Technological map and presentation on the surrounding world on the topic "swamp and its inhabitants". Animals of swamps Tritons - amphibious animals of swamps
Technological map of the lesson
around the world in 3rd grade
under the program "Perspective Primary School»
Subject: The swamp and its inhabitants
Lesson type: learning new material
Ped. tasks: create conditions for acquaintance with the diversity of representatives of the flora and fauna of the swamp and the possibilities of their joint habitat; to promote the disclosure of ties between the inhabitants of the swamp; contribute to the formation of skills to compose food chains that exist in the swamp community.
Form of organization: lesson
Presentation of the results:
Personal Outcomes : take into account someone else's point of view; provide intellectual assistance to cross-cutting heroes who need it in solving difficult problems.
Metasubject results:
regulatory - perform evaluation and self-assessment; be aware of what has already been learned and what is still to be learned, the quality and level of assimilation;
cognitive - select the necessary sources of information among the dictionaries, encyclopedias, reference books, electronic disks proposed by the teacher;
communicative - plan educational cooperation with the teacher and peers; determine the goals, functions of participants, ways of interaction.
Subject Results: get acquainted with the natural community "Boloto"; the diversity of flora and fauna of the swamp and their interaction; learn to discover the connections that exist between the inhabitants of the swamp; build food chains natural community"Swamp".
Lesson stages,forms of work
The content of the teacher's activity
The content of the student's activity
Formed methods of student activity
I.
Organizational
moment
(1slide)
Let's stand up straight and beautiful.
Turn to the neighbor on the left
Turn to the neighbor on the right.
Smile at the neighbor on the left
smile at the neighbor on the right.
So, friends, pay attention.
The bell rang.
Sit comfortably
Let's start the lesson soon.
II . Updating of basic knowledge.
Examination homework.
Intellectual warm-up
(2 slide)
Checks homework. Conducts a conversation about the work done.
Solve the crossword:
Vertically:
1. Who has eyes on horns and a house on his back?
4. There is a lumberjack on the river
In a silver-brown coat.
From trees, branches, clay
Build strong dams.
6. Crawls backwards, backwards,
everything under water lacks a claw.
Horizontally:
2. Bulging eyes sits,
speaks French,
Jumping like a flea
Floats like a human.
3. Blue airplane
Sat on a white dandelion.
5. Rodent, swims and dives well.
Answer the teacher's questions. Talk about work done at home.
Children solve a crossword puzzle:
Snail
Beaver
Cancer
Frog
Dragonfly
Muskrat
Extract essential information from the text of the riddle.
To update personal life experience. Be able to listen in accordance with the target setting. Accept and save the learning goal and objective.
III.
The topic of the lesson. Defining Lesson Objectives
(3 slide)
(4 slide)
Raises a problem. Organizes the formulation of the topic of the lesson by students. Organizes the setting of the educational task. Clarifies students' understanding of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
Guess the riddles:
Not water, not dry
You can't sail on a boat
And you can't walk with your feet.
Open the textbook table of contents. What topic did you study in the last lesson? Read the topic of today's lesson. Name the textbook page.
Determine the objectives of the lesson.
Name the studied natural communities
Work with the title of the textbook. Discuss the topic of the lesson. Analyze, form conclusions of observations. They make assumptions.
Swamp
Formulate the topic of the lesson and set a learning task.
Analyze, find common and differences, draw conclusions.
Build a speech statement in oral form.
IV .
Discovery of new knowledge, method of action.
Textbook work
(5 slide)
(6 slide)
(7slide)
(8slide)
(9slide) 
(10 slide)
Organizes work on the discovery of new knowledge, provides control over the implementation of the task.
- Swamp - widespread natural community in our country. This can be confirmed using the physical map of Russia. Swamps are formed in the lowlands, where water accumulates and stagnates, as well as in the place of lakes when they are overgrown.
Read the story in the anthology "Where do swamps come from?".
What is this?
I am a swamp plant
The walls are caulking me.
Moss - ancient plant. He is found everywhere.
Examine carefully the moss. What parts of moss did you not find?
Where is moss found?
Swampy moss is a good dressing material,
disinfectant and absorb any liquid.
What is special about mosses?
Consider sphagnum moss in the drawing in the textbook (p. 66)
The lower parts of the sphagnum stem are in peat slurry and gradually die off. Dead parts turn into peat. - How peat is formed is very figuratively said in the fairy tale by Mikhail Prishvin “The pantry of the sun”: (Reading an excerpt by the teacher) - Only a few plants and animals live in swamps. Guess these riddles:
This trunk is not simple:
Though long, but empty.
I am red, I am sour
I grew up in the swamp
Ripe under the snow
Well, how does anyone know me?
The leaf is sharp, narrow,
Reaching high
Grows in a swamp.
What kind of lingonberry is here
Hanging on a stem?
You look - saliva will flow,
And bite it - sour!
Wild rosemary, blueberries, cloudberries, cotton grass, and calamus also grow in the swamps. And there are also unusual predatory plants - sundew and pemphigus. They catch and eat insects. Small sundew leaves are covered with red hairs with drops of sticky juice. Coloring attracts insects, and as soon as they sit on the plant, they immediately stick to it.
Why did sundew and pemphigus turn into predator plants?
Shows students drawings of plants and talks about some distinctive features cattail and reeds.
Cattail is a plant with large dark brown, almost black heads. The head of the cattail is densely composed of raw hairs. Seeds grow under the hairs. By autumn, when the seeds ripen, the hairs dry out, and the head itself becomes very light. You touch it, and light fluff is already flying around you. On its parachute hairs, cattail seeds scatter in different directions. Even in the last century, light fluff from the heads of cattail went to life jackets, and from the stalks of cattail they made packing fabric, heat-insulating material, etc.
Reed is a plant with dark green, round, long stems. The stem of the reed is very light, there are many hollow places inside. Therefore, the stem does not sink. At the top of the stem in early summer, small inconspicuous flowers appear, collected in a spikelet inflorescence. There are many snails on the stalk of reeds, they are very fond of this plant.
Read the story in the anthology "Rosyanka - mosquito death" and consider the drawing of this plant in the textbook (p. 66)
Find information on the subject in the text.
Work in pairs: perform tasks on cards, according to the conclusion made on the material of the textbook. They agree among themselves, carry out the check in pairs.
Moss
Moss has no roots or flowers.
Moss is found in coniferous forest, in wet marshy forests.
They grow only in ecologically clean places.
Solving riddles:
Cane
Cranberry
Sedge
Cranberry
- Sundew and pemphigus became carnivorous plants because they lacked nutrients.
A pre-prepared student talks about a predator plant - pemphigus.
Plan a solution to a learning problem: build an algorithm of actions, choose actions in accordance with the task. to reproduce from memory the information necessary to solve the educational problem, to justify the choice. Apply the rules of business cooperation. Bring convincing evidence in dialogue, be active in interaction. Manage results.
V .
The inclusion of the new in active use in combination with the previously studied, mastered.
(11 slide) 
(12 slide)
Independent
Job
Organizes a conversation, helps to draw a conclusion. Clarifies and expands the knowledge of students.
Animals also live in swamps. Look at the pictures in the textbook. Name these animals how they adapted to living in the swamp?
In the swamps, white partridges feast on sweet berries, roe deer eat the succulent parts of plants. On the swampy banks of the rivers, water rats also settle.
You can meet snake and swamp viper.
Give examples of the food chains of the inhabitants of the swamp
Organizes work in notebooks No. 2 (tasks
29 – 31, p.23)
What food chains do you see?
Teachers answer questions, express their opinions and assumptions. Clarify and expand their knowledge on the topic of the lesson prove their point of view.
Pre-prepared students talk about the frog.
sundew-mosquito; mosquito - frog; frog - heron
Choose actions in accordance with the task, evaluate the level of proficiency in one or another educational action, be able to make the necessary adjustments to the action after completion based on the assessment and taking into account the nature of the mistakes made.
VI.
Homework set ie
Introduces and explains homework.
Write homework in diaries
Save learning tasks
VII.
Summary of the lesson.
Reflection
(13 slide)
Evaluation of the results of assignments in the lesson. Organization of summing up the lesson by students. Invites students to evaluate their work in class.
What particularly interested you in the lesson?
What new did you learn in the lesson?
Did you enjoy the lesson? Rate yourself
They answer questions. Determine their emotional state in the lesson.
Conduct self-assessment and reflection
Ability to self-evaluate based on the criterion of success learning activities.
Page 8 of 11
Inhabitants of the swamps: animals of the swamps.
The inhabitants of the swamps are very diverse: these are insects, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds. Common to all these swamp animals is a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Also, in addition to the permanent inhabitants of the swamps, there are many animals here that only occasionally visit the swamps: these are wolves, minks, raccoons, elks and many, many others. The size of this article is not enough even to simply list the names of all the inhabitants of the swamps, not to describe. Therefore, here are the most typical animals of swamps that live in the swamps of Russia.
In this article you will find detailed descriptions of the following types of swamp animals:
Amphibious inhabitants of swamps:
Reptile inhabitants of the swamps:
Mammals animals of swamps:
Amphibious inhabitants of swamps: frogs, toads, newts.
Frogs are amphibious animals of swamps.
Squad: tailless
Frog Spread: Frogs are distributed throughout the globe, from the tropics to the polar regions. Most frog species live in humid tropical forests. However, the most widespread is the green frog, which lives in Europe, Asia and northwest Africa. It is she who mainly inhabits our Russian swamps.
Description of the appearance of the animal swamps - frogs: Frog sizes range from 8 mm (narrow short Paedophryne amauensis) to 32 cm (goliath frog). A common feature for most frog species is the absence of a tail; shortened forelimbs; large, wide and flat head; developed muscles of the hind limbs, adapted for jumping; the presence of membranes between the fingers, and other features. The skin of frogs is permeable to water and gases.
Frogs hear well both underwater and above water. The eyes of frogs are convex and located at the top of the head - this allows them to observe the world around them, completely immersed in water, leaving only their eyes on the surface. Frogs are better at distinguishing distant objects than near ones. But the most interesting thing about the vision of frogs is that, due to the peculiarities of the structure of the visual apparatus, they see only moving objects. The world of immovable objects is absent for them.
Description of the lifestyle of the inhabitant of the swamps - frogs: The frog is the permanent and most numerous inhabitant of the swamps. In the daytime, these creatures bask in the sun, nestling comfortably on the swamp lilies or on the shore. If a mosquito, beetle or fly flies by, the frog throws out its sticky tongue towards the insect with lightning speed. Having caught the prey, the amphibian immediately swallows it. IN winter time the frog hibernates for several months, plunging into the silt at the bottom of the reservoirs. Frogs communicate with each other most often with the help of croaking. Males may croak alone, or in a choir. Females choose those who make the loudest sounds, so in quiet summer nights frog choirs can be heard for several kilometers.
Reproduction of an animal swamp - frogs: Frogs reproduce by throwing eggs into the swamp. The inhabitants of such reservoirs are not averse to eating frog caviar, therefore, out of several thousand eggs thrown into the water, only a few dozen survive. This happens at the beginning of April. It is at this time that frogs wake up after winter suspended animation. Already on the fifth day, tadpoles appear from the surviving eggs. They turn into frogs after 4 months.
Toads are amphibious inhabitants of swamps.
Detachment: tailless amphibians.
Spread of the toad: two-thirds known species live in the New World. In Russia, only species belonging to the genus Bufo.
Description of the appearance of the toad: Toads are distinguished by the absence of teeth in upper jaw, a fully developed hearing aid, highly developed parotid skin glands and triangular, flat processes of the sacral vertebrae. The eyes are large with horizontal pupils. The fingers of the fore and hind limbs, located on the sides of the body, are connected by swimming membranes. The hind limbs, unlike frogs, are not as long, so toads do not jump. The skin of toads is dry, keratinized, with many warts, painted in gray, brown or black shades with spotted stains. The size of the toad ranges from 25 mm to 53 cm, and the weight of large individuals can be more than a kilogram.
Description of the lifestyle of the swamp animal - toad : Toads are nocturnal animals, unlike frogs, they practically do not need water. They enter the water only to lay eggs. They winter in the ground. They feed on worms, mollusks, insects and their larvae, snails, fish fry. They prefer a solitary lifestyle and gather in groups only in mating season and in places with a surplus of food. Their average life expectancy is in the range of 25-35 years, some individuals live up to 40 years.
Reproduction of the inhabitant of the swamp - toad: During the mating season, which begins in the spring in temperate climates and in the rainy season in tropical climates, individuals of both sexes gather near water bodies. To attract females, the male toad, using a special resonator located behind the ears or on the throat, makes peculiar sounds. Climbing onto the back of an approaching female, he fertilizes the eggs laid by her. The clutch looks like two gelatinous cords and contains up to 7 thousand eggs. After spawning, adults leave the reservoir and settle down on its banks. Depending on the species, in a period ranging from 5 days to 2 months, larvae appear, turning first into tailed tadpoles, and then into young tailless individuals. They reach sexual maturity the next year.
Tritons are amphibious animals of swamps.
Detachment: tailed amphibians
Triton distribution: The area of distribution of newts covers almost the entire Earth except for Antarctica, Australia and Africa.
Description of the appearance of the inhabitant of the swamps - the newt: In appearance, newts resemble lizards, only their skin is smooth and moist, and their tail is vertically flat (like that of fish). The trunk of newts has an elongated and spindle-shaped structure. Their small head immediately passes into the body, which also imperceptibly passes into the tail. The size of adult newts can reach from 10 to 20 cm in length. The four limbs are well developed and have the same length. There are 3-4 fingers on the front, and up to 5 on the back. During the mating season, a crest appears on the back of males.
The weak eyesight of newts is compensated by a good sense of smell: some individuals “recognize” by smell the location of their prey already 200-300 meters away. The conical teeth of the newt are in the sky in the form of two parallel rows, sometimes diverging at a slight angle, so this structure oral cavity allows the amphibian to capture and securely hold the prey.
Tritons have an incredible regenerative ability. Not only the lost tail or limbs are restored, but also internal organs and accidentally damaged eyes.
Description of the lifestyle of the swamp animal - newt : Most newts live permanently in the swamp, spending most of the year there. At the same time, they lead a secretive life. See a newt with the naked eye wild nature almost impossible! They are wonderful swimmers, running briskly along the bottom of reservoirs, but on the shore they are completely helpless creatures. Representatives of the order of tailed amphibians are sedentary animals tied to their home - the swamp. They are inactive and completely unsuited to long-distance travel. In winter, the animal of the swamp, the newt, goes into hibernation (lasting almost 8 months), hiding in a secluded place. The main food of newts are invertebrates. During the period of habitat in water bodies, these can be small crustaceans, mosquito larvae and mayflies. Newts eat slugs, earthworms, and larvae of various terrestrial insects when they land. Amphibians are active at night.
Reproduction of the inhabitant of swamps - newt: With the onset of spring, the male and female newts return to the reservoir where they were born. After the male performs the mating dance, internal fertilization occurs. The male newt releases his spermatophores into the water, which the female newt picks up with her cloaca. Caviar is attached to underwater vegetation. After 20 days, newt larvae with gills appear. During the summer, they undergo metamorphoses, and by autumn, newts up to 4 cm long come ashore with well-formed lungs.
Reptiles of swamps: marsh turtle, snake, viper
Common snakes are reptile inhabitants of swamps.
Squad: scaly
Dread Spread: The common snake has a huge range - almost all of Europe, North Africa and a significant part of Asia (including areas of Northern Mongolia and Northern China). In Russia, it is found throughout the European part, reaching the south of the republics of Karelia and Komi. In the east of the country, it settles to Lake Baikal.
Common already found in a wide variety of, but mostly humid places. There are many snakes in floodplains, along the banks of lakes and ponds, in swamps, in reed beds. However, they can be found both in the steppe and in the mountains at altitudes up to 2500 meters. This snake is not afraid of human proximity, often appears on cultivated lands, crawls even into buildings. Sometimes it settles in the basements of houses, in heaps of garbage, etc.
Description of the appearance of the animal of the swamps - an ordinary grass snake : The size of an adult can reach 1.2-1.5 meters in length, although it usually does not reach even a meter. The snake is characterized by scales with distinctly expressed ribs, triangular internasal shields. The most familiar coloration for us is black with a pair of large yellow spots at the back of the head. Although other color options are not uncommon.
The teeth on the maxillary bones increase in size towards the depth of the mouth, the last 1-2 teeth are the largest. The pupils are round, the nostrils are directed to the sides and up. The ventral side is usually spotted. The tail is relatively long, occupying a fifth, and sometimes a third, of the total body length.
Differences between males and females are weakly expressed. Males are somewhat smaller than females and have more a long tail.
Description of the lifestyle of the inhabitants of the swamps - snakes: Snakes are found in grassy swamps. They are good swimmers, zigzagging their bodies and sticking their heads above the water. They can stay under water for more than half an hour. Most snakes live in humid biotopes and are to some extent associated with water bodies. At the same time, snakes climb trees remarkably.
They feed mainly on amphibians, fish, and much less frequently on small mammals, birds, and invertebrates. Prey is swallowed alive without being killed. Favorite food are frogs, toads, newts and tadpoles. The mouth of the snake opens incredibly wide, and it doesn’t matter to him which end the victim is from - he swallows from the place he grabbed. It can swallow large prey for several hours, swallows small prey easily, with little or no damage. The snakes are quite gluttonous, one by one they can swallow up to five frogs. Although they easily endure long-term hunger strikes. There is a known case when a female snake starved for 14 months: all this time she drank only water.
There are no special shelters. They spend the night under trees, in heaps of plant debris, under stones - in general, where the night will find. For the winter, they are looking for a more reliable shelter: in rodent burrows, in human buildings, in rock crevices, in pits.
The inhabitant of the swamps is an ordinary snake - a peace-loving snake. When meeting with a person, he tries to hide imperceptibly. If this fails, he imitates an attack following the example of a viper: he rises above the ground, his neck becomes flat, he begins to lunge towards the "aggressor", sometimes even opening his mouth. However, it rarely bites, even when caught. Its bites are sensitive but not painful. It is already trying to free itself, vigorously bending in its arms, emitting an unpleasantly smelling liquid and even burping up undigested food. If all this does not help, he can already pretend to be dead, imitating convulsions, and then hanging with a lifeless rope. Already not aggressive in relation to relatives, moreover, they do not pay attention to each other.
Reproduction of animal swamps - snake: Common grass snakes reproduce by laying eggs that have different shape- either oblong, elongated, or more rounded, and sometimes pear-shaped. The length of the egg is from 2 to 4 centimeters, the diameter is 1-2 centimeters. The eggs are covered with a white leathery film, which is moist and sticky immediately after laying. This shell consists of microscopic fibers of very different structures, which are impregnated with a sticky protein. Thanks to this, the eggs stick together and stick to surrounding objects. After drying, the shell becomes more dense and it is quite difficult to separate the eggs or remove them from the clutch. Such a strong, non-crumbling masonry ensures better preservation of the eggs and protects them from moisture loss.
The clutch size depends primarily on the age of the female. Young snakes lay 8-15 eggs, older ones - about 30. The record clutch consisted of 105 eggs.
For successful incubation of eggs, the female chooses a humid, warm, sun-protected place, most often heaps of loose substrate - peat, foliage, sawdust, etc. There, easily pushing leaves with her body, for example, she builds a chamber and lays eggs in it compact pile. If an object lying on the ground (for example, a rotten tree trunk) is chosen for this purpose, eggs are laid in an elongated layer. Places with the most favorable conditions for laying eggs attract many females, and then mass clutches appear, which are widely known among ordinary grass snakes. They found up to three thousand eggs laid by many females.
Depending on the medium temperature incubation period lasts one to two months. The duckling, ready for hatching, has developed a special egg tooth, with the help of which it makes several cuts in the egg shell and opens the way out. Seeing the light for the first time, the duckling carefully sticks its head out and, at the slightest danger, hides back into the egg. Only after making sure that nothing threatens him, he slips out of the shell.
The length of newborns is 14-22 centimeters; in color, they practically do not differ from adults. In nature, they immediately begin to feed on frogs, as well as earthworms and insects. They become sexually mature in the third or fourth year of life.
Vipers are reptiles of swamps.
Detachment- scaly, family- vipers.
Distribution of the common viper: The common viper is distributed mosaically in the forest belt of Eurasia from Great Britain, France and northern Italy in the west, to Sakhalin and the Korean Peninsula in the east. In Russia, the common viper inhabits the entire forest and taiga zone. It is found in the north (near Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, in Central Yakutia, etc.); in the east (Sakhalin, Primorye, Amur Region, etc.). The common viper is well known in many countries. There are more chances to meet a snake in wet swampy places, in meadows and clearings with tall grass, in clearings, in raspberry thickets, on the banks of rivers (lakes), in haystacks, on burned areas overgrown with grass and in abandoned gardens. Vipers are often seen while picking mushrooms and berries. These snakes are also found in mountainous areas (among stones and rocks) at an altitude of up to 3000 meters above sea level.
Description of the appearance of the inhabitant of the swamps - an ordinary viper : A viper is a small snake up to 65 cm long and weighing up to 180 g. However, the growth of a snake continues throughout its life, therefore, the longer the snake lives, the longer it is. And vipers live up to 15-20 years.
The head is flat, wide, separated from the body by the neck. Supraorbital shields are located above the eyes, the pupil of the snake is vertical. The color of vipers varies from light brown to completely black. Many representatives have a zigzag pattern on the back, this pattern is a kind of " calling card» vipers. The belly and the tip of the tail are lighter in comparison with the main color of the back. Males are more modestly colored than females. Vipers molt 1-2 times a month.
A disturbed viper hisses. She instantly falls into a state of rage and attacks even stationary objects: branches, sticks, glass, etc.
A pair of teeth (about 4 mm high) that conduct poison is located on the upper jaw of the snake, more precisely, in its front part. Viper venom, despite popular belief, does not always lead to death. But, of course, it can cause severe complications, especially if it is located in the head or neck area. In case of a bite, do not apply a tourniquet or cauterize the wound. You can suck out the poison, as is often advised. The patient must be laid down, given plenty of water and immediately call an ambulance.
Description of the lifestyle of the swamp animal - the common viper: Each viper has its own territory with a diameter of 50-100 meters. However, there are also places of large concentrations of these snakes. Although the viper tries not to leave its territory, it can go 2-5 km for wintering in search of a suitable place. Vipers overwinter, falling into a stupor, in groups in secluded places: in burrows, in cracks, under roots, etc. Sometimes in these groups snakes of other species, for example, snakes, can also come across. The relationship of these snakes is interesting - they do not fight with each other.
- In addition to vipers, snakes were also found near the ditches. They say that snakes are at enmity with vipers and kill them. I have seen more than once how snakes and vipers lie side by side and calmly bask in the sun. And I never saw them fight. I met vipers fighting among themselves. Once I was walking through a meadow and noticed that someone was stirring the grass near the ditch. Came closer. I see: two vipers are busy. One holds the frog by the head, the other - the same frog by the side. What would have ended their struggle - I do not know. I did not wait for the end of the struggle - I put both of them in a bag (A.D. Nedyalkov "The Naturalist in Search").
When meeting with a person, the snake tries to hide from the eyes and the first one does not attack. But these inhabitants of the swamps have almost no hearing, they catch movements with their whole body through the vibration of the earth. Therefore, if the ground is soft, then the person in front of them appears unexpectedly and the snake perceives this as an attack. A disturbed viper hisses and instantly falls into a state of rage, attacking even stationary objects: branches, sticks, glass, etc.
- Thrown aside with a stick, she opened her mouth and bit the stick, along which droplets of poison flowed from two large, mobile, empty front teeth (P.A. Manteuffel “Notes of a Naturalist”).
The viper feeds mainly on mouse-like rodents, amphibians and lizards, and destroys bird nests located on the ground.
Reproduction of the inhabitant of the swamps - an ordinary viper: The mating season is in May, and offspring appear in August or September, depending on the climate. The viper is a viviparous - the development of eggs and hatching of cubs occurs in the womb. Usually up to 8-12 juveniles appear, depending on the length of the female. It happens that at the time of childbirth, the female wraps around a tree or a stump, leaving her tail in the air, “scattering” kites on the ground, which from the first moment begin an independent life, creeping in different directions. Juveniles are usually 15-20 cm long and are already poisonous. They have yet to grow, changing and shedding more unnecessary skin, or “creeps out”. During the first year of their life, a change of outfit occurs up to 7 times. By the age of three, vipers become sexually mature.
The European marsh turtle is a reptile animal of the swamps.
Squad: turtles.
Family: freshwater turtles.
Distribution of the European marsh turtle: The bog turtle is distributed in southern, eastern and central Europe, the Caucasus, Asia, to western Turkmenistan and western Kazakhstan in east and northwest Africa, found in Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, in Belarus, it is distributed mainly in the south of the republic, this is the Polesie region, but sometimes it is also found in the northern part (Vitebsk region), this is mainly due to the release of turtles kept at home. In our country, marsh turtles are a common species. The most significant population lives in the southern regions of the range, but in the northern regions the number of marsh turtles is significantly reduced.
Description of the appearance of the inhabitant of the swamps - the European marsh turtle: The size of an adult is from 12 to 38 cm, the mass can reach one and a half kilograms. The dorsal shield of the tortoise shell (carapace) is rounded, low, slightly convex, elastically connected to the lower shell (plastron). Between the fingers, ending in long sharp claws, there are membranes. This type turtles have a very long tail, which acts as a rudder when swimming - in adults it reaches 20 cm. The edges of the jaws are smooth, there is no “beak”.
The shell of the marsh turtle is dark in color with light spots, while the plastron, on the contrary, is lighter but with dark spots. But the head, legs, neck and tail have a lot of yellow specks on a dark background.
Males, unlike females, have a longer and thicker tail and a slightly concave plastron. And the females are larger than the males.
Description of the lifestyle of the swamp animal - the European marsh turtle: The turtle settles in water bodies where there is no current and dense vegetation grows. It swims well, staying under water for up to 15-20 minutes. However, during the experiment, it was proved that the turtle can withstand much more time under water - up to two days.
European marsh turtle a is a diurnal animal. Likes to bask in the sun, occasionally descending into the water to feed. At night, the swamp animal sleeps at the bottom, buried in silt. She also spends the winter.
Turtles eat quite a variety of things. In its diet there are insects and their larvae, fish fry, young amphibians, mollusks, crustaceans, worms, etc. living creatures. The turtle does not shun and fell. Soft algae make up a small part of her menu. The swamp animal finds prey both on land and in water, but eats it only in water.
Reproduction of the inhabitant of the swamps - the European marsh turtle: Turtles reproduce by laying eggs in nests near water. In laying from 3 to 19 eggs covered with a hard white shell. Young turtles, being born, are in no hurry to get out. On the contrary, they burrow even deeper and so spend the winter, eating from the yolk sac on the abdomen.
Like many other turtles, the marsh turtle has a temperature determination of the sex of offspring: at an egg incubation temperature above + 30 ° C, only females appear from them, and at temperatures below + 27 ° C, only males. At intermediate temperatures, cubs of both sexes appear.
For a long time, people were happy to eat marsh turtles, which led to a reduction in their population. Currently, the European marsh turtle is listed in the Red Book in many countries.
Mammal inhabitants of swamps: muskrats, otters.
Muskrats are mammals of swamps.
Squad: Rodents. Family: hamsters
Distribution of the muskrat: Initially, the muskrat was distributed in the coastal biotopes of North America, almost everywhere - from Alaska and Labrador to Texas and northern Mexico. It was brought to Europe several times and eventually spread widely across Eurasia, up to Mongolia, China and Korea.
The muskrat was brought to Russia in 1928 and quickly spread throughout the country. At present, in Russia, the muskrat range extends from the borders of Finland through the entire forest zone of the European part of Russia and a significant part of the forest-steppe and taiga zones of Siberia to Far East and Kamchatka.
It is also found in Israel on the banks of fresh rivers.
The appearance of the muskrat inhabitant of the swamps: The muskrat resembles a rat, which is why it is often referred to as the "musky rat". But it is larger than a rat in size: its weight reaches 1.5 kg, and the body length of an adult varies from 23 to 36 centimeters.
The muskrat is perfectly adapted to life in aquatic environment: its body is streamlined, the ears practically do not protrude above the fur, the eyes are small, located on the top of the head, the hind legs are equipped with membranes. The jaws are separated from the oral cavity by lips, which allows the muskrat to gnaw off plants underwater without choking. The tail, which acts as a rudder when swimming, is vertically flat, covered with scales and sparse hairs. The fur of the muskrat is very thick, waterproof, dyed brown; on the belly, the coloration is slightly lighter than the main background.
The lifestyle of the swamp animal - the muskrat: Slow on the ground, the muskrat swims well and dives well. Without air, it can do up to 12-17 minutes. Vision and sense of smell are poorly developed, basically, the animal relies on hearing.
Muskrats live in small and large lakes, in river creeks and, of course, in gloomy peat bogs. There they, like beavers in flowing waters, build their own houses from improvised material.
The settlements of these swamp dwellers are easy to find. Animals settle in families, the number of residents directly depends on the reservoir. On 100 acres, on average, from 1 to 6 families live. The construction of huts begins in the fall, and they stand throughout the winter.
Muskrat dwellings are cone-shaped and reach a height of almost one meter. The muskrat house has a peculiar structure: one or several special chambers are located inside, and a nest is in the center. In the hut it is always dry and warm, covered with plants.
The nest usually has several exits-burrows up to 30 cm in diameter. Rodent burrows are located approximately 40-50 cm apart. Burrows have ventilation holes. Where there are no solid banks, the muskrat builds huts from grass and reeds.
Muskrats are active around the clock, but most often after sunset and early in the morning. These swamp animals feed on coastal and aquatic plants - reeds, cattails, reeds, sedges, horsetails, arrowheads, pondweeds. In spring, the muskrat feeds on young stems and leaves, in summer and autumn it eats basal parts and rhizomes, in winter only rhizomes. It also eats agricultural crops. Less often, when there is little plant food, it eats mollusks, frogs and fish fry.
Reproduction of the inhabitant of the swamps - muskrats: Pregnancy in a female lasts 25-30 days; in a litter, on average, 7-8 cubs. IN northern regions there are 2 broods per year and reproduction is limited to warm months - from March to August; in the southern ones, reproduction is almost uninterrupted, and the female can feed 4-5 broods per year. In the first weeks after birth, the male brings food to the lactating female, thus creating conditions for high survival of the cubs. The cubs are blind at birth and weigh about 22 g. On the 10th day they already know how to swim, and on the 21st they begin to eat plant foods. By the 30th day, young muskrats become independent, but remain with their parents for the winter. In spring, young muskrats disperse.
Muskrats reach sexual maturity at 7-12 months. The maximum life expectancy is 3 years, in captivity - up to 10 years.
Otters are mammals of swamps.
Squad: Predatory. Family: Kunya.
Otter Distribution: The habitat of the otter is very wide: almost all of Europe, Asia and North Africa. In Russia, it is found everywhere, even in the Far North.
Description of the appearance of the inhabitant of the swamps - the otter: The otter is the largest animal of the weasel family. In length reaches 1 meter, together with the tail - one and a half meters. The weight of the animal is 6-10 kg. The tail is long, not fluffy, with powerful muscles. The head is small, flattened from above. The ears are small, rounded, barely protruding from the fur. The paws are short, equipped with swimming membranes, the front legs are shorter than the hind legs. The neck is thick and short, as wide as the head. The eyes are small, round, set high with a good view. Males are larger than females.
The fur is very thick, waterproof, painted in brown or brown tones. Otters do not leave their fur unattended and take care of it for a long time, comb and smooth it: if they do not do this, the wool will be dirty, it will no longer retain heat, and the animal will die from hypothermia (the otter has no fat reserve). From the outside, it looks like the animal is playing, cleaning the fur from various contaminants.
The shape of the body is streamlined, perfectly adapted to life in water. When an otter dives into the water, its ear openings and nostrils close with valves, blocking the entry of water.
There are vibrissae (“whiskers”) on the muzzle and knees, thanks to which the predator catches the least movement in the water, while the animal receives almost all the information about the prey: its size, speed and exactly where it is moving.
External senses are well developed: smell, hearing and vision are excellent.
Description of the lifestyle of the swamp animal - the otter: The otter settles near water, as it leads a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Lives in burrows, the entrance to which is hidden under water. She does not dig holes herself, she prefers to occupy those left by beavers. If there are no suitable holes nearby, it arranges lairs under the roots of trees. In search of a new home, if for some reason the old one has ceased to suit, or new feeding places, it can go 20-25 kilometers away. In addition to the main burrow near the otter, there are several more shelters in reserve, they are located quite far from the water, at a distance of about a hundred meters - and you can sit out the period when the river overflows its banks and floods the surroundings.
The otter is an excellent swimmer, it can stay under water for up to two or three minutes. In pursuit of prey under water, an otter can swim up to 250-300 m. It can gain a new portion of air only by slightly sticking its nostrils out of the water.
When a mammal senses danger, it makes a hissing sound. While playing with each other, they squeal or chirp. In general, these animals are very playful: they can play with the caught fish, like a cat with a mouse. In their free time from hunting, they frolic with pleasure in the water or roll down from the shore into the water. Not far from their burrows, you can find "roller hills" - hills with a rolled track that remained from the animal gliding on its belly. The animal climbs this hill several times a day and slides down with a running start. Another favorite pastime is catching one's own tail or hind leg.
In winter, it does not hibernate; it searches for unfrozen areas of water for hunting. On the snow it moves by jumps, moving down from hills on its stomach.
It feeds on all kinds of aquatic (small and large fish up to 2-5 kg - carp, pike, trout) and terrestrial animals (aquatic and wading birds, rabbits and rodents), does not disdain frogs, shrimps, crabs, sometimes eats mollusks, beetles and other aquatic invertebrates. The hunting grounds of the otter range from 2 to 18 kilometers along the river and 100 meters from the shore inland.
Otters can arrange "collective fishing". Otters together drive a whole school of fish into some narrow strait, where it will be easier for them to catch their prey. Animals eat small fish without leaving the water, and large ones only on the shore.
Otters perfectly take root in captivity, become attached to the owner, play and frolic. But the swamp animal otter as a pet is not the best option: it is not easy to keep her, especially if you do not live in a mansion, near which there is no pool or reservoir. The bath in this case is not particularly suitable, since the animal bathes often, after which, in order to dry the fur, it rolls on the floor (while preferring carpets). For food, an adult needs to eat not only a kilogram of fish per day, but also several rodents or even birds, so its owners will have to take care of a varied diet. Given that this animal is extremely mobile and playful, he needs to provide conditions under which he could spend his energy, and taking him for a walk (on a leash) is not the best option.
Reproduction of the inhabitant of the swamps - otters:
The otter bears cubs for 9-10 weeks, puppies are born from two to four, weighing about 100 grams, 10-12 cm long. The cubs are born blind, deaf, toothless, but already covered with fur. After 2-3 weeks, the puppies begin to crawl. The eyes open at 4-5 weeks of age.
When the puppies are seven weeks old, the mother begins to take them out to hunt for fish, transferring them to adult food. By two months, molars grow, at the same age, puppies begin to swim. The mother stays with the puppies until 3-4 months of age. At 8-12 months old, young otters go in search of new habitats, but sometimes they stay with their mother for the next year. Puberty occurs in the second year of life, they breed from the age of three.
The life span of an otter is up to 10 years.
The swampy area is a special world of flora and fauna. The nature of the swamp is such that various animals live here and amazing plants grow, many of which are listed in the Red Book. From a scientific point of view, a swamp is a kind of swampy piece of land with high humidity and acidity. In such places, there is constant dampness, powerful evaporation and lack of oxygen (a photo of the swamp is presented in the article). If we speak plain language, then this is an amazing microcosm with a peculiar vegetation and no less unique inhabitants. Here we will talk about them in more detail.
How do swamps form?
Through the activities of animals (for example, beavers) or through the fault of man. During the construction of dams and dams intended for the construction of special reservoirs and ponds, the soil inevitably loses its properties, loses its degree of fertility, and silts up. One of the most important conditions for the formation of a swamp is a constant excess of moisture. In turn, excessive moisture can be provoked by certain features of the local relief, for example, lowlands appear, into which groundwater and precipitation constantly flow.
All this leads to the formation of peat. Soon a swamp appears. The inhabitants of these places are peculiar creatures. The fact is that not every living organism will be able to adapt to life in such extreme conditions, because, as already mentioned, there is always a lack of oxygen, the soil has a low degree of fertility, and the entire area is characterized by excessive moisture and, of course, high acidity. Therefore, such animals must be given their due! So, let's get to know these characters better.
Amphibians
In general, all potential animals of swamps are numerous, but mostly non-permanent inhabitants of this area. Many of them stay here only for a short period of time, for example, for a season, after which they rush to leave this gloomy place. There are not so many permanent inhabitants of the swampy areas, but almost everyone knows them. Among them, the most famous and numerous are representatives of the class of amphibians, or amphibians: and newts.
frogs
Frogs are perhaps the most famous and most numerous inhabitants of the swamp. Many herpetologists (specialists in amphibians and reptiles) consider these creatures quite charming creatures and classify them among the most beautiful animals in the world. Indeed, the body structure of frogs is peculiar and unique. Their head is quite large and wide. They don't have a neck. Therefore, the head immediately turns into a short but wide body.
Frogs are part of the order Anurans, which has about 6,000 modern and about 84 fossil species. As the name of their squad suggests, these creatures have neither a neck nor a tail. But they have two pairs of perfectly developed limbs. Herpetologists attributed tree frogs, poison dart frogs, toads, toads and spadefoots to tailless amphibians. Outwardly, they look like frogs, but are not closely related to them.
In the daytime, these creatures bask in the sun, nestling comfortably on the swamp lilies or on the shore. If a mosquito, beetle or fly flies by, the frog throws out its sticky tongue towards the insect with lightning speed. Having caught the prey, the amphibian immediately swallows it. Frogs reproduce by throwing eggs into the swamp. The inhabitants of such reservoirs are not averse to eating, therefore, out of several thousand eggs thrown into the water, only a few dozen survive.
This happens at the beginning of April. It is at this time that frogs wake up after winter suspended animation. Already on the fifth day, tadpoles appear from the surviving eggs. They turn into frogs after 4 months.
The largest frog in the world is the goliath, which lives in African Republic Cameroon. This creature reaches a length of 33 cm and weighs up to 4 kg. However, the most common in the world is the green frog. Its habitat is all of Europe, northwest Africa and Asia. This species of tailless amphibians is found in our swamps more often than all others.
toads
"Companions" of frogs are toads. This is another animal that lives in the swamps all year round. From time immemorial, these amphibians have been known as poisonous creatures. The inhabitants believe that toads possess some kind of poisonous mucus, which they bestow on their enemies. Many still believe that if you pick up a toad, warts will allegedly appear on them. This is not entirely true. Most of these amphibians are completely harmless to humans. Of course, poisonous toads and frogs are found in tropical countries, but they can be recognized by their corresponding bright color.
Remember: toads that live in Russian swamps do not cause any harm to humans. On the contrary, they are beneficial, exterminating a lot of harmful worms, slugs and flying insects. These creatures are nocturnal and, unlike frogs, practically do not need water. That is why you almost never see toads in the daytime. Nevertheless, swamp marshes are the best habitat for these amphibians.
Tritons
The order is represented by salamanders and newts. If the first ones are mostly land creatures, then the newts are just the animals of the swamps. Outwardly, these creatures are somewhat reminiscent of lizards, only their skin is smooth and moist, and their tail is vertically flat (like that of fish). The trunk of newts has an elongated and spindle-shaped structure. Their small head immediately passes into the body, which also imperceptibly passes into the tail.
Most newts live permanently in the swamp, spending most of the year there. At the same time, they lead a secretive life. It is almost impossible to see a newt in the wild with the naked eye! They are wonderful swimmers, but on the shore they are completely helpless creatures. Representatives of the order of tailed amphibians are sedentary animals tied to their home - the swamp. They are inactive and completely unsuited to long-distance travel.
mammals
Of the permanent representatives of the class of mammals, waterfowl rodents can be distinguished: muskrats and aquatic predators - otters. It is worth noting that the mammals inhabitants of the swamp can live not only in the water, but also along its edges. For example, there are moisture-loving voles and water rats. By the way, both of them feel great in this environment: their shelters are moss bumps, and their food is cranberries, blueberries and seeds of various herbs.
Muskrats
These animals are native to North America. They were brought to Russia from Canada in 1928. It took quite a bit of time for these creatures to spread throughout our country. Muskrats are representatives of the order of rodents and permanent animals of swamps. They live in small and large lakes, in river creeks and, of course, in gloomy peat bogs. There they, like beavers in flowing waters, build their own houses from improvised material.
The settlements of these rodents in the swamp are easy to find. Their dwellings are cone-shaped and reach a height of almost one meter. The muskrat house has a peculiar structure: one or several special chambers are located inside, and a nest is in the center. Theriologists (specialists in mammals) say that this animal is simply created for life in water. The muskrat swims easily and quickly. When looking at this creature, there is no doubt that the swamp is his home!
otters
These creatures are the most major representatives from the order of carnivores. They, like muskrats, are permanent and irreplaceable animals of swamps, rivers, large and small lakes. Adult individuals reach a length of almost 1 m, and weigh up to 15 kg. These mammals live in almost all corners of our country, with the exception of Antarctica and Australia. Mother nature prepared these animals for living in the water element.
A rounded head, a short but thick neck, a barrel-shaped body, a thick tail and webbed paws help otters cut through the water surface without any extra effort. These mammals lead a round-the-clock lifestyle. Since otters are predators, they feed on their own "neighbors" in the swamp: frogs, voles, muskrats, crayfish, worms, snails, snakes. In their free time from hunting, they have fun for their own pleasure, frolicking in swampy swamps, rolling off the banks into the water, etc.
From time to time, otters leave their swamps, going on the so-called "fishing". Several animals swim into the fresh water and begin to jointly hunt for local fish. Otters together drive the whole into some narrow strait, where it will be easier for them to catch their prey. Animals eat small fish without leaving the water, and large ones only on the shore.
By the way, by nature, otters are peaceful animals. Their calm nature remains for most of the year, however, during the mating season, real bloody battles for the female can occur between male rivals!
Birds that live in swamps
Scientists who have studied the fauna of swamps claim that this area is quite suitable for the existence of many representatives of the fauna, including birds. For example, succulent stems and fruits are an indispensable source of food for ptarmigans, short-eared owls, waders and ducks. These birds have long chosen this area and feel quite comfortable here.
Frankly speaking, birds do not really like to settle in these territories. Ornithologists have noticed that occasionally black grouse and capercaillie fly to the swamps. Apparently, they are driven by the desire to eat delicious berries. According to scientists, even in the rather swampy upper reaches of these places, even the fact is that the swamp for cranes is a real protection from external civilization. In addition, not everyone will be able to get through such swamps!
Queen of the swamps
Speaking about what animals found shelter in the swamp, one cannot fail to mention the queen of these places - the heron. Probably, many of us do not understand the strange addictions of this bird to marshy areas. Meanwhile, herons settle here for a reason! The fact is that thickets of shrubs, sedges and reeds serve as excellent protection against predators. Moreover, there is always something to profit from here (for example, frogs).
The heron, of course, cannot be called a beautiful bird, but quite the queen of the marshes! Although some ornithologists still believe that a certain beauty and even grace are characteristic to some extent of this representative of the fauna. Nevertheless, awkward and angular movements, as well as strange, and sometimes frankly clumsy poses, reduce all her beauty to nothing.
Be that as it may, the herons have perfectly adapted to life in such a peculiar habitat. It is impossible to imagine these birds outside any reservoirs and swamps! They agilely climb in the reeds, move perfectly through the water. But their voice is unpleasant, reminiscent of either someone's cries, or someone's roar. Ornithologists warn that herons are very insidious and sometimes vicious creatures. They live in communities, but these birds cannot be called sociable.
In general, the diet of herons is fish, but in marshy areas it is practically non-existent. This explains the predilection of these creatures for frogs. Herons with great pleasure feast on tailless amphibians, crayfish, worms and gastropods.
And finally ... Why are there so many frogs in the swamp?
At the beginning of the article, we talked about the harsh conditions of life in the swampy area. Since this area has a pronounced high acidity, many animals and plants of the swamp have low level oxidation. This protection has developed over time. The cold-blooded inhabitants of the area, namely frogs, toads and newts, are especially well suited. Perhaps it is for this reason that they are the most numerous inhabitants of the swampy areas (see photo of the swamp).
The swamp is a natural community widespread in our country. Look at physical map Russia: what a significant area is occupied by swamps. Wet place, hummocks, bog, reed thickets, rare bushes.
How was the swamp formed? Once upon a time there was a small lake in this place, which did not have a runoff, its banks were quickly overgrown with reeds and cattails. Water lilies and lilies rose from the bottom. Every year, reeds and reeds grew, more and more protruded from the banks to the water, intertwined with stems, closing the water, mosses settled on the stems, they absorbed moisture and the water stagnated. Several decades passed, and the plants completely captured the lake and closed the water. Every year the thickets became thicker. And now a thick layer has formed almost to the very bottom. That is why, when you walk through the swamp, the bumps are so springy, your legs get stuck, just look - you will fail. Maybe the forest stream flowed slowly and gradually overgrown with herbs in the lowlands, or a spring spouted from the ground and soaked everything around with water. That's how water piggy banks appeared in these places - swamps.
A lot of water means that moisture-loving grasses and shrubs began to grow, and animals with birds settle down such as you can only see in the swamp. The surface of some swamps is densely covered with mosses. Especially a lot of water is able to absorb sphagnum moss, which means “sponge” in Greek (Fig. 2).
Sphagnum has a special ability to kill microbes. Therefore, the remains of dead organisms are not completely processed, they accumulate under a layer of moss, compact, and as a result, peat is formed - a combustible mineral. Peat thickness can reach 3-4 meters or more. It is on this peat cushion that other inhabitants of the swamp live. Peat is very saturated with water, and it contains almost no oxygen necessary for the respiration of the roots. Therefore, only a few plants can grow in swamps. Most often, wild rosemary, sedge, and cranberries settle on a thick carpet of moss (Fig. 3-5).
Rice. 3. Marsh rosemary ()
Among swamp plants, cranberries are especially valued. People have been collecting this healing berry for a long time. In addition to cranberries, other tasty berries grow in swamps: blueberries (Fig. 6), cloudberries.
Rice. 6. Blueberry ()
In the swamps adapted such herbaceous plants like cotton grass, reed, calamus, reeds and cattail (Fig. 7, 8).
The cattail has large, dark brown heads that are densely built of raw hairs. Seeds ripen under the hairs, in autumn, when the seeds ripen, the hairs dry out and the head itself becomes very light. You touch it - and light fluff flies around you. On parachutes, cattail seeds scatter in different directions. Even in the last century, life jackets were made from this fluff. And a round packing fabric was made from the stalk of cattail.
Unusual plants are also found in the swamps. Sundew (Fig. 9) and pemphigus are predatory plants.
Sundew catches and eats insects. Insects are fast and mobile, how can this plant threaten them? The small leaves of sundew are covered with small hairs and droplets of sticky juice, similar to dew, which is why the plant was called sundew. The bright color of the leaves and droplets attract insects, but as soon as a mosquito or fly sits on a plant, it immediately sticks to it. The leaf shrinks, and its sticky hairs suck out all the juices from the insect. Why did the sundew turn into a predator plant? Because on poor marshy soils, it lacks nutrients. A day sundew is able to swallow and digest up to 25 mosquitoes.
In a similar way, the Venus flytrap catches prey (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. Venus flytrap ()
It has leaflets that close like jaws when one touches the hairs on the surface of the leaves. Since these plants are rare, they need to be protected.
Another trap was invented by pemphigus, they named this plant for the sticky green bubbles that densely cover its thin, thread-like leaves (Fig. 11, 12).
Rice. 11. Vesicles of pemphigus ()
Rice. 12. Pemphigus ()
All the leaves of the plant are in water, there are no roots, and only a thin stalk rises above the surface with yellow flowers. The plant needs bubbles for hunting, and this grass hunts for aquatic inhabitants: small crustaceans, water fleas, ciliates. Each bubble is a cunningly arranged trap and at the same time a digestive organ. A special door closes the vial until some creature touches the hairs of this hole. Then the valve opens and the bubble sucks in the prey. You can't get out of the bubble, the valve, like a door to a room, opens only in one direction. Inside the bubble are glands that produce digestive juice. In this juice, the prey is dissolved and then absorbed by the plant. Bladderwort is very gluttonous. After about 20 minutes, the bubble is ready to capture a new victim.
How did the animals of the swamps adapt to life in wet places? Among the inhabitants of the swamps, a frog is known. The dampness helps the frogs keep their skin constantly moist, and the abundance of mosquitoes provides them with food. Beavers (Fig. 13), water rats settle on the swampy banks of the rivers, you can see the snake and the swamp viper.
Have you heard the saying: "Every sandpiper praises his swamp"? Kulik is a slender bird, similar to a seagull. This bird has protective plumage; with its long beak, the sandpiper finds mosquito larvae hiding there in the mud (Fig. 14).
Often in the swamps you can meet herons (Fig. 15) and cranes (Fig. 16), these birds have long and thin legs, this allows them to walk through the cold mud without falling through.
Herons and cranes feed on frogs, molluscs, worms, which are abundant in the swamp. White partridges love to feast on sweet berries in the swamp, and moose and roe deer like to eat juicy parts of plants.
In the evenings and nights, someone's roar is heard in the swamp, reminiscent of the roar of a bull. What people didn't say about it! As if the water one is screaming or the goblin quarreled with him. Who roars and laughs in the swamp? A small-sized bittern bird roars and hoots terribly (Fig. 17).
The bittern has a very loud cry, spreading for 2-3 kilometers in the vicinity. Bittern lives in reed beds, in reeds. Bittern hunts for crucians, perches, pikes, frogs and tadpoles. For hours, the bittern stands motionless in the thickets near the water and suddenly throws its beak, sharp as a dagger, with lightning speed - and the fish cannot escape. You start looking for a bittern in the swamp - and you will pass by. She will raise her beak vertically, stretch her neck, and you will never distinguish it from a bunch of dry grass or reeds.
But not only the bittern screams at night in the swamp. Here it sits on a branch predatory bird owl. It is almost 80 centimeters long (Fig. 18).
This is a night robber and there is no salvation from him for either birds or rodents. This is how he laughs in the swamp when it gets dark.
Residents of swampy places sometimes at night can watch an amazing spectacle of how many bluish lights are dancing in the swamp. What is it? Researchers have not yet come to a consensus on this issue. Maybe it's swamp gas igniting. Its clouds will come to the surface and light up in the air.
People have been afraid of swamps for a long time. They sought to drain and use the land for pastures and fields, and thus thought that they were helping nature. Is it so? The swamp is of great benefit. First, it is a natural reservoir fresh water. Streams flowing from the swamps feed big rivers and lakes. When it rains, the mosses of the swamps absorb excess moisture like sponges. And in dry years they save water bodies from drying out. Therefore, often after draining the swamps, rivers and lakes become shallow. The Vasyugan swamp is one of the largest swamps in the world, its area is larger than that of Switzerland (Fig. 19).
Rice. 19. Vasyugan swamp ()
Located between the rivers Ob and Irtysh. The Vasyugan River originates in this swamp. Rivers such as the Volga, Dnieper, Moskva River also flow from swamps. Secondly, swamps are wonderful natural filters. The water in them passes through thickets of plants, a thick layer of peat and is freed from dust, harmful substances, pathogenic microbes. It enters the rivers from the marshes pure water. Thirdly, valuable berry plants grow in swamps: cranberries, cloudberries, blueberries. They contain sugar, vitamins and minerals. Medicinal plants also grow in the swamps. For example, during the Great Patriotic War sphagnum moss was used as a dressing for the rapid healing of wounds. Sundew is used to treat colds and coughs. In addition, the swamp is a natural peat factory, which is used both as a fuel and as a fertilizer.
Remember: you can not approach the wetlands and peat developments in the swamp! It is very dangerous.
Bears, deer, wild boars, elk, roe deer come to the swamps, which also find food for themselves here.
The swamp is the same necessary part of nature as forests and meadows, they also need to be protected. The destruction of swamps will lead to a change in nature on the entire planet. At present, 150 swamps of Russia have been taken under protection.
Today in the lesson you gained new knowledge about the swamp as a natural community and got to know its inhabitants.
Bibliography
- Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world 3. - M.: Ballas.
- Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around 3. - M .: Publishing house "Fedorov".
- Pleshakov A.A. The world around 3. - M .: Education.
- Biofile.ru ().
- Liveinternet.ru ().
- Animalworld.com.ua ().
Homework
- What is a swamp?
- Why can't swamps dry up?
- What animals can be found in the swamp?
MBOU "Secondary School No. 29 with in-depth study of individual subjects"
Teacher: Kubikova Galina Alexandrovna
Reading lesson 3rd grade B
Subject: Swamp and its inhabitants.
Lesson Objectives:
1.Educational:
To form an idea of the natural community and ecosystem;
To consolidate the concept of the meaning of favorable natural conditions for the life of organisms;
Show the differences between natural and artificial natural communities;
2.Developing:
To teach to systematize, highlight the main and essential, establish cause-and-effect relationships; promote the development of imagination;
To teach to formulate the objectives of the lesson, to use the subject language, to correctly express one's thoughts;
Develop search and information skills: work with textbooks;
Develop educational and organizational skills: organize yourself to complete the task, exercise self-control and introspection of educational activities;
Contribute to the development of communication
3.Educational:
form cognitive interest to the subject through the use of non-standard forms of education and the creation of a situation of success;
To form a culture of communication, a stable positive attitude towards kindness, as a valuable attitude towards the living world;
Develop the habit of disciplined behavior, instill the ability to act according to conscience;
To form the value of empathy for the successes and failures of comrades;
To instill love for wildlife, to form a stable positive attitude towards every living organism on Earth
Cognitive UUD:
To acquaint with the swamp as a natural community;
Generalize and systematize knowledge about the swamp;
Compare your options;
Learn, search and highlight the necessary information in the text;
Learn to establish cause-and-effect relationships based on micro-research;
Describe, on the basis of an illustration or a proposed plan, the studied objects and phenomena of wildlife, highlight their main essential features, highlight the new;
Use textbook dictionary
Personal UUD:
Work on the development of educational and cognitive motives;
Work on the formation of a reflective attitude to learning;
Regulatory UUD:
Learn to set goals for future work;
Learn to distinguish study tasks different type;
Learn to control your learning activities, detect and correct errors, exercise control;
Learn to evaluate yourself and your comrades
Communicative UUD:
Improve the ability to work in pairs, in a group;
To teach to carry out educational cooperation;
Learn to work as consultants, provide mutual assistance in the course of the assignment
During the classes
1. Org. moment:
Good afternoon, young thinkers. I am glad to see your smart and kind faces. Please sit down.
2. Actualization of students' knowledge:
Name a major topic we are studying.
3. Repetition of the past:
What is a natural community?
What natural communities do we know?
4. Checking homework
A) Take a test that will show how well the topic is learned:
Test on the topic "Natural community - lake" Grade 3 PNSh
1. Lakes are located:
a) on top of a mountain
b) on the plain;
c) in the recesses of the land
2. Plants grow on lakes:
a) wheat, bindweed, plantain;
b) water lily, elodea, cattail, duckweed
3. Animal world lakes:
a) roach daphnia, perch, crayfish, pike;
b) mole, jay, stag beetle
4. Food chains are:
a) a chain of transformations that begins with the same substance;
b) a chain of living organisms eating each other;
c) gold chain
5. Artificial reservoirs include:
a) streams, key, lake;
b) rivers, seas, oceans;
c) ponds, reservoirs, canals
CHECK (SLIDE #1) (C B A B C)
Do you guys disagree with something?
Guys, what does a drainless reservoir turn into: a lake or a pond?
(Children's guesses)
6. Guessing the riddle:
Everyone bypasses this place
Here the earth is like dough,
There are sedges, hummocks, mosses…
No leg support.
(SLIDE #2)
7. Statement of a problem question:
Determine the topic of our lesson
What would you like to know about "Swamp"?
The lesson plan is posted:
1). Natural community - swamp
2). Vegetable world swamps
3). Fauna of swamps
4).Power circuit
8. Filling out the self-assessment sheet at the beginning of the lesson
Do you have enough knowledge and ideas on this topic?
9. Introduction to lexical meaning the words "bog" according to Ozhegov's dictionary:
The swamp is a widespread natural community in our country.
Swamps and wetlands occupy a very large area, approximately 2 million square meters. (SLIDE #3).
Guys, show on the map the territory occupied by swamps.
How do you think swamps form?
10. Work on the anthology pp. 105-106. Reading the text "Where do swamps come from?"
So how do swamps form? Are there swamps in our area?
What will you tell on the slides about the vegetation of the swamps? (SLIDE #4)
In the swamp, we can see all the floors of plants: trees, shrubs, herbs, mushrooms, mosses.
What trees are found in swamps?
Why is there poor vegetation in swamps?
Swampy soil has few humus-forming bacteria, so there is not a wide variety of plants. On the poor nutrients marshy soil spreads like a fresh green carpet of an amazing plant. What kind of plant is this, we will try to find out by guessing the riddle (SLIDE ABOUT MOSS No. 5)
11. Guessing a riddle:
Soft, not fluff, green, not grass.
What do you know about moss?
Examine the sphagnum moss, use a magnifying glass
(SLIDE #6)
Message about moss Kravchenko Valeria:
This is one of the most ancient plants; instead of roots, they have small outgrowths with which they are attached to the soil. What seems to us to be leaves, moss actually has its branches, on which leaf scales are located. Mosses do not bloom, they reproduce by spores. Mosses are green all year round. When drought sets in, sphagnum moss turns white. But as soon as it rains, it turns green again. Moss can go without water for several years. Even moss from a herbarium can sometimes be revived by giving it water to drink.
Where do you think moss can be used?
(It is used in construction. In villages, when laying log houses, it is laid between logs to warm the home. During the war, doctors used moss instead of bandages and cotton wool. Moss pulled pus from wounds, disinfected them. So many Soviet soldiers were saved. Turns into peat , and peat is fuel).
Teacher:
Among the moss, there are thin stalks of cotton grass with white tufts of “cotton wool” at the top. (SLIDE №7 cotton grass)
In the swamps there are arrowhead, sedge, rosemary, heather, calamus marsh, valerian, string. All of these are medicinal plants. (SLIDE #8, #9)
But the most amazing swamp plant is the sundew.
Let's explore the word "dew". What did you see? (SLIDE №10 + video)
Pustoutova Maria's message about the sundew:
Sundew and pemphigus are amazing carnivorous plants. Sundew leaves are covered with hairs. On the hairs are droplets of liquid, similar to small droplets, dewdrops. Hence the name of the plant. An insect will sit on a leaf and stick. The sheet is closed. The insect is digested, leaving a hard chitinous cover and wings. This is how the sundew eats.
What do you think, why only in the swamps comes across a species of plants - predators?
(In nature, everything is reasonable: there is little in water needed by plants substances - they are washed away and carried away by water. Here is the sundew and gets them from the organisms of insects.)
Name the berries that grow in the swamp? (Slide number 11)
What are the characteristics of these plants?
(These shrubs are undersized, the roots spread along the surface, they do not go deep. The leaves are of a special shape, often narrow, hard.)
Why do shrubs grow poorly in a swamp?
(Due to high humidity, unstable footing)
There are many berry bushes in the swamp. Name them. But the main berry of the swamps is cranberries.
But about blueberries, the people made up a saying: "In a house where blueberries are eaten, the doctor has nothing to do."
How do you understand this proverb?
In the swamps white partridges eat sweet berries, roe deer eat juicy parts of plants.
And what other animals can live in a natural community - a swamp?
(Few animals live in the swamps, but only those that feel good among the tussocks, marsh grasses, bogs. The swamp for them is both a reliable shelter and a place where you can feed and breed. Among the inhabitants of the swamps there are amphibians: snakes, newts, frogs, water rats, beavers, etc. Many insects. Birds live.)
Think about how many suitable food for animals in this community?
(There are many plants, but they are rough, tasteless, and it’s even difficult to walk. Moose occasionally come here. They are not afraid of swampy places, as they have long legs. Moose love algae, they can dive for them.)
See what animals are found in the swamp?
What birds can be seen here?
What is common in appearance these birds?
(They all have long legs - it's more convenient to walk in the swamp. Long beaks - help them get food out of the water. They all fly, and ducks also swim.)
Lots of other interesting birds.
Message about the sandpiper (Nazimov Ivan) (SLIDE No. 12)
Message about the bittern (Mishina Alina)
12. Drawing up food chains (SLIDE No. 13)
The words are given: mosquito, sundew, snake, flowering plant, frog, heron.
13. The result of the lesson.
What benefits does a swamp provide for a person? (SLIDE #14)
14. Fill out the self-assessment sheet.
15. House. assignment: teacher pp. 83-85, notebook No. 30
16. Parable
Where do swamps come from (a parable for children and adults)
She noticed the lake that little by little turns into a pond, and prayed:
People! People, clear me quickly!
But people balked:
Nothing, we have enough pond!
I saw a pond that it began to become a swamp, and asked:
Help before it's too late!
Again, the people did not listen to him.
And soon, indeed, the former lake-pond turned into a swamp.
Now people walked around him, got bogged down, (some drowned) and were indignant:
And where do swamps come from?
ADD TO THIS:
AND NOT ONLY ON EARTH, BUT ALSO IN HUMAN SOULS.
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