Natural and climatic conditions of the Far Eastern Federal District. Climatic conditions of the Far East Need help with your studies

Climate Far East cannot but surprise with its uniqueness not only the guests of our country, but also many of its inhabitants, who, it would seem, could already get used to its inconstancy, temperature extremes, whims and unpredictability.

In fact, one can talk about this phenomenon for an infinitely long time, analyzing the regions separately and dwelling on each of them in detail, in the smallest details.

However, the purpose of this article is precisely to describe the climate of the Far East as a whole, while compiling a general picture of the natural phenomena occurring there. It's no secret that it is the weather conditions in most cases that become a prerequisite for the formation of one or another flora and fauna, and therefore, in general, predetermine one or another of the entire region.

What determines the weather in the Far East?

Geographically, the Far East is the most distant part of Russia from the capital. It includes Yakutia, Sakhalin, Chukotka, Kamchatka, Amur and Primorsky Territories.

It is impossible to talk about the climate in the Far East without mentioning a number of its geological features. So, approximately 75% of the above-mentioned territory is occupied by plateaus and low uplands (up to 2000 m). In addition, there are many geysers in Kamchatka, more than 150 volcanoes, of which about 30, by the way, are fully active.

Possessing this kind of information, it is unlikely that anyone will be surprised to learn that the Kuriles and Kamchatka belong to the dangerous seismic belt of the Russian Federation.

The Far East, whose climate has been the subject of close attention of many scientists for several decades, stretches for 4,500 thousand km along the Pacific coast. Here passes the line of collision of the Eurasian and which contributes to the formation of mountain systems, which, by the way, continues to this day, sometimes creating significant problems and troubles.

Very often, weather conditions in this region are created under the influence of processes occurring at the junction, as well as the interaction of warm and cold air currents.

General characteristics of the observed phenomena

As you know from school geography lessons, the Far East is located beyond the Arctic Circle, so the snow cover here does not completely disappear even in summer.

The northern part of this territory is particularly severe, namely permafrost and tundra. In its turn, South part represented by a riot of spruce groves and subtropical plants.

It should be noted that the climatic conditions throughout the territory are very different from each other, although one common feature nevertheless there is: everywhere there is increased humidity. By the way, not everyone knows that the Pacific Ocean has a huge impact on the Far Eastern climate.

In general, three climatic arctic and subarctic ones dominate here. In summer there is a lot of precipitation, and in winter the snow cover can reach 3 meters in thickness.

Climatic zoning

In general, the climate of the Far East belongs to one of five types:

• Chukotka's weather is immediately determined by two types of climate: arctic and subarctic;
• The Kamchatka Territory and the coast of the Magadan Region are located in the temperate climate zone;
• Khabarovsk Territory - in a temperate zone with sharply continental and monsoon climate types;
• Jewish Autonomous region And Amur region belong to the monsoon climate zone.

Far Eastern precipitation and air masses

In the cold season, westerly winds bring Siberian dry and at the same time very frosty air (the so-called anticyclones) to the territory of the Far East, and in warm weather the wind blows from the ocean, bringing cyclones, i.e. very torrential downpours and cloudy weather.

It should be noted that precipitation falls unevenly throughout the territory, even in the same region.

Features of the temperature regime

The Far East, whose climate is very diverse, has a number of characteristic features in terms of

Why? The thing is that as we move away from the shores of the Pacific Ocean deep into the continent in the cold season, there is a significant increase in frost. But in the warm season, the average monthly temperature of the entire territory does not differ much, as a result of which the climate of the Far East is very similar to the weather conditions that form on the coastal territory.

An exception, perhaps, is the north of Chukotka, where in July the average air temperature can sometimes reach as low as -2°C.

In almost the entire remaining territory of the Far East, the average July temperature varies in the range of + 10 ... + 15 ° C. In the southern part of the region - at the level of +17… +21°C.

Climate and its influence on local flora and fauna

The variety of vegetation in this region is a direct consequence of the presence of a complex relief system and closed basins, as well as the impact of air masses of different temperatures.

In general, the flora is represented here various types plants characteristic of both frozen Siberia and sultry and stuffy Asia. How does it manifest itself? Judge for yourself, isn't it amazing when creepers, lemongrass and grapes grow very close to the fir trees, pines and nuts?

It is impossible not to pay attention to the fact that the climate of the Far East has led to the presence of many varieties of animals, the most common of which are reindeer, squirrels and elks, which, by the way, coexist perfectly with Amur tigers, rare today black deer and raccoon dogs.

Economic activity of the region

The favorable climate of the Far East of Russia was the reason for the intensive development of agriculture and industry.

For example, potatoes, rice, soybeans, wheat, beans and various vegetables are grown in the center and south. Horticulture is also developed here. The north is mainly engaged in the preparation of furs, and fishing dominates on the coast.

In the Far East, there are also various valuable iron and non-ferrous ore, graphite, copper, gold, natural gas, oil, etc.

general characteristics climate of the Far East

Geographically, the Far East is the farthest point of the country from the capital. The Far East includes:

• Chukotka,
• Yakutia (Sakha),
• Kamchatka Krai,
• Khabarovsk region,
• Primorsky Krai,
• Magadan Region,
• Amur region,
• Sakhalin region,
• Jewish Autonomous Region.

The territory is located on the outskirts of the Asian continent and Russia.

The elongation of the territory determined the contrast of the climate from sharply continental in the north to monsoon in the southeast. The climatic differences between north and south are the result of the interaction of the Pacific Ocean and its seas with the land of northern Asia, as well as the complex mountainous terrain.

In winter, cold air currents rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High.

In the northeast, the continental air of Eastern Siberia enters into interaction with warm sea air. The result of this interaction are cyclones that carry an abundance of precipitation.

Remark 1

The snow that falls on Kamchatka and Sakhalin can reach a height of 6 m.

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For the Far East summer period monsoon rains are characteristic, which are the result of the interaction of maritime air masses with continental ones. The monsoon climate covers Primorsky Krai and the Amur Region, so the Amur River overflows not in spring, but in summer.

The temperate monsoon climate is characterized by dry, frosty, sunny winters, and only on the coast can there be sharp gusty winds and fogs. The average temperature in January is -22…-24 degrees.

In South Primorye and Sakhalin -10 ... -16 degrees. Little snow falls.

A warm, humid monsoon begins to blow from the ocean in the month of June and warm but rainy and windy weather sets in.

The first half of summer is cloudy, with rain and high humidity. The second half of summer is very favorable and the average temperatures are +17, +22 degrees almost until October.

In the interior regions of precipitation is 500-550 mm, on Sakhalin and the Pacific coast - 700-750 mm. In mountainous areas, their number increases to 800-900 mm.

Tsunamis, avalanches, mudflows, storms and typhoons are possible on Sakhalin and Primorye.

The coast of the Arctic Ocean is located in the arctic climate zone. The territory receives a small amount of solar radiation, so winter temperatures are -32 degrees, and summer 0, +4 degrees. Precipitation here is 100-300 mm.

To the south, the arctic climate is replaced by a subarctic climate, within which part of the Verkhoyansk and Chersky ranges, as well as the Koryak and Kolyma highlands are located.

Temperatures here are abnormally low -48 degrees in winter, and +12 degrees in summer. Precipitation for the year falls 200-400 mm. Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, the cold poles of the Northern Hemisphere, are located within the subarctic.

Sharply continental climate temperate zone covers the southwestern part of the Far East - these are the Central Siberian Plateau and the Aldan Highlands. Winter temperatures in this area drop to -32 ... -48 degrees, and summer temperatures are quite high +12, +20 degrees. Precipitation for the year falls 300-500 mm.

Climate of Chukotka

Chukotka is located within the subarctic climate zone. Its coast is located in the area of ​​maritime climate, and the hinterland lies in the area of ​​continental climate.

Chukotka is characterized by complex atmospheric circulation, which is different in the warm and cold seasons.

Chukotka is located in the zone of influence of 2 oceans. A significant part of it is located outside the Arctic Circle, where the climate is much harsher than in neighboring Alaska.

Winter in the east is long and windy, while in the west it is very cold. The summer period is short and cool. The weather here is very changeable, for example, during the day the atmospheric pressure drops are 50 Mbar, and the winter temperature drops are -30 degrees. Permafrost is everywhere.

Average temperatures during the year are negative and decrease from south to north from -4 to -12 degrees. The duration of the severe winter period is 9 months.

The severity is facilitated by the proximity of the cold pole - Oymyakon and the Arctic Ocean.

Daily temperature of the coldest winter month- January varies from -15 to -39 degrees. The absolute minimum is -61 degrees. In winter, the Northern Lights are often observed.

The length of daylight begins to increase from the end of January, and in February the Sun is high above the horizon.

The beginning of the calendar spring is March, but in Chukotka not only March, but also April and May are truly winter. The snow begins to melt at the end of May, and the air temperature rises to -6, -8 degrees.

The real Chukchi spring comes at the beginning of June, along with powerful fronts of breezes, precipitation and fogs.

The summer period is cold, rainy and short, starting from mid-June.

Summer is characterized by frequent weather changes associated with the interaction of circulation factors - low pressure is established over the peninsula, anticyclones over the Pacific Ocean and cyclones over the coast of the Arctic Ocean.

July, as expected, is the warmest summer month, with a daily temperature of +13 degrees, and on the coast only +7 degrees.

In the western part of the coast of the Chukchi Sea, daytime temperatures do not rise above +5 degrees. There are exceptions - in the hinterland it may come hot weather with a temperature of +30 degrees.

In August, nature begins to prepare for winter, daytime temperatures range from +8 to +16 degrees, the sun heats less, the tundra turns yellow.

The duration of autumn is about a month and winter comes in the second half of September. Precipitation here is about 500-700 mm and most of it is on the coast.

The climate of Primorsky Krai

Primorye is within the temperate monsoon climate. On the one hand, it is greatly influenced by the Pacific Ocean, and on the other hand, by the continental regions of Eurasia.

In the north of Primorye, winter begins in early November, and in mid-November it comes to the south of Primorye and lasts from 130 to 160 days. Only in the northern part of the region and in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, its duration increases to 180 days.

Winter weather is dry, clear and frosty with frequent thaws. These days the daily temperature can rise to +7…+12 degrees.

With the exception of the southern coast, in November, the temperature throughout Primorye ranges from -4 to -13 degrees, winds begin to blow, the speed of which reaches 15 m / s, and a snow cover forms.

Sikhote-Alin is a natural border between the eastern and western regions, so the southern and eastern coasts are warmer in winter.

The daily average January temperature on the coast is -14 degrees, and on the mainland -12 ... -23 degrees. The absolute minimum here was registered in the Krasnoarmeisky district and amounted to -54 degrees. Precipitation falls in the second half of winter, but they are few.

The air temperature in March is -4…-9 degrees, on the coast -1…-3 degrees. Snow melts in the first half of April, when the daytime temperature on the continent is +7, and on the coast +12 degrees.

During June, summer comes to the entire territory of Primorye. In the continental part of Primorye, the first half of summer is hot and dry, while on the coast it is wet and cool.

The second half of summer is hot with heavy rainfall. The July temperature of +25 degrees and the absolute maximum of +41 was registered in the Border Region.

On the coast and eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin, the June daily temperature is +15 degrees. As you move away from the coast, the temperature rises to +20 degrees.

July and August are monsoon seasons and it can rain for 2-3 days without interruption.

Autumn in the north of the region begins in early September and comes to the south by the middle of the month. Autumn weather warm and dry. Daytime temperature in the continental part is +16 degrees, on the coast +11 degrees.

At the end of November, when the air temperature drops to 0 degrees, winter comes.

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Nature

This region is characterized by contrasting phenomena and processes, which are due to the interaction of various air masses, cold and warm air masses, as well as the junction of lithospheric plates. All this became a prerequisite for the formation of colorful natural conditions.

The Far Eastern Territory is located on the line of collision of the Pacific and Eurasian plates, resulting in the formation of mountain systems that stretch parallel to the ocean.

Most of the mountain ensembles of the Far East were formed back in the Mesozoic period, but mountain building processes continue to this day, as evidenced by systematic earthquakes in this region.

Climatic conditions

The contrasting climate of the Far Eastern Territory is predetermined by the interaction of marine and continental air masses in the temperate zone. Due to the cold air flow from the Asian High, winters in the region are severe and frosty.

Under the influence of warm currents from the ocean in winter, a large amount of precipitation falls here, sometimes the thickness of the snow cover reaches 2 m.

Summer in the region is quite warm, but monsoon rains fall here every day. Many rivers of the Far East, in particular the Amur, begin to flood in the summer, because due to the long spring, the snow melts gradually.

Relief, flora and fauna

A complex relief system, a combination of various air masses and closed basins are the factors that lead to the diversity of the vegetation cover of the Far Eastern Territory. The flora includes species characteristic of both cold Siberia and hot Asia.

Here are spruce coniferous forests adjacent to impenetrable thickets of bamboo. Lindens, spruces, hornbeams, pears, pines and nuts can be found in the forests. Dense thickets of broad-leaved forests are entwined with lianas, lemongrass and grapes.

The Far Eastern fauna is also very diverse: reindeer, squirrels, sables, elks, which belong to Siberian species, as well as black deer, raccoon dogs, and Amur tigers live here.

Economy of the region

Vivid contrasts are typical and for the economy of the region.

1. General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

Industry and agriculture are well developed in the Far East. In the central and southern parts, rice, potatoes, soybeans are grown, legumes, wheat and a variety of vegetables.

Also, the south of the Far East specializes in gardening. In the northern part of the region, expensive furs are made. The coastal areas are dominated by fishing.

In the bowels of the Far Eastern Territory, a large-scale ensemble of minerals is presented, which are rarely found in one territory, these are copper, non-ferrous and iron ore, gold, phosphorites, oil, natural gas, apatites and graphites.

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The Far East occupies the extreme eastern part Soviet Union, located between the system of watershed ranges - Stanovoy, Yablonov, Dzhugdzhur, Kolyma - and the shores of the Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas. Hydrographically, it includes the rivers of the Pacific Ocean basin - the basins of the Amur, Penzhina, Anadyr and a number of less significant rivers flowing into the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean. This also includes the Kuril Islands, about. Sakhalin and the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Relief of the Far East

The relief of the Far East has a strongly rugged character and is represented mainly by mountainous forms. In addition to the already mentioned watershed ranges - Kolymsky, Dzhugdzhur, Yablonovy and Stanovoy, powerful mountain systems are also located inside the country, of which the Tukuringra and Dzhagdy ranges can be named, which together make up a powerful mountain range extending directly south of the Stanovoy Range, the Bureinsky and Dusse- Alin, which are, as it were, a continuation to the north of the Lesser Khingan, and finally, the Sikhote-Alin ridge, stretching along the coast of the Sea of ​​​​Japan, from Vladivostok to the mouth of the Amur, for more than a thousand kilometers.

The heights of the mountain ranges of the Far East are relatively small and, as a rule, do not exceed 2000-2500 m.

Along with numerous mountain ranges, there are also vast lowlands - Zee-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Ussuriyskaya and Prikhankayskaya. In the northern part of this region there is a relatively extensive lowland, which occupies the central part of the Anadyr basin. By its nature, the Far East belongs to the forest zone and belongs to the area of ​​distribution of mixed deciduous forests. Only in its southwestern part (the Argun basin) does the forest vegetation in places give way to the steppe.

Climate of the Far East

Climatic conditions Far East are sharply different from other regions of the USSR. The climate is mainly formed here under the influence of the interaction between the mainland and the ocean and is called the monsoon climate. Its main features are harsh winters with little snow and relatively warm and abundant summers.

In winter, due to great cooling, a region is established on the mainland high pressure(Siberian anticyclone); it covers the territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. At the same time, low pressure is established over the Pacific Ocean. As a result of this ratio of pressure over land and over the ocean, in winter, the air seems to flow down from the mainland to the ocean. Calm prevails over land in the center of the high-pressure area, and weak winds are observed towards the periphery, gradually increasing towards the sea.

In summer, on the contrary, the mainland is very hot and therefore the pressure over the land becomes low. The sea at this time is much colder than land and high pressure is established above it, and therefore in summer the winds blow from the ocean to the mainland.

Winter in a monsoon climate is characterized by a predominance of calm weather or very light winds, an abundance of sunshine, low rainfall, little snow cover and severe frosts.

Weather and geographical location of the Far East

These features are most clearly manifested in areas remote from the sea, for example, in Transbaikalia, where on average no more than 10 mm of precipitation falls during the winter. There is so little snow here that the toboggan run is not set up every year.

If in winter most of the Far East is in a polar climate, then in summer, according to climatic conditions in the southern part, it approaches the subtropics. The general thermal regime of the Far East is characterized by continentality, which increases with distance from the sea inland.

Compared with European part In Russia, the air temperature here at the same latitudes is much lower. So, for example, Primorye, located at the latitude of the Crimea, in terms of the average temperature of the coldest month - January - approaches Arkhangelsk.

Precipitation of the Far East

The annual amount of precipitation, with the exception of Primorye, where in some places it reaches 800 mm, in general differs little from the middle zone of the European part of the USSR and is mostly 450-600 mm per year. However, the distribution of precipitation throughout the year has significant features in comparison with the European part of the USSR: they are plentiful during the warm part of the year and extremely small in winter time. Summer monsoons carry a large amount of moisture from the ocean, while winter monsoons are characterized by great dryness. Under these conditions, up to 95% of precipitation falls in the warm part of the year and only about 5% falls in the cold. The greatest amount of precipitation (up to 70-80% of their annual amount) falls in July and August. For example, in Blagoveshchensk, an average of 1 mm of precipitation falls in January, and 130 mm in August.

Rains in the Far East are torrential in nature, cover large areas and are characterized by high intensity. Especially intense showers are observed in Primorye. There are times when up to 150-250 mm falls in one day.

Almost the entire Far East, with the exception of Primorye and the southern half of Kamchatka, is located in the permafrost zone, which, along with the peculiarities of the monsoon climate, leaves its own characteristic imprint on the regime of the region's rivers - they are full of water in summer and poor in winter.

The Far East is characterized by a wide development of surface swampiness, especially within the vast lowlands - Zee-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Prikhankayskaya and in Birobidzhan; swampiness reaches 15-20%. The thickness of peat deposits in swamps is usually small. Vast spaces here are occupied by mari, which are a transitional form from a swampy meadow to a peat bog; distinguish between dry mari, formed at relatively good conditions runoff, and wet mari, arising from the slow runoff of surface waters.

In the Far East of Russia, the climate is monsoonal in nature, which is most pronounced in the south, and gradually weakens towards the northeast. The seasonal change of oceanic and continental influence is reflected in the nature of the climate: summers are moderately warm and rainy, winters are cold and with little snow.

The distribution of cold air in winter from the interior regions of Siberia determines the low average temperature, which in the lower reaches of the Amur is -27°C, and in the southern regions of the Far East at the latitude of Crimea - 20°C. On Sakhalin, winter is less severe than on the mainland.

Climate in the Far East

In Kamchatka, where winters are milder, the influence of the continental monsoon is less. In the southern half of Primorye, there is so little snow that there is no spring flood in the rivers. In the north of the Amur region, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, precipitation and snow cover are increasing. The snow cover is especially thick in Kamchatka, where it reaches 2 m. In summer, southeasterly winds prevail, with which humid Pacific air spreads to the continent. Both western cyclones (Mongolia, Siberia) and the south - Pacific cyclones spread to this territory. The humid climate of the Far East is due primarily to southern cyclones, which bring significant precipitation, which sometimes leads to floods. In rare cases, the southern regions of the Far East are visited by typhoons. Typically, typhoons come to this area in the fall.

The influx of sea air to the mainland, high cloudiness and precipitation somewhat reduce the influx of solar radiation and air temperature.

Precipitation of the warm period reaches 500 mm on the plains and 800 - 1000 mm in the mountains and makes up 80% of the annual amount. The annual amount of precipitation everywhere exceeds evaporation, therefore, everywhere, to a greater or lesser extent, there is an excess of moisture. Mixed forests predominate.

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The territory of the Far East is located along the Pacific coast for more than 4,500 thousand km. from Chukotka to the border with Korea. The northern part of the region is located beyond the Arctic Circle, therefore, even in summer, snow covers remain. The southern territories are located at 40 latitudes - among the spruce groves, subtropical plants are often found here.

Nature

This region is characterized by contrasting phenomena and processes, which are due to the interaction of various air masses, cold and warm air masses, as well as the junction of lithospheric plates. All this became a prerequisite for the formation of colorful natural conditions.

The Far Eastern Territory is located on the line of collision of the Pacific and Eurasian plates, resulting in the formation of mountain systems that stretch parallel to the ocean.

Most of the mountain ensembles of the Far East were formed back in the Mesozoic period, but mountain building processes continue to this day, as evidenced by systematic earthquakes in this region.

Climatic conditions

The contrasting climate of the Far Eastern Territory is predetermined by the interaction of marine and continental air masses in the temperate zone. Due to the cold air flow from the Asian High, winters in the region are severe and frosty.

Under the influence of warm currents from the ocean in winter, a large amount of precipitation falls here, sometimes the thickness of the snow cover reaches 2 m.

Summer in the region is quite warm, but monsoon rains fall here every day. Many rivers of the Far East, in particular the Amur, begin to flood in the summer, because due to the long spring, the snow melts gradually.

Relief, flora and fauna

A complex relief system, a combination of various air masses and closed basins are the factors that lead to the diversity of the vegetation cover of the Far Eastern Territory. The flora includes species characteristic of both cold Siberia and hot Asia.

Here, spruce coniferous forests coexist with impenetrable thickets of bamboo. Lindens, spruces, hornbeams, pears, pines and nuts can be found in the forests. Dense thickets of broad-leaved forests are entwined with lianas, lemongrass and grapes.

The Far Eastern fauna is also very diverse: reindeer, squirrels, sables, elks, which belong to Siberian species, as well as black deer, raccoon dogs, and Amur tigers live here.

Economy of the region

Vivid contrasts are typical and for the economy of the region. Industry and agriculture are well developed in the Far East. Rice, potatoes, soybeans, legumes, wheat and a variety of vegetables are grown in the central and southern parts.

Also, the south of the Far East specializes in gardening. In the northern part of the region, expensive furs are made. The coastal areas are dominated by fishing.

In the bowels of the Far Eastern Territory, a large-scale ensemble of minerals is presented, which are rarely found in the same territory, these are copper, non-ferrous and iron ores, gold, phosphorites, oil, natural gas, apatites and graphites.

Introduction

2. Climate of the Amur-Primorsky region

3. Climate of the Okhotsk coast

4. The climate of the northern region

5. Climate of Kamchatka

6. The climate of Sakhalin Island

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Qualitatively and quantitatively physical state atmosphere and the processes taking place in it are expressed using certain quantities, the so-called meteorological elements and atmospheric phenomena. most important for life and economic activity human are the following ones: air pressure, air temperature and humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, wind, fog, blizzards, ice, thunderstorms, dust storms. These elements are often referred to as weather elements. They are closely interconnected with each other and always act together, manifesting themselves in very complex and variable combinations. The state of the atmosphere over a given territory and for a given time, determined by the physical processes that take place in it when interacting with the underlying surface, is called weather.

Observations over the weather over a long period allow us to determine the climate of the area. Climate is a natural sequence of atmospheric processes that is created in a given area as a result of the interaction of solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and physical phenomena occurring on the underlying surface, and which determines the weather regime characteristic of this area.

In addition to these factors, human activity also has a certain influence on the climate, since it can change physical properties underlying surface, as well as the atmosphere and its properties.

The terms "weather" and "climate" are often confused. There is a big difference between these concepts. Weather is the physical state of the atmosphere over a given territory and for a given time, characterized by a certain combination of weather regimes, and the long-term weather regime is understood to mean not only prevailing, but generally possible weather conditions in a given area.

The science that studies the conditions for the formation of climate and the climatic regime various countries and areas is called climatology. Climatology considers the relationship between individual climate-forming factors and their interaction with the underlying surface. She is engaged in the study of patterns in the distribution on the surface the globe various meteorological phenomena and types of climate, as well as the resolution of issues related to climate change under human influence.

In our work, we consider the climate of the Far East and its features.

1. General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

The Far East region captures the Amur basin and a strip stretching along the coasts of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This area also includes Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

The entire Far Eastern region, with the exception of its northern tundra regions, is a forest zone and belongs to the monsoon climate of temperate latitudes. The subzone of mixed forests occupies only the southern Amur region and Primorye, having the northern boundary line Albazino - Blagoveshchensk, up to 50 ° N. sh.

In the Far Eastern region, the maritime climate, as it were, meets the continental one, and the gradual transition from one to the other is disturbed by the alternation of lowland and mountainous spaces. Due to high pressure over the mainland in winter and low pressure in summer, monsoonal circulation dominates.

In summer, when the monsoon is blowing, the baric relief over this territory is of such a nature that it can be considered as a trough. reduced pressure, which runs along the sea coast, at some varying distance, with cyclones passing along it. Consequently, the main circulation is monsoonal as a consequence of thermal differences between the mainland and the ocean, as well as cyclonic activity.

O. G. Sarochan believes that the monsoon, as a complex phenomenon, consists of primary and secondary monsoons, which are most simply found in the example of the general summer monsoon.

Primary monsoon, a smaller scale monsoon occurring between the land (coastal area) and the nearby sea, is due to local baric systems occurring in late spring and early summer (maximums in the seas of temperate latitudes and minimum in the coastal region, due mainly to thermal causes), air the currents of the primary monsoons come from the nearby sea to the land and have a southern component; however, they do not give precipitation, being dry and cold, which is determined by the region of their formation.

The secondary monsoon is a macroscale phenomenon. It is due to the interaction of the greatest of the continents - Asia and the greatest of the oceans - the Pacific, manifesting itself as a member of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Associated with high-order baric systems such as the Pacific High and the Asian depression (in summer).

A study of summer conditions shows that the main air currents, which represent the secondary monsoon, are formed in the southern regions, mainly in the zone of increased near-tropical pressure ring.

A.I. Voeikov points out that the monsoon penetrates to the west to the Nerchinsk plant, and to the north - to the lower reaches of the Amur and the coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The monsoon associated with the low pressure zone gives little rainfall, but in the event of a long rainy period, the rivers overflow. Sometimes the maximum precipitation occurs in September due to typhoons. At Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, the precipitation is significantly moving inland due to the absence of elevations. Here their maximum is late, since the Sea of ​​Okhotsk warms up late. Typhoon precipitation, in contrast to monsoons, is more dangerous, but covers only the Ussuri region.

Table 1

Characteristics of climatic elements

Point names Station height (in m) Air temperature Relative air humidity Average annual cloudiness (in %)Precipitation (in mm) Number of days with precipitation Humidification coefficient of the coldest month of the warmest month ,9---43124717-1.09Blagoveshchensk134-2421-0.17056485233465490.82Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky10-18170.4---54618078-1.68Klyuchevskoye30-1815-1.677--45915ol-1-1.2-1-1.2-1.4 525209511313.10

In general, the monsoonal climate of the Far East region is characterized by cold dry and sunny winters, cool and humid summers, stable circulation, frequent fogs and the passage of typhoons. The average annual temperature ranges from -10° in the north to +6° in the south, annual precipitation fluctuate from 200 mm in the north to 800 mm in the south (in Kamchatka - up to 1000 mm), relative humidity is above 65% all year round (Table 1).

The Far East region receives less heat than it should due to its geographical location. The reasons for this must be sought, firstly, in the relatively cold eastern seas, which take away a lot of heat in summer; secondly, in the influence of the vast Asian continent with its severe winters; - 70%). In winter, heavier cold air rushes towards the ocean (the baric gradient is high), freezing its coastline, creating an exceptionally dry and clear atmosphere along the path of the air currents. In summer, temperate sea air flows deep into the mainland, forming clouds, fogs and lowering insolation. Mountains and ranges receive a lot of precipitation. Warm continental temperate air is observed, as a rule, in transitional seasons and, being characterized by relatively high temperatures, forms powerful inversions with radiation fogs and poor visibility. In summer, although temperate sea air prevails (summer monsoon), but as soon as it crosses the coastal mountain ranges, transforming, it greatly changes its properties, leaving a significant part of the moisture on the mountain slopes. During periods of monsoon change (spring and autumn), continental tropical air flows, sometimes occupying the Amur basin; the weather with this air is warm and dry, without precipitation. The southern regions are characterized by the passage of typhoons, more frequent in summer and autumn, extremely rare from February to April.

table 2

Average number of typhoons (1893 - 1919)

IIIIIIIVVVIVIIIIIXXXIXII1,20,60,70,51,31,33,53,54,23,62,01,3

The region of typhoon precipitation occupies the southern coast of both the Yellow Sea and the Sea of ​​Japan, reaching the line Nikolaevsk-on-Amur - Ussuriysk. In terms of their magnitude, these precipitations in July, August and September are significant: sometimes 70 - 90% of the total monthly amount falls in 5 - 6 days. In May and June, precipitation from typhoons is low, especially in Primorye, compared with the areas of Port Arthur and Dalny, where the influence of cyclones on the climate is more pronounced. The climate of these areas with non-freezing ports is milder and warmer. Tropical air can be observed here at any time of the year.

The winter regime is generally established in October, the summer regime - in May, in the north - in September and June, respectively. A characteristic of the Far Eastern monsoons is the delay of the summer regime and its early termination as the distance from the coast goes inland. In winter, the wind from the northwest and north prevails, in summer - from the southeast or from the east. The monsoon circulation is well expressed not only in the distribution of wind and precipitation directions, but also in annual course relative humidity with two maxima (summer and winter) and two minima (spring and autumn). In summer there are more cloudy and less clear days, in winter - on the contrary.

The climate of the Amur-Primorsky region

The climate of the Amur-Primorsky region has the most pronounced monsoonal character. In Voroshilov, in summer, the winds of the southern quarter are 53%, in winter only 8%, the winds of the northern quarter are 6% in summer, and 20% in winter.

In Vladivostok, from June to September, 386 mm of precipitation falls, that is, 65% of the annual amount, while in winter it is only 28 mm (5%). Relative humidity is maximum in summer (88%), minimum in autumn (65%). The duration of sunshine in June is minimal (34% of the possible), in December it is maximum (75%). The sunniest season in Primorye is winter, when the sun is on average up to 70%, and in the mainland up to 90-95% of the possible (Khabarovsk). The daily temperature amplitudes in summer are less than in winter (February - 7.3 °, July - 4.5 °), due to the large cloudiness in summer. The snow cover is thin and stable only in the northern part.

For every 100 m of elevation in the Sikhote-Alin, the annual precipitation increases by almost 20%. The watersheds of the southern part of the region, already 350 - 450 m high, are covered with clouds and fogs on clear days. The coast, with the greatest amount of precipitation, has fewer days with precipitation - 70, while on the ridge - 100, and on the western slope - 130 - 140 days.

Such a distribution of days with precipitation over the year is explained by the fact that the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin are steeper, less wooded, air masses leave almost all precipitation here, and the whole process proceeds intensively; and the remaining moisture on the western slope is cooled by a cold current and falls in the form of small but frequent rains. The amount of precipitation in winter is higher on the uplands, so the snow cover is thicker than in the neighboring plains.

The climate of the Okhotsk coast

The climate of the Okhotsk coast is peculiar. The high latitudes and the cooling influence of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk with its ice for 10-11 months a year make the local climate very cold. For example, the average January temperature in Okhotsk is 25.2° (in Leningrad, which lies almost at the same latitude, -7.6°).

The monsoonal climate of the Okhotsk coast is characterized by high continentality in winter, cool maritime summers, and frequent fogs. Coniferous forests grow here.

In summer, south and southeast winds dominate, in winter - northwest and north; the lowest wind speed falls in summer, the highest in winter and spring. From October to March, steady, often stormy northwest winds blow. A sharp change in annual temperatures (from -3 to -6°), summer (from +12 to +18°) and winter (from -20 to -24°) ​​along the coast and watersheds indicates sharp microclimatic differences associated with relief and influence seas. July temperature in Okhotsk is +12.5°C, in Ayan +17.0°C. The high temperature of Ayan, due to the good protection of the city from sea influences, was also noticed by A.I. Voeikov.

In general, the differences in the thermal regime of the Okhotsk coast are highly dependent on the degree of protrusion of the coast into the sea, the direction coastline, the proximity of mountains, etc. Autumn cooling sets in early: frosts are noted from mid-October, snow falls, rivers and lakes freeze. Snow has been falling in the mountains since September. Cold, snowy, cloudless winter lasts from November to March. Spring begins in April, although frosts continue into May. Summers are also cool (due to sea ice melting), cloudy with high relative humidity. The best time of the year is autumn: even, relatively high temperatures, frequent calms. Autumn lasts only 1 1/2 - 2 months.

The climate of the northern region

The climate of the northern region (from Shelikhov Bay to the Chukchi Peninsula) is characterized by less stable monsoon circulation and severe winters. With distance from the coast, these features are more pronounced. In the coastal strip, northeast winds prevail, inside the region - northerly winds blowing with great constancy. The average wind speed decreases in the direction inland. The temperature drops, its annual amplitudes increase. On the coast, winters are milder, summers are cooler. For example, the average December temperature in the Magadan region is 5.5 - 6.0° higher, and the average June temperature is the same value lower than in Markov on Anadyr. The amount of precipitation does not exceed 200 mm, excluding the southeastern part of the region (250 mm). In years with intense cyclonic activity in the area of ​​the Aleutian Low, there is more precipitation on the coast than in the interior of the region; in the years of the least development of the Icelandic trough, there is more precipitation in the mainland part of the region than in the coastal part. It should be borne in mind that the removal of moisture from the Aleutian depression occurs mainly towards the Pacific Ocean, which is why the mountain ranges of the Far East do not serve as a big obstacle to the distribution of precipitation. In the warm half of the year (from May to September), due to humid east winds on the coast, the weather is mostly cloudy and windy: often fogs cover the sun; inside the region on such days it is often sunny, dry weather with relative calm. Due to the greater amount of heat and precipitation received by the uplands remote from the sea, the latter are often covered with forests of alder, willow, aspen, birch, while the coast has only a low-growing shrub, turning in some places into a real tundra. However, such summer landscape does not take place for long: a short northern summer is replaced by an even shorter cloudy, rainy and windy autumn, followed by a snowy winter. Snow blizzards (blizzard) here are a common companion of winter. The mainland wind carries masses of snow, so nothing can be seen at 10 - 12 m. Blizzards continue sometimes 11/2 - 2 weeks. Where the wind encounters even a small hill, its speed is lost, a mass of loose snow accumulates, and near rocky steep banks on the leeward side, a mass of snow often accumulates, the so-called "slaughter". In open places, the snow, tightly beaten by the wind, freely bears the weight of a person, representing an ideal path. The southern snowstorm prevailing in the north of the Chukchi Peninsula, with strong winds blowing from the south, is often accompanied by icing. This, in all likelihood, is due to the supercooling of moist air brought north to the region of the lowest temperatures of the Chukotka Peninsula.

The height of the snow cover is on average 50 - 60 cm, reaching 100 cm in the faces. On the mountains, the snow stays for a very long time - until the end of July and even until the beginning of August, and in shady places sometimes it does not have time to melt at all before new snow.

Climate of Kamchatka

The moderately cold monsoon climate of Kamchatka is characterized by rainy summers and autumns. snowy winter with snowstorms, but a clear and quiet spring. The climate here is much more severe than one would expect, judging by the position of Kamchatka between 60 and 50°N. sh. Cold sea currents, mountainous terrain, strong winds cause low temperatures throughout the summer. At the same time, a sharp difference in climatic conditions between the coasts and the interior, protected by mountains from the influence of the seas, is striking. Inside the peninsula, the climate is much more continental than on the shores. The western coast of Kamchatka in winter, when the Sea of ​​Okhotsk freezes, is like a continuation of the Asian continent, and in summer it warms up slightly, being cooled by melting ice. The climate here is drier and colder, there is less rainfall, but more fog, cloudiness is high, there is little snow, snowstorms are rare compared to the southeast of the peninsula. On the contrary, the eastern coast, under the influence of the non-freezing ocean, keeps the temperature above 0° for quite a long time. This part of Kamchatka is more affected by the Aleutian Low. In summer, the temperature here is higher than on the west coast. Interestingly, in winter, a Beric maximum is formed inside the peninsula, and in summer, a minimum, as a result of which local monsoon circulation is observed, on which the general monsoon is superimposed, in connection with which the latter weakens and variable winds often occur. A distinct monsoon type of circulation extends into the interior of the peninsula for 50 km, rarely for 100 km, being especially clearly reflected in the annual variation of relative humidity at all coastal stations, where two maxima (winter and summer) and two minima (spring and autumn) are noted.

In the middle of winter, during the period of massive ice formation (usually in February), the barometer drops noticeably off the coast (which should be associated with the release of a large number latent heat of ice formation), and then the winter monsoon is characterized by a higher wind speed and big amount storms. The summer monsoon is less developed than in winter, since the northwest and west winds predominate in the year. The predominance of southeast and south winds (summer monsoon) is June and July (in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the speed of the winter monsoon is 8.1 m/s, the summer monsoon is 4.2 m/s). The lowest average annual temperatures (-2.5°) are observed in the middle part of the peninsula (Milkovo). From this line, the temperature rises in all directions (except the north) to -1.0°, at coastal stations - up to 2.2° (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky), and on the Kuril Islands - up to 3 - 4°. The annual 0° isotherm runs along the 56th parallel.

Inside the peninsula, in the valley of the river. Kamchatka, summers are warm, and winters are colder and less snowy than on the shores. The southeastern coast of Kamchatka has warmer winters and a more humid climate, frosts are not lower than -30 °, thaws occur in all months, and snowstorms are observed in winter.

The climate of Central Kamchatka is characterized by the greatest dryness, little snow, and an insignificant number of fogs. Autumn frosts come later, spring is earlier, the sky is clearer. In Tolbachik, for example, horses spend the whole winter grazing. It is no coincidence that even with a short, usually three-hour drive from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Paratunka, one gets the impression of a transition to a completely different climate. In terms of the severity of winters, the western coast differs slightly from the interior of the peninsula. The growing season lasts 134 days in Klyuchevskoy, 127 days in Bolsheretsk, 107 days in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and 96 days in the north of the peninsula (Tigil). Kamchatka, narrow western Kamchatka foothill region, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky region, coast of the Kronotsky Bay.

Annual precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest (from 1000 to 300 mm). Their minimum is in the region of the central valley (Klyuchevskoye - about 400 mm). Southeast receives the largest number rainfall, as moist winds blow from the sea both in summer and in winter. In Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, even winter precipitation prevails.

IN warm winters the height of the snow cover in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky reaches 130 - 200 cm. In snowy winters, the height of the cover reaches 3 m. Such were the winters of 1936/37 and 1946/47. Due to heavy snow in the southern half of Kamchatka, soil freezing only slightly exceeds 10 cm , and then for a short time.

Blizzards are observed in the northern part of Kamchatka. The origin of blizzards is twofold: some blizzards are caused by strong winds from the sea during cyclones and occur with a sharp drop in pressure, accompanied by heavy precipitation and an increase in temperature; others are not accompanied by snowfall, are observed in clear skies, caused by a cooling monsoon or wind from a high pressure area in the center of the peninsula.

Most best time in Kamchatka - March and April, when the sun shines brightly, the soil and air heat up quickly, winds / weak, clear weather prevails.

Due to the action of volcanoes, Kamchatka is less covered with glaciers than one would expect in its climate. During volcanic eruptions, the snow melts, and only part of it remains, forming firn glaciers. The snow line here occupies a low position (about 1600 m, i.e. lower than in the Alps).

Characteristic features of the monsoon climate of Sakhalin Island are: continentality, low temperatures (cool summers, cold winters), high cloudiness, and frequent fogs.

These features are associated mainly with thermal differences in the surrounding seas and with the configuration of the island. Despite its insular position, Sakhalin has a pronounced continentality of both the warm and cold seasons, which is associated with the predominance of cold sea winds in summer and continental winds in winter. Being in the region of the East Asian monsoon, in winter Sakhalin forms its own monsoon blowing from the middle of the island in all directions, regardless of the general direction of the winter East Asian monsoon. The Sakhalin monsoon, which usually stabilizes by January, is a consequence of the establishment of low temperatures inside the island compared to the outskirts. Of course, this monsoon has a small vertical power and at the top, already at an altitude of 500 - 800 m, it is replaced by general winds of a western or northwestern direction.

The summer monsoon is more pronounced in terms of the stability of the winds. But along with this, summer is the quietest time of the year. In winter and autumn, storms occur more often when cyclones come from the Aleutian Islands. At the same time, a large barometric gradient arises in the Sakhalin region. Typhoons reach Sakhalin only to a small extent.

The climate of Sakhalin is abnormally severe for its latitudes corresponding to the latitudes of Tula and Odessa. Winter on Sakhalin is colder than on the shores of the White Sea. The winter cold is brought by the northwest monsoon and intra-island winds, and the summer coolness depends mainly on the cold Sakhalin Current, which flows from the north along the eastern coast of the island and brings ice to the shores until August.

Of decisive importance for the nature of the vegetation on Sakhalin are not so much the cold winters as the low temperatures of other seasons and the scarcity of sunlight in summer due to heavy cloud cover. Cloudiness on Sakhalin on average for the year is the same as on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, but its distribution over the seasons is different due to the monsoon climate. Winter on Sakhalin is frosty, with sharp thaws, there are snowstorms. Snow cover of 50 - 60 cm completely provides sled communication everywhere. Snow lies at least 200 days a year. The best winter weather- inside the island.

In spring, the monsoons change, the temperature rises, precipitation falls more often, in April snow melts everywhere. On South Sakhalin, summer lasts 2 - 21/2 months and is characterized by calm and humid weather (relative humidity - 85 - 90%). Sunshine is rare, fogs, thick clouds and light rains are frequent, thunderstorms are intensifying. average temperature air +10, +12°, but at night it can be +4°. In autumn, the speed of the winds increases rapidly, westerly winds appear, frosts, humidity drops, and snow falls in October. climate far east monsoon

The mountain ranges that run through the middle of the island divide it into three climatic regions: the west coast, the central part and the east coast. The east coast has a harsher climate than the west coast. The most favorable climatic conditions are observed in the middle lowlands, protected by ridges from the monsoons.

On the west coast of sunshine less in winter and more in summer, as in summer the winds pass over the island and deposit some of their moisture on it, leaving the west coast relatively dry. In the cold season, the winds pass over the non-freezing sea between the mainland and the island and come to it saturated with moisture and thereby increase the cloudiness, and hence the small amount of sunshine. On the east coast in spring and summer there are dense fogs that do not contribute to the heating of the earth's surface by the sun's rays. Fogs are less frequent on the western coast. In the central region, the climate acquires bright features of continentality: the heat in July reaches +32°, winter frosts - up to -48°. There are days when the temperature is -33° before dawn, and the snow melts at noon. Precipitation for the year falls 550 - 750 mm. Here, calm weather is more common, fogs are less common; when there is fog over the coasts, rarefied gray clouds rush through the mountains.

Snow cover is established on the coasts at the end of November, in the center - from the second decade of November, reaching its maximum thickness in February and March (50 - 70 cm). Snow melts quickly in the first days of May on the coast and by the second decade of May in the central region. Permafrost is widespread in the northern half of the peninsula.

Conclusion

Thus, we considered the climate of the Far East. As a result, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The largest area in Russia is occupied by the climate zone of temperate latitudes. She takes over the plains European territory Russia, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East with Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

Monsoon air circulation is created in the Far East. In winter, this region is captured by the monsoon, which brings cold masses of continental air from North-Eastern Siberia. In summer, the summer monsoon dominates the Far East, bringing moist masses of sea air from the south and southeast. Pacific tropical air can also penetrate into Primorye in summer.

The Far Eastern region of the monsoon climate is characterized by the predominance of AW in winter and HC in summer. During most of the year, this area is under the influence of anticyclonic processes. Summer is humid with a maritime climate, the rest of the year (especially winter), on the contrary, is dry. Cyclonomic activity is typical for the seas of the Far Eastern region, especially in winter.

The climate of Sakhalin is cool, inside the island the climate is more continental. In its interior regions, winters are colder than on the shores, and summers are warmer. Permafrost is widespread on the island.

On the Kamchatka Peninsula, the winter monsoon is very weak due to the warming influence of the Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea, and partly the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This influence is especially noticeable at the southeastern tip of the peninsula. The climate inside the peninsula is more continental than on the coasts.

The climate of the Kuril Islands, especially the northern ones, is severe. Spring is cold, with frequent and strong winds. Summers are short, cool, cloudy, rainy, with thick fogs.

Literature

Kobysheva N.V., Kostin S.I., Strunnikov E.A. Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980.

Borisov A.A. Climates of the USSR. - M.: Enlightenment, 1980.

Pogosyan Kh.P. General circulation atmosphere. - - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1984.

Kostin S.I., Pokrovskaya T.V. Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985.