Coniferous diseases - we recognize and treat. Resin from conifers

Than from spruce. Those who have chosen a beam with a profile hesitate because of the large pine knots that are noticeable in the interior. Therefore, they look towards the white, with small knots, homogeneous spruce. Pine is more colorful. Due to the high content of resin in the tree.

Pine wood resin, if it began to melt when the solid wood dried, for a couple of years it will come out in places by capillary action and resin pockets. The more beautiful upland pine, grown in favorable conditions, which for some reason is praised by most manufacturers of OCB, is impregnated with resin no more than spruce. In fact, longevity should be associated with resin pine grown under adverse conditions, in which the core of the resin is amber (red). Such a tree is richly impregnated with resin to protect it from external factors. But, not everyone will like it in appearance (OCB in the photo). The resin will begin to come out abundantly when sawing a tree (cuts for casing), in cuts under a frame partition.

The difference between a beautiful upland pine and resin is that in the latter, resin is mostly concentrated in the core. The outer part (sapwood) of building conifers is already strong. It is clearly visible from the old abandoned wooden houses - it is the core that is destroyed in the first place. The resinous core significantly increases the life of a wooden building. If the resin is not melted forcibly. For this reason, the profiled timber, dried in the chamber, is inferior in terms of durability to the analogous natural humidity. Need to understand after manufacturing, a solid, weaker core part of a tree trunk remains at the beam, sapwood is practically absent.

With a more gentle, time-stretched atmospheric drying (called natural), the resin is more likely to be seen on the surface of the upland pine. It is mainly concentrated in the outer sapwood part of the log (this is shown in the upper left photo). With modern protective compositions, resin is not really needed for the outer layers of solid wood. In addition, it appears abundantly in the sun, often through an expensive top coat and stinks of turpentine in the bath. Pine knots also ooze. Resin takes a long time to turn white (glazed) and crumble on its own. Acetone diluted with water in proportions of 1/4 will speed up the removal process.

Withering (drying out)

- shoots become lethargic, then die. Fungal organisms penetrate into the vessels of the stems and roots and clog them, while releasing poisons (toxins).

Shrunken brown tufts of needles appear at the ends of pine shoots. In autumn, black shiny dots appear on the needles - pycnidia (spore receptacles). Droplets of resin are visible on infected shoots. The shoots die, the whole pine can dry out.

Withering needles and branches on a blue spruce - mushroom Acanthostigma parasitica.

Fungal attack Acanthostigma spruce prickly

Infection with this fungus occurs in the spring. Usually in the middle of summer the needles become yellowish-pink. Then the shoot curls up and dries out. Resin streaks appear on the shoot bark. The whole spruce may die.

Drying of needles and shoots of juniper Skyrocket - mushrooms Stigmina deflectens And Phoma juniperi.

juniper phomosis - mushroom Phoma eguttulata

In June, the needles turn pale, lose their juicy color, turn yellow, then become covered with brown spots and dry out along with the ends of the shoots. Dark dots appear between the scales of the needles - pycnidia with spores. Fungi cause the death of needles and shoots, juniper often dies.

Drying of shoots of thuja western Brabant- mushrooms Macrophoma mirbelli And Pestalotia funerea.

The needles and shoots of the thuja are covered with brown spots, the ends of the shoots dry out. Over time, dark dots appear on the needles - sporulation of mushrooms, dead needles turn gray.

Protection measures: preventive spraying in early spring with Kurzat (0.7% solution), during treatment, spraying alternately with Strobi (0.04%), Fundazol (0.2% solution), Bayleton (0.15%), with the addition of Zircon (0.01% ). It is also possible to spill the soil under the plant with Fundazol (0.3%) with Zircon (0.01%). Pruning and burning of infected parts of the plant.

Fusarium wilt, tracheomycosis wilt

Pathogen- mushroom Fusariumoxysporum on the shoots of juniper gave a plentiful coating in a humid chamber.

With this disease, the needles of young coniferous plants turn yellow, redden and fall off, the crown thins, and the plants themselves gradually dry out. The pathogen from the soil penetrates the roots, which turn brown, partially rot, and then the fungus penetrates the vessels. A dark ring is clearly visible on the cross section of the affected branch. Treatment is problematic.

Diseases of needles and shyutte - the needles on coniferous trees turn yellow, turn brown or become grayish, fall off. Dark pads of various shapes are formed on the needles - rounded or elongated. These are receptacles for fungal spores. The shoots die off, and the whole tree may die. Examples:

The death of pine needles- mushroom Sclerophoma pithya.

Dried needles take on a grayish color. Black, rounded dots are formed on the needles (pycnidia of the fungus with spores). Infection usually occurs in August. The disease manifests itself immediately or the next year.

- mushroom Leptothyrium pseudotsugae.

The needles at the ends of the shoots turn yellow, then dry out. Small dark dots form on it (pycnidia of the fungus with spores). The development of the fungus causes the death of the shoots, often the whole plant dies.

Schutte:

- also a disease of needles caused by fungi. Signs: discoloration of the needles, the appearance of black dots, premature death, falling of the needles immediately or vice versa, a long stay on the branches. Different types shutte affect pine, cedar, spruce, fir, juniper, larch.

Young pine plants are affected. During spring and early summer, the needles turn brown and fall off. Already at the end of October, small yellowish spots appear on the needles or at the ends of the needles. Immediately after the snow melts in spring, the needles die off and turn red (turn brown). In early May, black dots appear on the needles (pycnidia with fungal spores). During the summer, the needles fall off, the pine tree weakens and may die.

Common Schutte Pine- mushroom Lophodermiumpinastri.

Common Schutte Pine - Mushroom Lophodermium pinastri- initial phase (left) and dead needles (right)

In autumn or more often in the spring of the next year, the needles turn yellow or turn brown and die. On the needles, the fruiting bodies of the fungus are formed in the form of small black strokes or dots. Warm and humid weather favors infection. Weakened and young pines get sick and die more often.

Real pine schütte - mushroom Lophodermium seditiosum.

From spring to July, the needles become brown and fall off. In autumn, small yellowish dots are visible on live needles, and dotted black fruiting bodies are visible on dead needles. Young pines and weakened trees are mainly affected.

Shutte juniper- mushroom Lophodermiumjuniperinum

The disease manifests itself in early summer on last year's needles, which turn yellow or brown. At the end of summer, round black fruit bodies up to 1.5 mm appear on the needles. Weakened plants are most affected, which during wet conditions may die.

- mushroom Meria Laricis

In May, brown spots appear on the tips of young needles, which grow rapidly. Soon all the needles twist slightly and turn brown. The sporulation of the fungus on the needles is very small, they can only be seen with a magnifying glass as the smallest black grains of sand. Sick larch branches dry out, the whole plant may die.

Protection measures: quality plant care, regular fertilizing with mineral fertilizers. IN snowy winters scattering of peat crumbs for accelerated snow melting. Spraying in late autumn and immediately after the snow melts with Kurzat (0.7%) or Copper oxychloride (0.5%). In spring, spraying every 10-12 days with Fundazol (0.2%), Bayleton (0.15%), Strobi (0.04%), with the addition of Zircon (0.01%). Strait of soil under the plant Terminator (0.05%) with Zircon (0.01%). Mandatory collection of infected needles; burning needles and dead plants.

Rust:

– in spring, the needles turn pale or turn yellow, fall off. The decorative appearance of coniferous plants suffers (mostly pines, spruce rarely). On five-needle pines (cedar, Weymouth pine), rust leads to cancerous tumors on the branches or trunk and often to death.

Needle rust on Scots pine- mushroom Coleosporium tussilaginis.

In May, yellow flakes-pustules (receptacles of spores) appear on the needles of Scotch pine. The needles prematurely turn yellow and fall off, the pines “go bald”, lose their decorative effect. Further, the fungus passes to the next host - coltsfoot and develops already on it. In late autumn, the fungus "returns", infecting pine.

- mushroom Cronartium ribicola

blister rust on pine - mushroom Cronartium ribicola

In autumn, the tips of the needles turn brown. In the spring, the needles turn pale, dry, thickenings appear on the branches or trunk, then cancerous ulcers from which the resin flows. Yellow-orange bubbles protrude from the breaks in the bark, spraying fungal spores in the form of a "smoke" when touched. If the trunk is affected, the plant quickly dies. The second host of the fungus is blackcurrant, which the fungus infects in summer. At the end of summer or autumn, cedar infection occurs through spores that form on currant leaves.

Protection measures: spraying in October and spring after the snow melts Tilt (0.25% solution) with Epin (0.01%). Watering under the root with Fundazol (0.3%) with Zircon (0.01%).

On cedar and Weymouth pine, at the first signs of withering of the needles (discoloration, blanching), pruning of these branches. When orange bubbles appear on the branches, pruning; on the trunk - urgent digging and burning of the plant. Mandatory processing black currant in June and August Topaz (0.05%), Strobi (0.03%). Burning of affected currant leaves. If possible, plant currants as far as possible from the cedars. Destruction of weeds - coltsfoot, sow thistle.

Resin crayfish of pine, or crayfish

Affected trunk (left) and branch (right) of a pine

This fairly common disease is caused by rust fungi. Cronartiumflaccidium And Peridermiumpini. Intermediate hosts of bluegrass and impatiens participate in the development of the first fungus. The second fungus spreads only from pine to pine.

The fungus penetrates through the thin bark at the top of the tree into the wood cells and resin passages, destroying them. The affected part of the tree is abundantly impregnated with resin and acquires a grayish-black color. When the pitch ulcer completely rings the trunk, all living branches above the ulcer die.

Non-infectious diseases of conifers:

sunburn. If winter begins with severe frosts, and snow does not fall immediately, then the soil freezes deeply under the plants. And if in the future there are few thaws in winter, then the snow lies dazzlingly white. Then already in January-February, in frosty sunny weather, sunburns begin. Needles in the cold and the sun lose moisture, and the plant cannot replenish it at the expense of the roots - root system frozen. By spring, the plants are already standing with red needles, especially on the south side.

Non-frost-resistant plants are especially affected, as well as plants in the first year after planting, in which the root system has not had time to develop.

On juniper Strikta

Black Pine Sunburn

Protection measures:

- water-charging watering in dry autumn, mulching for the winter with a layer of peat 10 cm under the plant,

Shelter from autumn with covering material of the most “burned” plants (Konika spruce, Chinese Strict juniper, Blue Alps, Meyeri junipers, generally columnar junipers, thuja Smaragd, Brabant, Panderose yellow pine). In unfavorable winters (for example, the winter of 2009-2010), even blue spruce and black Austrian pine suffered from burns in places. The current winter is also unfavorable for plants - burns began already in early February!

Net shading of large plants,

- scattering of peat chips or ash to reduce the reflection of sunlight and accelerate the melting of snow,

- in the spring it is important to open the plants in time - immediately after the snow melts, and start watering so that the root system unfreezes and begins to supply moisture to the needles.

- application of potash-phosphorus fertilizers in late August - early September.

- spraying plants with Epin (0.01%), watering under the root with Zircon (0.01%).

Dog urine ingestion on coniferous plants. It is necessary to immediately wash it off the needles big amount water, then water the plant under the root with 10 liters of water with Zircon (0.01%).

Lack of watering- shedding of needles due to drought, especially on sandy soils. It is necessary to monitor the condition of the plants, do not forget to start watering the plants planted last year in time in the spring. In the sultry summer of 2010, watering was especially relevant for all plants!

Mechanical damage to the roots, trunk. Coniferous plants must be dug up with a big enough lump to save the bulk of the root system. In addition, useful fungal organisms (mycorrhiza) often live in the soil of the coma, without which the plant cannot effectively absorb nutrients. This primarily applies to pine, cedar, junipers. If the roots are severely cut, the earth crumbled from the roots, or the trunk is badly damaged around the circumference, the plant has little chance of taking root.

Pests:

Coniferous plants, like deciduous ones, are also affected by various pests.

Sucking insects that damage needles: aphids, false shields, scale insects, mites, hermes.

Pine aphid (Cinara pini) damages young, well-growing pines. The larvae suck the juices at the base of the buds, later between the needles of young shoots.

fir pubescent aphid(Mindarus abietinus) at the aphid stage — founders suckle on the shoots between the needles, and before fledging passes to the needles.

Various conifers ornamental plants damage other types: spruce false shield -Physokermes piceae damages spruce;

Spruce false shield

On the shoots at the end of May, brown “balls” about 3-5 mm in size are glued. These are female spruce false shields. In June, females lay up to 2000 eggs under the shield, from which larvae hatch in a month, also sucking needles. The needles turn yellow and fall off.

harms on thuja thuja false shield(Parthenolecanium fletcheri)

on yew - yew false shield(Parthenolecanium pomeranicum)

in the Caucasus and Crimea cypress shield(Carulaspisjuniperi)— damages cypress, juniper, thuja, pine:

Control measures similar with them, as on deciduous plants and roses (see). It should be sprayed with Bi-58 (0.2%), Clipper (0.02%).

Ticks

spruce spider mite- damages spruce, pine, fir, juniper, thuja. The eggs hibernate at the base of the needles on the growth of the previous year. In May, larvae emerge from them, which suck the juice from the needles and after 3 weeks turn into adult ticks. Up to 6 generations of ticks develop per year, especially in dry hot weather. The affected needles are covered with pale spots, the thinnest cobwebs, then turn brown and crumble. Ticks can seriously weaken coniferous plants and spoil them appearance.

Protection measures. Spraying coniferous preparations of the FOS group: Bi-58, Fufanon, Fosban, Aktellik, specific acaricides (see the section "Ticks" on Deciduous plants).

And there are sucking pests that lead a secretive lifestyle, these are primarily Hermes. It is very difficult to fight them.

Hermes
These are the smallest (0.5-1 mm) sucking insects, the bodies of which are covered with a wax down.

Different types of hermes harm spruce, fir, larch, pine, cedar.

The biggest problem is pine hermes on cedar.

Spruce-larch hermes(Sacciphantes viridis)(on various types spruce and larch)

Spruce-fir hermes(Aphrastia pectinatae)(on spruce and fir)

General form

Cocoon with oviposition when magnified under a microscope

Pine Hermes(Pineus pini) And hermes weymouth pine(P. strobe)(on a pine tree)

In May, a white “fluff” appears between the base of the needles on the branches of the cedar, sometimes very plentiful. These are laying eggs of pine hermes, which also harms pine. Hermes larvae suck the juice from the needles and shoots, the needles fall off. The decorative appearance of cedars suffers, they “grow bald”, and are also affected by fungal infections. Pine hermes eggs and larvae are protected by a wax fluff, and it is difficult to destroy them with chemicals.

Protection measures: in early May, preemptive spraying with BI-58 (0.25%), Decisom (0.02%) should be carried out. Perhaps the use of mineral oil, which has a suffocating effect. Under the root, you can irrigate with BI-58 (0.3%), Confidor (0.15%) with Zircon (0.01%) for systemic plant protection. Processing should be repeated until the complete disappearance of the "gun".

Needle-eating insects: caterpillars of scoop butterflies and silkworms, sawfly larvae.

pine sawfly

Red pine sawfly – neodiprion certifer

Common pine sawfly —Diprion pini

Females lay their eggs in the needles on the shoots of the current year. False caterpillars gnaw at the needles, completely exposing the branches. The red pine sawfly damages pine trees, as well as cedar.

spruce sawfly

Likewise hurts spruce sawfly — Pristiphora abietina: first, the female ovipositor damages the needles when laying eggs, and then the larvae damage more seriously on the shoots.

Pests of shoots and trunks: beetles: bark beetles, weevils, barbels; caterpillars of runaway moths, runaways;

bark beetles

These are small beetles of brown or black color, usually 2-6 mm in size, attacking pines, spruces, cedars, larches. They gnaw through under the bark (less often - in wood) passages of various shapes, laying eggs. Numerous larvae hatch from the eggs, gnawing their passages. As a result, infected trees die within a month.

Bark beetles are dangerous for large seedlings over 2.5 m in size and for mature trees on your site, especially if it is located near a forest or infected last year's tree plantings. The attack (flight) usually occurs in the spring, but during the years of mass breeding outbreaks there may be a second invasion in the summer (for example, in 1999, in the Moscow region, the bark beetle-typographer on spruce had two flights - in May and July).

bark beetle typographer(Ipstypographus) (on spruce and other conifers)

Engraver – (Pityogeneschalcographus) - found on spruce, fir, pine, cedar. Here - on a fir

Engraver – (Pityogeneschalcographus) . Here on the cedar

Large pine beetle(Blastophaguspiniperda) (on a pine).

A large pine beetle attacks pine trees in late April-early May, always gnawing vertical upward passages. Drilling flour is partially poured out of the passages, which is collected at the base of the branches, under the tree trunk.

Protection measures:

At the end of April 2005, I had to defend twelve 5-6-meter pines, which I planted as winter plantings in Valentinovka, in a cottage village near Losiny Ostrov. A mass flight of the bark beetle (large pine beetle) began from the nearby forest, although the snow in the forest had not completely melted yet. There were so many beetles that they sat on the shoulders of all the people on the site. Right before our eyes, they penetrated under the bark, especially in the places where the branches were attached, where the bark was thicker.

The search for and struggle with this bark beetle was facilitated by the fact that a large pine beetle always gnaws vertical passages under the bark upwards from the inlet, from which resin flows out and drilling flour spills out. I had to manually open all the moves with a knife and pick out bugs. But first I made full spraying of pines drugs BI-58 (0.25%) and Decis (0.02%). I repeated the treatments three more times weekly, using Confidor (0.1%), Karate (0.02%), with the addition of Zircon (0.01%) - Zircon reduces negative impact chemicals for plants.

If I had arrived at the site a couple of days later, it would have been too late. And so all the trees were saved. During the summer, I kept intensive care of the pines, and they all took root, giving an average growth of 25 cm by the end of the year. I observed these pines for another two years, carrying out preventive spraying in early spring.

The fight against bark beetle-typographer on spruce also comes down to preventive spraying of trunks and crowns in early spring. In addition, all infected and dead trees in the area last year must be burned along with their roots and fallen needles.

In May 2004, I encountered an attack by a bark beetle-typographer on 9 pieces of 7-meter-high fir trees in the cottage village of Mitropolie along the Yaroslavl highway. At the same time, in a cottage village near Timoshkino (Novo-Rizhskoye direction), bark beetles attacked 5 pieces of 7-8-meter-high firs. I ate everything I planted as winter plantings in February-March.

It was also necessary to carry out a complete spraying of chemical preparations of all spruces. Also, I used beetle entry holes injections- the same drugs, but in a stronger concentration. The bark beetle-typographer, unlike the large pine beetle, cleans its passages, throwing out all the sawdust - drill flour. Therefore, it is not necessary to open its moves with a knife: a solution of preparations under pressure penetrates well to the very beetle. Thus, in both areas, I managed to destroy the pests and all the trees took root. Of course leading role The fact that I expected an invasion of bark beetles from the forests located right on the border of both plots played a role in the successful fight, and I carried out preventive spraying.

In principle, it is also possible to water large-sized seedlings under the root with solutions of systemic insecticides, the same BI-58 and Confidor. Moreover, beetles hibernate in the litter of needles under trees or under the bark at the very roots. But in all cases, the success of the fight depends on prevention and constant supervision, especially in spring, of the condition of the trees.

shoot moths

Drying of shoots and yellowing of Siberian fir needles- fir shoot moth.

The larvae of this moth gnaw through a channel inside the shoot, and it dries out. In addition, larvae were found in the canal during the analysis of spores of a harmful fungus. Verticillium albo-atrum.

Protection measures: spraying Bi-58 (0.2%), Aktara (0.04%), with the addition of Zircon (0.01%). Pruning and burning shrunken shoots.

Shooters:

For example, on a pine tree it hurts winter shooter(Rhyacioniabuoliana)

Escape damage

chrysalis pupa

Shooting larva

These are small brown-gray butterflies with a wingspan of about 20 mm. The caterpillars are brown, they gnaw out the buds and the core of the growing shoots. This leads to the curvature of shoots and stems, their breaking off, multi-top. The caterpillars of the wintering shoots feed on the lower part of the growing shoots. The resin shooter causes the formation of a resinous influx that covers the place of introduction of the caterpillar on the shoot.

Protection measures: the same as from shoot moths

In folk songs, fairy tales and epics, everything beautiful and beautiful is called red. Popular poetic expressions are widely known: the red maiden, the spring is red, the sun is red. He deserved this epithet among the people and coniferous forest, beautiful and green at any time of the year. Coniferous trees are especially beautiful in the dead of winter, when bizarre snow garlands are hung on their green branches by a blizzard. Only larch does not participate in this winter beauty festival, the only one among coniferous trees shedding her summer green attire for the winter. But in all other respects, it is no different from its coniferous counterparts.

There are much more coniferous forests in our country than deciduous ones. Forming both pure and mixed forests, they make up three-quarters of all forests.

The wood of coniferous trees, as well as their appearance, differs sharply from deciduous trees, primarily due to the characteristic texture with clearly defined annual layers. In most coniferous trees, the wood smells like turpentine due to the presence of resin in it. The widespread wood of coniferous trees, which has high technical properties, has always been of predominant importance in the national economy, especially in construction and wooden architecture.

Although all conifers share common properties inherent in them, each of them at the same time has its own unique features, which must be taken into account by woodworkers.

Pine

A tall, mighty tree with a bark that shimmers with red copper can be found in almost all latitudes of our country. Of the twelve species of pines that grow in our country, Scots pine is the most common. Sandy and swampy soil, hot and cold climate is accepted by pine with a complacency rare for other trees. But she only loves light and does not tolerate dimming. In the thicket, where trees grow densely, their crowns stretch upwards towards the sun, trying to expose every branch under its rays. And after the crowns, trunks stretch upwards, round and straight, like chiseled columns. Thickets of centuries-old pines form forests, called ship forests, because once in the old days there were trunks of mighty pines on masts and other parts of wooden ships.

Pine trees grown in a large forest clearing or in an open field look completely different. There is plenty of light here, and there is absolutely no need to stretch the crown as high as possible, but you can freely spread the branches in all directions. Their trunks become stocky and small branches whimsically twist, forming a sprawling and picturesque crown. But the most bizarre forms are taken by the branches of a pine tree grown in a Jurassic, elevated and open place, accessible to all winds. Under such a pine you can collect the richest material for forest sculpture.

The soil on which pines grow also affects the appearance of trees. Geologists have noticed that the forms of the crown and branches of pine trees in the places of occurrence of peat bogs have their own characteristics. characteristics. This gave them the idea to begin the search for new deposits of large peatlands from the study of branches and crowns of pines.

The pine has a whorled arrangement of branches. Usually four or five branches fan out in all directions, located at the same level around the trunk. Floor after floor, whorls rise to the very top. Every year a new whorl forms on top of the pine. By the whorls, one can approximately determine the age of the pine: how many whorls - so many years of the pine. But to determine the age in this way is possible only in young pines. In old pines, the whorls from below die off and overgrow, leaving no traces on the trunk.

Whorls

The whorled arrangement of branches near the pine tree inspired the peasants to cut out many items needed in peasant life. For example, whorls are the progenitor of modern mixers.

We provide information from the field of botany, as we consider it necessary in this book to create a holistic "image" of the tree.

In peasant huts even now, somewhere near a Russian stove, one can see a stick polished with corns with flyers at one end. This is the pine whorl, an indispensable tool for kitchen work, if you need to beat butter, quickly crush boiled potatoes in a cast-iron, or knead the dough in a kneader.

Magical power was also attributed to an ordinary pine branch. Western Slavs from one new year holiday before another, they kept a pine branch in the hut, which, according to their ideas, was supposed to protect the house from the machinations of evil forces, protect the peace and well-being of the inhabitants of the hut. By the arrival of the New Year, the old withered branch was replaced with a fresh one. The superstitious notions associated with the pine branch have long been forgotten. But even now in a modern human dwelling you can find a pine branch standing in a crystal or ceramic vase, but already as an interior decoration.

Violating the rules of botany, a pine tree is called a Christmas tree once a year. In the southern regions of our country, where spruce does not grow, instead of it on New Year they row and honor the pine. But, unlike the Christmas tree, the pine is dressed not only on New Year's Eve. In some regions of Russia, there was a custom to dress up a small pine tree before the wedding at a bachelorette party, when the bridesmaids sang ritual songs. In the middle of the table they put a loaf of bread, stuck a young pine tree into it and, like a bride, decorated it with colored ribbons and wildflowers. In wedding songs, the bride was compared to a young pine tree:

Pine, pine, young,

What are you, pine, not green,

Young, young, young,

What are you, young lady, not funny.

On dry sunny days, already in April, you can hear in the pine forest lung, barely perceptible clicking. Raise your head and immediately notice a lot of gray fluttering dots against the light background of the sky. It is flying, spinning in the air, winged pine seeds. In the wind and sun, the cones have dried up and are now opening, freeing the ripened seeds from winter captivity. Squirrels, woodpeckers and crossbills are big hunters of pine seeds.

Pine seeds, pine resin, cones

People harvest pine seeds in winter time, from December to April, until the cones have had time to open. Then they are dried in special dryers and the seeds are extracted from them. But empty cones do not go to waste. Pine cones are the best fuel for the famous Russian samovars, they burn beautifully and keep the heat for a long time. Craft lovers from natural materials use cones to make various funny figurines. Once in a warm and dry room, the cones brought from the forest will inevitably open after some time. To keep some of the cones unopened, they are dipped in liquid wood glue.

Used for crafts and pine resin, which is formed on the butt of the trunk. In the lower part of the trunk, the pine bark is thick, pitted with deep cracks. From above, it is dark brown with a bluish-lilac bloom, and brown on the section, with light layers. Pine bark is very light, dense and cuts well. It is known that Novgorodians made floats for nets from 33 of it in ancient times. And even now, if the fisherman does not have a factory float at hand, he sometimes cuts it out of a piece of pine bark.

Pine feeds!

There used to be a saying: "Pine feeds, linden shoes." The fact that the linden shoes is understandable, because in the old days the peasants wove shoes from bast bast. But how the pine feeds is not so easy to guess ... And only from history can one learn that in the famine years the peasants removed the thin bark from the pines and scraped off the inner shell, called the pulp. The pulp was dried, crushed and mixed with flour.

Pine is one of those rare trees that go into business entirely, without a trace from the roots to the top. Needles, branches, cones, resin and roots - all this, as well as stem wood, is a valuable raw material for various industries. Pine needles contain many useful substances, which is why it has long been used in traditional medicine for the preparation of medicinal tinctures and decoctions. At modern industrial enterprises, needles are extracted essential oils, used in perfumery and medicine, produce coniferous-vitamin flour used for feeding animals.

From thin and long, rope-like roots, village craftsmen wove various vessels, called rhizomes. Before weaving, the roots were washed, peeled and split in two. The extraordinary flexibility of the roots gave

the ability to weave dishes of a very complex shape, with a texture resembling fabric. The craftsmen wove the roots so tightly that the peasants kept salt, sand and starch in wicker dishes.

Resinous pine roots were used as fuel in primitive peasant lamps. They burned longer than a birch torch, and gave more light, illuminating even the far corners of the hut. And when hunting with a spear in the old days, in a lamp mounted on the bow of the shuttle, they also burned only pine roots - they burned without crackling, which means they did not scare away the fish.

Gum and amber

Damaged pine releases a resin that protects plants from penetration into the wood fibers of harmful organisms. That is why this resin is called resin, which heals, embalms the wounds of the tree. And apparently, noticing this property of the resin, the gardeners began to heal wounds with it. fruit trees, making a plaster from it with the addition of wood (olive) oil and wax. By the way, the balm with which the ancient Egyptians soaked mummies that have survived to this day and survived millennia also includes pine resin in its composition.

Lumberjacks and hunters have long noticed the ability of resin to heal wounds. If there is no first-aid kit at hand, then instead of a bandage or plaster, they put clean resin on the wound. By the way, the patch that we buy at the pharmacy also includes pine resin. They also put sap on aching teeth to calm 34 toothache. And the inhabitants of the Caucasus even prepared a special medicinal chewing gum from pine resin. In the old days, resin diluted with alcohol was used as a rub for aches. Until now, turpentine obtained from resin is used as rubbing. The smoke of burning resin has disinfectant properties. In some regions, peasants smoked a hut with the smoke of burning resin in winter to purify the air and remove the bad smell.

And who does not know the wonderful mineral amber. Amber is also pine resin, only it has lain in the ground for millions of years. In some pieces of amber, there are insects that once made a rash step, sitting on the resin flowing from the pine. And now scientists have the opportunity to study insects that lived on earth millions of years ago. Amber has a rich color range - from golden yellow and red to blue-green and almost black. Not only jewelry is made of amber: rings, brooches, necklaces, bracelets, but also decorative sculpture and mosaic panels. The highest achievement of the art of processing amber was the famous amber room in Tsarskoye Selo near Leningrad, in which everything, from a small thing to the walls, was made of carved amber.

Resin is a valuable raw material for the chemical industry. How is sap prepared? In forests specially designated for this purpose, turpentine preparers - scavengers make two rows of inclined cuts, called bottoms. The resin flows down the bottoms into the receiver - a small vessel, fixed at the bottom. If the incisions are renewed from time to time, then the resin will flow all summer. Over the summer, up to two kilograms of resin are obtained from one tree.

At rosin-turpentine enterprises, resin is cleaned of litter and distilled with steam. The volatile part of the resin, when cooled, forms turpentine, and the golden, fragile mass remaining after distillation forms rosin. Rosin is used to make paper, make soap, and make paint and varnish. It is necessary in shipbuilding, leather and rubber industries, as well as for the production of sealing wax and linoleum. The violin, cello and other bowed instruments could not play without rosin.

Turpentine

Another component of resin - turpentine is used as a solvent for paints and varnishes, rubber and various resins. Synthetic camphor is produced from it. In the textile industry, chintz fabrics are etched with turpentine before drawing a pattern on them, and paints are diluted.

Pine wood is of great value. Moderately strong, light and soft, drying wood has always found the widest application.

Pine wood

Pine is a sound breed. In a freshly cut tree, the core is slightly pinkish, but as the wood dries, it darkens and gradually acquires a brown-red hue. The core of the branches is colored red-brown. The sapwood of the pine is wide, with a yellowish or light pink tint. The core rays are difficult to distinguish on the end section, even through a magnifying glass. But they are clearly visible in the form of golden shiny spots on a radial cleavage. Pine splits well not only in the radial, but also in the tangential direction. The ability of pine to split well is used in the manufacture of shreds, tesas and cooperage staves. By splitting pine blanks along the fibers, folk craftsmen created wood chips of amazing beauty. Thin strips of wood chips were also used for weaving baskets and boxes. The core rays visible on the surface of the wood gave the products a unique shimmering sheen.

In pine, like in most conifers, annual layers are clearly visible. Each layer has two parts. The light and wide part is formed in spring and early summer, and the narrow and darker part is formed in late summer and autumn. The early and late parts of the annual layer differ not only in color. The early part is looser and softer, while the later part is more dense, hard and resinous. Given these properties, craftsmen have found ways to enhance the decorative effect of pine and other coniferous wood. Slightly burning the surface of the wood with a soldering or gas burner, a kind of negative texture pattern is obtained due to the fact that the loose early layers, burning faster, become darker than the later ones. After a longer firing and subsequent processing with metal brushes, the surface of the wood acquires a relief texture.

On a well-polished pine end, especially in the dark late part of the annual ring, it is easy to see resin passages in the form of light spots through a magnifying glass. On longitudinal sections, they form dark dashes. The late part of the annual layer contains more resin than the early part. Many properties of wood depend on the width of annual layers. Wide grain wood is soft, light and light, while narrow grain wood is dense, hard, dark and heavy. Masters call broad-layered wood myandovaya, and small-layered wood - ore, for its red-brown color. The most valuable is ore wood with moderate resin content.

IN southern regions In Russia, depending on the degree of resinity, two varieties of pine were distinguished - tar and dry chips, or butt. A heavily pitched pine was called tar, and a dry-sliver was one that contained a minimum amount of resin. The rafters of the timber knew very well that dry chips can be fused, but tar cannot be - if not immediately, then somewhere along the way it will sink. Tar is heavy, water does not hold it, but it is strong and durable: a sunken tree can lie at the bottom of a river for decades. Therefore, such a resinous pine went to where it was supposed to withstand dampness: to buildings in swampy places, moorings and piers, bridges, parts of wooden ships. The carpenters tried to put three or four crowns of tar in the log house first, because they are closest to the damp earth. Perhaps that is why the lower crowns of the buildings of ancient Novgorod have been preserved, having lain for centuries in the damp earth.

In carpentry, highly resinous pine was rarely used. It stains and stains poorly. If you begin to plan or saw, you will suffer, the resin sticks to the metal. It is dangerous to put lacquered and painted products from such pine somewhere near the stove or in the sun. Under the action of heat, the resin in the resin bags melts, and the varnish coating warps and peels off. But if, nevertheless, it is necessary to use resinous pine in carpentry, then before finishing it, it must be deresined with special compounds. Where increased requirements are not imposed on the strength of the product, a dry chip was used. It accepts mordant and stains well, it is easy to cut and plan.

In the forest, pine reaches technical maturity by 80-100 years. At this age, she is cut down for needs National economy. In ship groves, trees are up to 40 m high and about half a meter in diameter. A debarked cylindrical tree trunk is the simplest and only constructive element in peasant buildings. But Russian carpenters learned how to knit logs without a single nail so ingeniously that sometimes they cut down not only huts and outbuildings, but also gigantic structures of complex shape. In 1669, near Moscow, in the village of Kolomenskoye, the royal palace was cut down from selected pine logs, which is a complex architectural complex. Logs for construction were harvested in winter, when the trees contain a minimum amount of moisture, which means they crack less. The palace has not survived to this day, but this grandiose structure can be judged from the drawings and memories of eyewitnesses. The wooden palace had 270 large rooms and three thousand windows. The palace amazed not only by its grandiose size, but also by the fabulous splendor of wooden buildings. No wonder contemporaries called him the "eighth diva" - after the seven famous wonders of the world.

Coniferous trees are good because they delight us with their greenery at any time of the year. Their fluffy branches look even more exotic under the white edging of snow. But no plants are immune from diseases.

Diseases of conifers found both in forests and in private areas with forest trees. But it is not for nothing that they say that for every action there is a reaction. And this problem can be dealt with if you know what are diseases of coniferous trees and how to properly treat them. Diseases of these tree species can be divided into ailments of their "tops and roots". Consider the most dangerous of them.

Diseases of branches and trunks of coniferous trees

The trunks and branches of coniferous trees (spruce, pine, fir, larch) are affected by various diseases - necrosis, rust, cancer, rot and vascular.

Cancer diseases

Resin crayfish (silveryanka, seryanka) of pine

Pathogens - Peridermium pini Kleb, Cronartium flaccidum Wint.

The bark on the trunk in the affected areas begins to peel off and fall off, abundant gumming occurs. Gum hardens on the surface of the bark, which cracks over the entire surface of the lesion. Affected pines can live for decades, but lag behind healthy trees in growth. Pitch cancer cannot be completely cured, but it is possible to stop the process by treating the infected wound with biocidal antiseptic preparations. In areas with a large number of trees, it is advisable to remove infected pines in order to avoid infection of surrounding trees.

Rust cancer (blister rust) of Weymouth pine and cedar

The pathogen is Cronartium ribicola Ditr.

In the first year, yellow spots actively form on pine needles, the next year, the bark of the affected branches at the base of the needles swells in some places and acquires an orange-yellow color. Trunks and branches of pines in the affected areas thicken somewhat. In diseased pines, diseased branches gradually die off, and the trees themselves often die off. Treatment for rust cancer is not performed. Affected trees must be removed.

Rust cancer of fir

The pathogen is Melampsorella cerastii Wint.

In places of infection, muff-like thickenings appear on the fir trunk. Later, a "witch's broom" (a vertical shoot with shortened yellow-green needles) grows from the buds of the affected shoots. From the branches, the mycelium penetrates into the trunk, as a result of which a thickening forms on it, cracking of the bark occurs and an open stepped cancer develops. Rust cancer of fir is not cured completely. Treatment and protection - similar to the treatment of tar cancer.

larch cancer

The pathogen is Dasyscypha willkommii Hart.

At first, darker, as if tarred dents form in the places of damage on the larch trunk. Then they grow, and a roller forms around them, which later forms a cancerous wound. Excision of cancerous wounds of larch is completely impossible. The trunk is cleaned to healthy wood, the wound is treated with long-acting antiseptics. In cancerous and healthy surrounding larches, all dry branches are removed.

Cancer of pine and spruce

Pathogen - Biatorella difformis (Fries.)

In this case, open stepped wounds or pitched ulcers form on the trunks, branches of affected pines or spruces. Ulcers form most often in the middle part of the trunk and can reach half or even more of the diameter of the trunk. Wounds are pronounced gradation, richly covered with resin. More often, ulcerative cancer occurs on highly moistened soils, but recently they have often been found in normally moistened forests. Infected trees can be sick for a long time, cancerous wounds develop slowly. The process accelerates with increasing humidity. There is no treatment for peptic ulcer. In large plantations, it is advisable to remove infected trees with the help of thinning. On single trees, the trunk is stripped to healthy wood, the wound is decontaminated and fumigated.

shoot cancer

Pathogen - Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerb.) Schlaepfer-Berhard

Redness appears at the base of the needles, then the needles seem to bend, forming an "umbrella", and easily fall off when touched. Top shoots die off. Black warty formations form at the base of the needles and on the bark. Treatment is carried out by treating trees with fungicides.

All types of cancerous diseases of coniferous trees that have appeared as a result of infection of trees with pathogens cannot be completely cured. It is possible to stop the process of damage to the trunk, but such a tree is doomed. If cancerous diseases are detected in a site with a large number of coniferous trees, it is necessary to protect the surrounding healthy trees from the pathogen. The best protection is the removal of infected trunks. Another measure in case of impossibility of removal (adjacent forest area with a large number of diseased trees, the desire to save the affected tree) is the treatment of both healthy and diseased trees with biocides, cleaning the affected areas on trunks, and removing diseased branches.

Necrotic diseases

Necrotic diseases are characterized by the death of tissues around the circumference of the trunk. As a result, rot of the affected tissues usually begins to develop.

Necrosis of shoots and trunks of conifers

The pathogen is Cenangium abietis (Pers.) Rehm.

The first sign of the disease is reddening of the bark and needles of the plant, and the dead needles do not fall off for a long time. Small black tubercles form on the cracks in the bark. Necrosis of shoots and trunks of conifers affects young trees up to 15 years of age. Treatment is to remove affected trees.

rust diseases

Rust diseases lead to the appearance of rust-colored formations on the affected trees, from which spores of the fungus then spill out.

Rust of pine shoots (pine spinner)

Pathogen - Melampsora pinitorqua Rostr.

Appears on young shoots. On the upper side of the leaves are formed teliopustules- dark brown, sometimes almost black, and sometimes bright yellow-orange bulging formations. In these places, the pine shoot is bent. Mostly young trees are affected. Treatment of trees in which, in addition to needles, the bark is also affected is not advisable. Protection is carried out by removing plantings of aspen and white poplar in the area (the second host of the pathogenic fungus). If it is impossible to remove aspens and poplars, deciduous trees are treated, fallen leaves are burned.

Diseases of the roots of coniferous trees

Coniferous root diseases are the most harmful among infectious diseases, because they affect the vital activity of the entire tree.

Rot diseases

pathogen - root sponge Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.

This disease is characterized by a well-defined focality in the spread of the disease, the presence of inclined trees, the presence of fruiting bodies in the form of mycelial pads. As a result of the disease, a variegated pit-fibrous rot of the root system develops. characteristic feature- root ulcers. This fungus infects plants of different ages, but it causes the greatest damage to plantations aged twenty to forty years old, especially adult spruce trees suffer from the root fungus. Root fungus is the most common type of pine and spruce disease in our latitude. There is no root sponge treatment.

pathogen - Trutovik Schweinitz Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat.

Affected wood becomes brown, with pronounced cracks, the presence of a white film in them. In addition, it emits a strong turpentine smell.

Hidden trunk rot is dangerous because a heavily affected tree becomes windfall. Another danger is the weakening of the tree and, as a result, its colonization by stem and other pests. This is exactly what happens in the spruce forests of the Moscow region. In the Moscow region this moment present a large number of overmature spruce forests (over 60 years old). The lack of necessary measures for forest care (cutting, clearing of rubble, windbreaks, etc.) has led to the widespread spread of root fungus. In some massifs of spruce forests, the defeat of the root fungus approaches 100%. Weakened trees are actively colonized by the bark beetle, which leads to the formation of foci of this pest. going on mass death trees. Within 2-4 weeks, seemingly healthy and powerful spruces die. So, a disease that is not fatal in itself, gave impetus to the lightning death of entire massifs of spruce forests. Timely treatment of the root fungus, which boils down to cutting down diseased trees and cleaning the forest, would save our spruce forests from the dominance of the bark beetle. This is just one example of a lack of proper tree care. Proper Treatment tree diseases, incl. and conifers, even when it comes to one affected tree, not one tree, but entire forests can be saved from death.

Beloshapkina Olga Olegovna,
doctor of agricultural sciences

Coniferous trees and shrubs do not lose their attractiveness all year round, especially if they grow well, develop and do not get sick. For the timely detection of diseases, it is necessary to regularly conduct phytopathological monitoring. Then, based on its results, assessing the specific situation, the degree of damage and the feasibility of protective measures, as well as meteorological conditions, protective measures against specific diseases are selected.

Visual diagnosis of most diseases of conifers is quite problematic, which is associated with the phenomenon of the so-called. phytopathological convergence, when the same symptoms occur as a result of different causes. These common symptoms primarily include drying of the branches, yellowing, browning and falling or dying off of the needles.

When they appear, general preventive measures should be started: remove the needles, cut out the affected branches and try to create favorable conditions for the growth and development of the plant, including treatments with immunomodulators and foliar and root fertilizing for conifers. Often, advice from a plant protection specialist is required.

The development of diseases often depends on health planting material, the presence of mechanical injuries, damage by insects, as well as the correct fit and further care. Young plants are generally less resistant to a complex of non-infectious and infectious diseases their resistance increases with age.

Be careful when buying seedlings. The bark should be uniformly characteristically colored, without cracks and sagging. The ends of branches and roots are elastic, not dry. The buds and needles of healthy plants are alive, not dried; a greenish layer of living tissue is visible under the bark; on the cut, the vessels of the shoots are light, evenly colored.

CREATE THE RIGHT ENVIRONMENT

A negative impact on the growth and development of conifers is unfavourable conditions environmental
environment. Excessive hydration associated with natural waterlogging of the soil, rising groundwater levels, heavy autumn rainfall or excessive watering of container plants, leads to yellowing and necrotic needles. The same symptoms often appear due to lack of moisture in the soil and low air humidity.

Low temperatures in winter and spring frosts cause freezing of the crown and roots, while the needles can become reddish, dry, die, and the bark of the shoots cracks. In spring, during sunny hours, when the soil has not yet completely thawed and the roots do not function, browning, burns of thuja and juniper needles are often observed. If possible, such plants should be shaded in February-April. To protect against sunburn and peeling of the bark, it can be whitewashed with lime or a special whitewash in early spring or late autumn. In the first year after planting, it is advisable to spray young plants with water in the evening hours and shade in the heat. Many conifers are shade-tolerant; when grown in open sunny places, they may lag behind in growth, their needles may turn yellow and even die off. On the other hand, photophilous pines, larches and even junipers cannot stand strong shading.

Tui burn

SUPPLEMENTS STRENGTHEN IMMUNITY

The condition and appearance of plants largely depend on the availability of nutrients and their balance. So, a lack of iron in the soil leads to yellowing and even whitening of the needles on individual shoots; with a deficiency of phosphorus, young needles acquire a red-violet hue; with a lack of nitrogen, plants grow noticeably worse, become chlorotic.

It is recommended to carry out root and foliar top dressing, preferably with special fertilizers intended for conifers. There is a positive experience in the use of biologically active drugs, incl. growth regulators that increase plant resistance to unfavorable factors and miscarriages. Preparations such as super humisol, zircon, epin-extra, siliplant, nikfan, immunocytophyte, used in concentrations recommended by manufacturers for spraying and watering under the root, increase the survival rate of seedlings, strengthen plant immunity to temperature, water and even pesticide stresses, improve the consumption of elements nutrition.

FUSARIOSIS AND ROOT ROT

Conifers are not often affected by infectious diseases, although in some cases they can suffer greatly from them. Significant lunges or growth retardation of young container plants and seedlings in schools are caused by species of soil-dwelling fungi, more often genera Python And Rhizoctonia leading to gradual browning, death of roots and lodging of seedlings.

Seedlings and young plants of conifers are also subject to fusarium drying out (pathogens are anamorphic fungi of the genus Fusarium). This disease is also called tracheomycosis wilt. The pathogen from the soil penetrates the roots, which turn brown, partially rot; then the fungus penetrates into vascular system and fills it with its biomass, making it difficult to access nutrients. At the same time, on the transverse section of the affected branch, a continuous, and more often intermittent darkening of the xylem ring and core is clearly visible. The needles turn yellow, redden and fall off, the crown partially thins out, and the plants themselves gradually dry out. At first, the disease can proceed in a latent form.

Risk factors. The causative agent persists in plants, in infected plant debris, and is often spread with infected planting material from nurseries or with infected soil.

Fusarium juniper

Protection measures. Treatment of affected trees is almost impossible, after a few years they die. To prevent root rot and Fusarium, it is necessary to use healthy planting material; promptly remove all dried specimens with roots and affected plant debris. For preventive purposes, young plants with an open root system are also soaked in a solution of one of the preparations: Fitosporin-M, Vitaros, Maxim. At the first symptoms, the soil is shed with solutions of biological products: phytosporin-M, agate-25K, hamair, you can use the fungicide fundazol.

ALTERNARIOZ, MOLD AND DRYING OF BRANCHES

Gray mold, or rot (causative agent - fungus Botrytis cinerea) and alternariosis (pathogens - mushrooms kind Alternaria) affect the aerial parts of young plants of juniper, arborvitae. The shoots become grey-brown or blackish, dust-covered with conidia, which re-infect the plants during the growing season. Plants are weakened, their decorative effect is lost.

Risk factors. These diseases especially often develop in unventilated areas with a strong thickening of plantings and insufficient lighting.

Protection measures. As protective measures, timely thinning pruning and cutting of affected branches, disinfection of all cuts with a solution of copper sulfate and their treatment with oil paint on natural drying oil or runnet-type putty are recommended. Preventive sprayings in spring and autumn with Bordeaux mixture, abiga-peak, fast, pure flowers are effective. With a severe injury to summer time spraying is repeated.

In thuja and juniper, infectious drying of branches often occurs. It is called by several
pathogens from the department of anamorphic mushrooms. The bark dries out, and numerous fruiting bodies are formed on it - pycnidia, brown and black in the form of dots and tubercles. The needles turn yellow and fall off, the branches of the bushes turn brown and dry out. The infection persists in the bark of affected branches and unharvested plant debris. The development of the disease is facilitated by dense plantings and the use of infected planting material. Control measures are similar to protection against gray rot.

SHUTTE - BROWN, SNOW, REAL

Conifers have diseases that are characteristic only for these breeds. First of all, it is a schütte, the causative agents of which are some types of ascomycete fungi.

Juniper shows signs of damage shute(pathogen - Lophodermium juniperinum) appear in early summer on last year's needles, which acquire a dirty yellow or brown color. From the end of summer, on the surface of the needles, round black fruiting bodies (up to 1.5 mm) (apothecia) are visible, in which marsupial sporulation of the fungus is preserved. The disease develops intensively on weakened plants, in wet conditions it can lead to their death.

Brown Shutte, or brown snow mold (mushrooms of the genus Herpotrichia), except for juniper, affects pines, fir, spruce, cedars, cypress, arborvitae. It occurs more often in nurseries, young stands, self-sowing and young undergrowth. The disease develops under snow at a temperature not lower than 0.5 ° C. The lesion is detected after the snow has melted: on the brown dead needles, a black-gray cobweb coating of mycelium is noticeable, and then dotted fruiting bodies of the pathogen fungus. The needles do not fall off for a long time, thin branches die off.

Risk factors. The development of the disease is facilitated by high humidity, the presence of depressions in the sown areas, and the thickening of plants. The harmfulness of shyutte increases with high snow cover and its long-term melting.

real schutte, which is caused by a fungus Lophodermium seditiosum- one of the main causes of premature fall of pine needles. Mostly young plants are affected, incl. V open ground nurseries, and weakened trees, which can lead to their death due to heavy needle shedding. During spring and early summer, the needles turn brown and fall off. In autumn, small yellowish dots are visible on the needles, gradually growing and turning brown; later, dotted black fruiting bodies are formed on dead, crumbling needles - apothecia, with which the fungus
is saved.

Similar symptoms and development cycle has a fungus Lophodermium pinastri, pathogen ordinary shutte pine. In autumn or more often in the spring of the next year, the needles turn yellow or become reddish-brown and die off. Then, on the needles, the fruiting bodies of the fungus are formed in the form of small black strokes or dots, blackening and increasing by autumn.

Risk factors. Moderately warm weather, drizzling rain and dew contribute to the dispersal of spores and infection of needles. Weakened plants in nurseries and conifers up to 3 years of age, as well as self-sowing pines, are more often affected and die.

Snow Shutte caused by a fungus Phlacidium infestans, affecting mainly pine species. It is especially harmful in snowy areas, where it sometimes completely destroys the renewal of Scots pine; develops under snow cover, even at temperatures around 0°C. Mycelium grows from needle to needle and to neighboring plants. After the snow melts, the dead needles and often the shoots turn brown and die off, covered with a grayish, quickly disappearing mycelium bloom. During the summer, the needles die off, becoming reddish-red, later light gray. It crumbles, but almost does not fall off. By autumn, fruiting bodies become visible on it - apothecia, in the form of small dark dots. Ascospores from them are spread by air currents to living needles immediately before the establishment of snow cover.

Risk factors. The development of the fungus is favored by drizzling rains, snowfall and melting in autumn, mild snowy winters, and long spring.

Shutte protective measures must be carried out in a complex. It is necessary to remove fallen diseased needles; if possible, shake off the snow from the lower branches. It is not allowed to grow near the nursery even individual mature pine and spruce trees. Although maintaining plant health through environmentally and economically sound protection measures is now a priority, fungicidal treatments against schütte are a must in nurseries. Spraying with copper-containing preparations, soon, pure flowers during the summer effectively reduce the development of diseases.

Shaded and weakened specimens are most susceptible to shutte, so it is necessary to give
plants as much resistance as possible, which is possible with a wider use of immunomodulators. The combination of fungicidal treatments with biologically active preparations and microfertilizers is effective.

The harmfulness of schütte varies quite a lot in terms of the ability to infect certain species and varieties, so it is necessary to have information about such resistant forms, giving preference to them when planting.

In areas where schütte damages Scotch pine, lodgepole pine or European spruce can be used, which are extremely rarely affected. In forests and parks, instead of natural regeneration, it is recommended to plant seedlings of the required origin, they are more evenly distributed over the area, making it difficult for mycelium to infect one plant from another, and quickly reach a height above the critical level.

DANGEROUS RUST DISEASES

Of particular importance for conifers are rust diseases caused by fungi of the department Basidiomycota, class Uredinomycetes. Pathogens most often affect the needles and bark of the shoots, in fact, all of them are heterogeneous and pass from conifers to other plants. Below is a description of the most common.

Rust pine needles cause several species of fungi of the genus Coleosporium. They affect mainly 2-coniferous species of pines, mainly in nurseries and young stands. The eciostage of the fungus develops in spring on pine needles in the form of yellow blister-like pustules located in disorder on both sides of the needles. With a strong spread of the disease, the needles turn yellow prematurely and fall off, and the plants lose their decorative effect. Uredinio- and teliospores are formed on coltsfoot, ragwort, sow thistle, bluebell and other herbaceous plants.

Resin cancer of pine, crayfish of seryanka (Cronartium flaccidium and Peridermium pini). The development of the first fungus involves intermediate hosts - marsh bluegrass and impatiens, on the leaves of which uredinio- and teliostages develop. The second fungus spreads only in the aecial stage from pine to pine. Infection of the tree occurs through the branches, from where the mycelium spreads into the trunk. Fungi infect the bark of young trees, or the tops and branches of old pines, where the bark is smooth and thin. Mycelium penetrates into wood cells and resin passages, destroys them. The affected part is abundantly impregnated with resin and acquires a grayish-black color. Developing in the cells of the cambium, the mycelium stops the growth of wood 2-3 years after infection.

Miscellaneous mushroom Cronartium ribicola causes pine spinner, blister rust, or currant columnar rust. First, the infection of the needles occurs, gradually the fungus spreads into the bark and wood of the branches and trunks of the cedar pine, weymouth (5-coniferous). Seedling stems are bent. In older plants, the bark cracks at the sites of damage, resin is released from the ruptures and aecia protrude in the form of yellow-orange bubbles. Under the influence of the mycelium, a thickening is formed, the overlying part of the shoot dries up or bends. Intermediate hosts are currants and gooseberries, in which the leaves are severely affected.

pathogens juniper rust (fungi of the genus Gymnosporangium) affect cotoneaster, hawthorn, apple, pear, quince, which are intermediate hosts. In spring, the disease develops on the leaves, causing the formation of yellowish outgrowths (pustules) on their underside; and from the top, round orange spots with black dots are noticeable (aecial stage). From autumn, sometimes in spring, yellow-orange gelatinous masses of teliospores of the pathogen fungus appear on the needles and branches of juniper. The affected parts of the shoots are fusiform-swollen.

Protection measures. Spatial isolation from affected plants that have a common pathogen can be recommended as protective measures against rust diseases. So, you should not grow poplar and aspen next to pines, 5-coniferous pines should be isolated from blackcurrant plantings.

Reduce the prevalence of diseases by spraying with phytosporin M, abiga-peak. Carry out clipping of the affected shoots. The increase in plant immunity, which is possible through the use of microfertilizers and immunostimulants, significantly reduces the harmfulness of rusts.