaute"(“Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 1966, February 5). And just recently a series of words with the element -naut enriched with education aquanaut -"discoverer, first explorer of the deep sea." "Underwater house on deep sea... Is it possible to make an inflatable underwater dwelling?.. Aquanauts Moscow club “Dolphin” set exactly this goal” (“Evening Moscow”, 1967, August 19); “The pneumatic hydrostat, when folded, fits into a backpack. Underwater, it fills with air and reliably protects aquanauts"(“Pravda”, 1967, August 29), “Women- aquanauts began work under water" ("Pravda", 1967, September 10); "Squad aquanauts-enthusiasts of the Donetsk underwater club “Ichthyander” yesterday began an experiment on the Black Sea coast of Crimea for a person to stay under water for a long time” (“Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 1967, August 30).

The similarity of the working equipment prompted a comparison of speleologists with astronauts and led to the formation of an expressive name: speleologist - geonaut - " revealer of the secrets of the earth." “Over the past five years, special expeditions of speleologists- "geonauts"(to travel underground you need a special suit and a self-contained oxygen device) we also examined the largest cave systems in the world...” (“Pravda”, 1968, June 16).

No less remarkable is another verbal movement that has occurred as a result of the development of our technology and science. Words that are spreading now rocket scientist - astronaut could be synonyms. In the 30s noun rocket scientist associated with space and space jet ships, which scientists, science fiction writers, and filmmakers dreamed of.

In 1935, the film “Space Flight” was shot at Mosfilm. The scientific consultant was K.E. Tsiolkovsky, and here are some interesting lines preserved in the scientist’s archive: “On October 26, 1933, in the Soviet Union, a powerful launch vehicle launched a spacecraft into orbit of the Earth’s satellite, piloted by a crew that made the first human launch into outer space. Rocketeer(that's what they called then astronauts) spoke about the extraordinary feeling of absence of heaviness...” (“Literaturnaya Gazeta”, 1965, April 13).

Noun rocket scientist - derived from rocket. Word rocket in the meaning of “amusing lights” is found in the papers and letters of Peter I, dated 1696. It is this date that appears in dictionaries and studies devoted to foreign borrowings in the Russian language. But the word and concept rocket, as well as the adjective rocket were known to the Russian language much earlier, since already in 1680 the “Rocket Establishment” was founded in Moscow, which marked the beginning of the production and development of rocket technology.

Rocket in the meaning of “fireworks, amusing fire” became quite widespread in the era of Peter the Great. This assumption allows us to make the text of the decree addressed to the entire population. This decree on celebrating the New Year, as a vivid evidence of the era, was subsequently included by A. N. Tolstoy in the novel “Peter the Great”: “It was introduced by royal decree: “... to count New Year not from the first of September, but from the first of January of this year 1700. And as a sign of that good beginning and the new century of the century, in joy, congratulate each other on the New Year... In the courtyards of the ward, military and merchant people, fire from small cannons, rifles, fire rockets...»

And yet for the first time the word rocket recorded only in the dictionary of N. Yanovsky in 1806. Compiler for the noun rocket makes a note - “artillery speech”, but in the dictionary entry itself describes the use missiles and like funny lights. Derived words from rocket the dictionary does not note, although the adjective missile, as we already know, it has been known since the 17th century. Documents from the pyrotechnic laboratory of A.D. Zasyadko (1814) preserve another derived word - rocket man:“Wherever a single infantryman passes, a Russian will pass there and a Russian can operate there.” rocket scientist."

This is how two “earthly” meanings of the word are fixed rocket -“amusing fire” and “military shell” and derivative words - missile And rocket scientist

Subsequently, with the development of the ideas of aeronautics and astronautics, rocket receives new meaning. But even K.E. Tsiolkovsky hesitated in choosing a name for the new aircraft. Thus, the scientist calls one of his articles, published in 1911 in the journal “Bulletin of Aeronautics”: “Exploration of world spaces using jet instruments. Jet device "Rocket" K. Tsiolkovsky." Word rocket acts here as a marking, nomenclature sign. And in 1926, in his work “Study of World Spaces,” K. E. Tsiolkovsky notes: “For travel outside the atmosphere and any other material environment at an altitude of 300 km , and also even further, between the planets and suns, we need a special device, which we will only call for brevity rocket" “That’s why in my projects the pressure is on "rocket" I take 10 times more..." In the manuscripts of K. Tsiolkovsky the word rocket, although irregularly, they are accompanied by quotation marks as a sign of the unusual use of this name.

In the 20-30s the word rocket thanks to fantastic stories, novellas, films, it had a widespread meaning as “interplanetary apparatus”, therefore the derivative rocket scientist was quite “cosmic”. Simultaneously with a word rocket began to be called all aircraft powered by jet fuel. The first one is like this rocket was launched on August 17, 1933. Scientists involved in the problems and technology of rocketry were united at that time under the name rocket men:“In the evening, those who worked in other organizations gathered here from different parts of the capital. The spacious basement was for young people rocket scientists and home, and club, and workshop” (“RT”, 1966, No. 7, p. 13).

These days, noun rocket more "earthly". Meaning "aircraft with jet engine" caused a number of modifications: intercontinental missile;“a combat projectile driven by the reaction force of an ejected gas stream” - high explosive rocket. These noun meanings rocket gave rise to new names: rocket troops -"troops armed with missile weapons" rocket scientist -"soldier missile forces or a rocket scientist." Wed: "Rocketman... Young man in the uniform of a lieutenant missile forces..."(“Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 1967, July 20). Now the word rocket scientist not so easily associated with space. Astronaut turned out to be more expressive, conveying not only the connection with space, but also the meaning of “the first voyager in space, the discoverer of unknown spaces.” There is no doubt - displacement of the name rocket scientist from “space” usage is due to the movement in the series of names of aircraft. In the works of K.E. Tsiolkovsky we are faced with the search for the necessary words-names: star house - satellite - rocket - starship - spaceship - space rocket trains. On modern stage differentiation and accuracy of space names is inherent not only scientific texts, but also journalism and fiction. Each name secures its own special meaning, already justified by certain realities. (satellite - launch vehicle - spacecraft). Some still remain in the field of fantastic literature or high journalism (starship, starship, planetship, planetary pilot). Wed: "Starship receives a departure signal... Suddenly starship made a furious howl and extinguished the lights"; “Here they prepare for future space flights starships»; "... planetary pilots must not lie in wait for the dangers of space” (“Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 1966, October 15);

"A day in the earthly starship" - the title of a report about a unique medical and biological experiment by Soviet scientists, during which three testers spent a year in a hermetic volume, completely isolated from the outside world" (Komsomolskaya Pravda, 1968, October 4).

Back in 1960, when the first satellite spacecraft launched on May 15, the question of the name of this type of aircraft arose. Starship? Spaceship? Satellite? - The naming problem is very complex. In due time words steam locomotive, steamship, airplane have become symbols of a certain technological progress. Starship - star pilot, star explorer, spaceship - space pilot, planetary ship - planet pilot“...contained, as it were, the realized possibility of making interplanetary flights and even flights to the stars. Our task was much more modest. That's why the name appeared spaceship"(“Pravda”, 1968, January 22). It came into wide use, although not without controversy and doubt.

Bringing words to the forefront in “space” terminology satellite, spaceship relegates the name to the background rocket. This movement in the number of names of aircraft in connection with their improvement supported the new formation astronaut and at the same time deprived of the previous term rocket scientist former space associations. A number of neoplasms united by the element turn out to be productive kosmo- (cosmo-): cosmodrome - cosmonaut - spaceship.

It is interesting that for the name of the “earthly” specialty - physicists studying space and cosmic rays, a special name arises - space While it exists in the colloquial style of speech, it is already found in the language fiction.

"Cosmic" - This is how A.V. Afinogenov titled his documentary story about the life of people of a new specialty. “I walked around the excited capital (on the day of Yuri Gagarin’s flight into space. - A.B.), I peered at it, listened attentively, - and suddenly someone else’s line sparkled in my memory, so well depicting the distant house of physicists: “Empty rooms, the beauty of leaving,” and a wave of tenderness rolled up to its owners - spacemen..." Suffix -ik in such cases, it is habitually included in words denoting related specialties: physicist, chemist, mathematician, physician. Special education spaceman with the meaning “a specialist in a certain field” is natural and generally understandable.

Direct work in space, albeit with the help of automatic devices (for example, control Lunokhod), determined the combination earthly astronaut(“Evening Moscow”, 1971, January 13). Language seems to strive, on the one hand, to unite what is common: astronaut - this is the one who works in space, but astronaut - this is also the one who is on earth, but works with equipment intended for space exploration. On the other hand, with the help of the definition, the particular is highlighted in general: cosmonaut - earthly cosmonaut.

Derivational sequence from the word space has a rather unexpected continuation: "Space kids - that’s the name of the boys and girls from the young cosmonauts club...” (“Week”, 1966, May 22-28). A new word similar to a noun Guys“young cosmonauts” receives special meaning.

Morphemes -naut, -ik, -(n)yata carry more or less generalized meanings. Their choice in the formation of new words is determined and each time prompted by a semantic analogy: argonaut - aeronaut - cosmonaut; physicist - chemist - mathematician - space scientist; guys are space kids.

As we see, “space” terminology is in its infancy. Movement in the “cosmic” series - the formation of neologisms, new understandings and rethinking of old words - do not represent an autonomous phenomenon, but are in line with the national language.

Exploring space, launching satellites, as one would expect, is reflected in the semantic movements of the adjective space.

Using the definition space designations of new concepts arise - spaceship:“March 19 at 12:02 Moscow time spaceship“Voskhod-2” ... landed safely near the city of Perm” (“Pravda”, 1965, March 20); space routes:"According to the first space routes to the Moon, laid by Soviet rockets, American rockets also rushed towards it” (“Evening Moscow”, 1964, August 3). In these cases, the adjective appears in its usual meaning “relating to space.”

But here are the combinations: space bridge(“Pravda”, 1965, December 13); space radio bridge(“Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 1966, April 24); space telegrams(“Izvestia”, 1965, December 29). This is where the meaning expansion occurs: space bridge - radio bridge -“formed with the help of a communications satellite”; space telegrams -"received via satellite communications." Metaphor space bridge figuratively conveys the meaning of “radiotelephone communication through space.” Metaphorical uses space quite varied: “Conversation on a cosmic level.- The earth listened to the voice of astronauts talking to each other on the radiotelephone, and it was difficult to resist admiration for those who heard these conversations on a cosmic level"(“Izvestia”, 1962, August 15). In expression on a cosmic level, definition cosmic means both "taking place in space" and "very high". Second, contextual meaning appears due to the easily arising correlation with constant expressions on high level, at ambassadorial level it. P ., and be (become, go and so on.) to the level, to be on the level.

Metaphorical use space develops an evaluative and qualitative meaning: “We know well... that victories in space are forged through the work of each of us... That is why the team of our electrical equipment assembly section was the first to take the lead space watch"(“Pravda”, 1962, August 16); “Then we saw the bar set at 2 meters 26 centimeters. Truly cosmic altitude. But the 20-year-old Soviet athlete mastered this milestone with enviable ease on the first try” (“Pravda”, 1962, July 24); cosmic kilograms(about the records of weightlifters; Ogonyok, 1962, No. 23, pp. 24-25).

Various uses of the word space secure it figurative meaning - « High Quality, fast, high-speed, record”, as well as “excellent, best, biggest”. Compare: “The cars are approaching the Palace one after another. Close relatives, cosmonaut friends and their wives came with the bride and groom. - What would you wish your friends on their wedding day? - we ask the astronauts. “Of course, happiness,” says Bykovsky. Space, - adds Titov. “I mean in size” (“Ogonyok”, 1963, No. 46, p. 6); “In the concert, the “Russian Variation” stands out for its pathos. Shubarin has been performing it for several years now and never ceases to improve it, achieving greater and greater generalization of dance images - wide, flying, truly space" (« Soviet culture", 1967, March 28).

Semantic movement in meaning space does not simply follow the path of increasing, expanding polysemy. Let's turn to dictionaries. Dictionary Russian language ed. D.N. Ushakova noted at the adjective cosmic figurative meaning “huge, colossal proportions”: “This movement has grown to space sizes." Dictionary of modern Russian literary language does not mark any figurative meanings. By the 50s of our century, this figurative meaning apparently moved into the category of uses. Adjective cosmic returns to unambiguity. The revival of the basic meaning by the end of the same 50s determines new possibilities for portable evaluative and qualitative meanings.

The entry of man into space forced us to look at planet Earth in a new way, and to perceive its inhabitants as inhabitants of one of the planets. It was at this time that the word appeared on the pages of newspapers and magazines and was heard on air earthlings. Word earthling was already heard in the first television broadcasts on April 13, 1961, dedicated to the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. Here are a few examples from poems and reports:

"They give autographs earthlings... Raise spaceships into the sky and grow wheat. Snatch human life from the hands of death and build beautiful houses. And all these are wonderful autographs that the brothers leave - earthlings in the vastness of their planet” (“Ogonyok”, 1962, No. 34, pp. 6-8);

"Thank you, comrades earthlings,

I'm flying to the stars..."

« Only two years have passed since the first earthling - Yuri Gagarin crossed the threshold of the atmosphere” (“Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 1963, April 12); “Any new encounter with nature cannot pass without leaving a mark on art. But we should hardly forget that for us, earthlings, The “system of reference” remains the Earth, its already revealed and not yet revealed beauty” (“Literaturnaya Gazeta”, 1965, April 13).

But a noun earthling (earthling, and Zemyanin) belonged to the Old Russian language. Earthling - earthlings meant “a person - a people who has and cultivates land”: “If everything earthlings have davati dan ou Tatars” (“Charter of Podolsk Prince Alexander Koriatovich to the Smotritsky Monastery”, 1375);

“If all the boyars and earthlings they will repeat the city...” (ibid.); “And the boyars Kozelsky and earthling, and the mestich, and all Kozlich, go to our ruler Casimir” (“Sworn record of Prince Fyodor Vorotynsky to the King of the Polish Treasury,” 1448).

The word has a new meaning earthling even before man's flight into space, it was included in the dictionary of science fiction literature dedicated to the conquest of outer space. Let us give examples from I. Efremov’s novel “The Andromeda Nebula”: “A huge flat glass building burned in the reflections of the bloody sun. Under the roof there was something like a large meeting hall. There, frozen motionless, were many creatures that did not look like earthlings, but, undoubtedly, people.” “The doctor monitored Nisa’s condition after takeoff and return to normal for earthling gravity."

The “cosmic” perception of our planet makes us think differently about the earthly unity of the peoples of the world: “Planet earthlings.- It’s time for our literature to see in the work of geologists not only the pathos of the discovery of new natural values, but also the pathos of what is closest to us, earthlings, and a World full of secrets - the inner world of the great, complex and beautiful planet Earth” (“Literary Newspaper”, 1965, October 30); "We - earthlings" - the title of an essay about young builders of Novopolotsk (“Ogonyok”, 1966, No. 50, p. 16).

A new phrase appears - patriotism of an earthling.“Well, let’s not be afraid of this word. Yes, this high feeling that unites people has begun to emerge in human society. And it’s not without reason that an old name that has received a new deep meaning appears more and more often on the pages of newspapers - earthlings" - The famous scientist, geologist G. Pospelov concludes his argument (“Literaturnaya Gazeta”, 1965, October 30).

In the modern word-formation system, behind the productive suffix -anin (-yanin) a certain meaning has been established. With the help of this suffix “from the stems of nouns denoting a city, locality, country, rarely - some social phenomenon,” names of persons are formed according to the characteristic expressed by the stem: southerner, city dweller, Egyptian, Martian.”

Word earthling is updated, although it remains unchanged in form, as if reborn in the meaning of “inhabitant of planet Earth.” In this case, the power of analogy Martian - earthling determined the rebirth and new understanding of this forgotten word.

Consequently, a neologism is not only a word that did not previously exist, but was born along with a new phenomenon. More often we see new interpretations of old words, enriching them with new meanings (earthlings). Many words were limited to the sphere of special terminology. Events in science and life bring them into wide use (rocket, astronaut). The same new words, which really did not exist before, are constructed from known linguistic material and according to a known model. In the new one, we guess the old form and parts of already known words. This helps to understand the neologism, comprehend it and introduce it into everyday use. (cosmodrome, cosmonaut, spaceman, aircraft pilot, planetary pilot and so on.).

The death of some words and the birth of other words occurs imperceptibly in the language. But there is also a linguistic fact when a new word or a new meaning of an already existing word has a “birthday” associated with a specific date.

October 4, 1957 Soviet Union The first artificial Earth satellite was launched. From this day forward the word satellite in meaning " artificial satellite"becomes international and in various transcriptions is included in different languages peace.

Submit your application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of receiving a consultation.