Additional material for preparing for the OGE in social studies "Ethnicity: nations and nationalities." Ethnic groups

Ethnic communities. In science under ethnic group(from the Greek ethnos - people) is understood as a community of people historically established in a certain territory, which is characterized by a unity of origin, culture, language, as well as the consciousness of its unity. A person recognizes himself as a descendant of a number of previous generations belonging to a given ethnic group. The memory of ancestors is passed on from generation to generation. As a result, a historical and cultural heritage is formed, which determines the integrity of the ethnic group.

Since any ethnic group is replenished through interethnic marriages and the inclusion of representatives of other ethnic groups, attempts to divide people by “purity of blood” and distinguish between “pure” and “impure” representatives of an ethnic group are devoid of serious scientific grounds. Ethnic

community is based primarily not on the unity of “blood”, but on the self-awareness of people. In almost every genealogy that goes back far enough into the past, people from other nations are found.

During historical development of humanity, ethnic groups, like people, were born, lived and died, giving rise to other ethnic groups. Three forms (stages) of ethnic development correspond to different historical periods in the development of society - genus And tribe, nationality, nation (diagram 2).

Stages of ethnic development

Clan and tribe are characteristic of primitive society.

Genus is a group of people related to each other by family ties and having a common ancestor. There is no formal leadership system in the life of the clan. Various issues are resolved either by the elder in the clan or by the spiritual leader of the clan (shaman), but most often by a meeting of the clan. Tribal traditions transmitted orally are used as laws.

Tribe- a larger formation than the clan. The tribe consists of several clans. People who are part of a tribe speak the same language, have common household rules and religious rituals, and consider people from other tribes to be strangers. In a tribe, unlike a clan, there is a formal leader - a chief, as well as a council of elders. Decomposition

tribal relations occur in connection with the emergence of private property and exchange. At the same time, the role of military leaders is strengthened, and tribal nobility appears.

Nationalities usually consisted of several tribes, similar in origin and language, or of multilingual tribes mixed as a result of conquests. In the process of formation of a nationality, a common language is formed (usually the language of a larger or more culturally developed group of tribes). A territorial, cultural and partly economic community of people belonging to the nationality is formed. The formation of the state contributed to the strengthening of nationalities.

Nations represent a higher level of self-organization and consolidation of an ethnic group. They are formed as a result of the connection and mixing of representatives of various tribes and nationalities. Modern nations were formed during the formation of capitalist relations. As a result of the development of commodity production and trade, the formation of regional and national markets, the medieval isolation of the population was gradually overcome. The creation of centralized states strengthened the economic community and accelerated the formation of nations. Associated with this are the processes of creating a national language, the development of a national culture, the formation of the characteristics of a national character and way of thinking, the emergence national identity.

Nations that find themselves divided into parts by state borders can give rise to several nations (Portuguese and Galicians, Germans and Luxembourgers, etc.). The Old Russian community of people was the single root of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian nationalities, which subsequently formed into a nation.

A nation is considered in science not simply as an ethnic unity of people, but as a political, civil, territorial community, as a community of citizens of a given state, united by one government.

Both a person’s ethnicity and nationality are determined primarily by his self-awareness.

But if ethnic self-awareness depends on a person’s origin, then national self-awareness depends on his inclusion in the national culture and a sense of belonging to it. Sometimes ethnic identity and national identity do not coincide. When entering a new ethnic environment, for example, as a result of moving to another country, people do not change their ethnicity. But they can either preserve their national culture and national identity, or assimilate, that is, master a different culture and acquire a new national identity. In modern nations there are many people of different ethnic origins - American Belarusians, Russified Germans, etc. To denote the ethnicity of people today, the term “nationality” is used, and the concept of “nation” is often identified with the concept of “people”. For example, the Belarusian nation is the Belarusian people, uniting all citizens of our country.

As a rule, each nation has its own language. But there are exceptions to this rule. Spaniards, Argentines, Cubans speak the same language, although they are different peoples. And the existence in France of four other languages ​​besides French - Breton, Gascon, Provençal and German did not prevent the formation of a single French people. The Republic of Belarus has two state languages ​​- Belarusian and Russian.

Development of nations and national relations. Modern humanity is represented by approximately three thousand different nations and nationalities. Most of them live in multinational states. The well-being, and often the very lives of people, depend on their ability for dialogue and mutual understanding, on a respectful attitude towards the characteristics, customs, morals, and views of representatives of other nationalities.

Each nation is characterized by the presence of a system of traditional forms of behavior, everyday symbols, and other cultural elements known to all its representatives, which ensure their mutual understanding and similarity of worldview.

Modern India

IN modern world no nation can live in complete isolation and necessarily enters into interethnic relations, establishes economic, political, ideological, cultural, and legal ties with other nations. These connections can be stable (permanent) or unstable (periodic). They can be based on either competition or cooperation, be equal or unequal.

An example of the rapprochement of nations is the European Union (EU). As of January 1, 2007, it included 27 states, whose people speak at least 40 languages. A single European citizenship, a single currency - the euro - were introduced, and a single European law was developed. The supremacy of European law over national law is recognized by all EU states. In case of conflicts, to resolve complex problems a “third power” was organized - the Court of European Communities, whose decisions are binding on all EU states. In the post-Soviet space, such associations of countries and peoples as

Meeting International organization labor

Ensemble "Pesnyary", 1977

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), European-Asian Economic Community (EurAsEC).

National identity. Through self-awareness a nation determines its fundamental interests, goals and ideals, its own place among other nations and its attitude towards them. National identity is based on historical memory and involves an assessment of the past of one’s nation, as well as its current state.

A person independently classifies himself as a particular nationality based on his proficiency in the language he speaks and considers native, his commitment to the traditions and customs that he observes, the culture that he

People have a sense of national pride, but they understand it differently. For example, we are rightfully proud of the cultural achievements of the Belarusian people, but at the same time we respect the values ​​and interests of other peoples. This position is opposed by another: “Everything that is ours is good, everything that is someone else’s is bad.” People who hold this point of view are ready to praise the good and justify the bad that characterizes the past and present of their people,

and denigrate history and modern life another people. This is how national discord and confrontation arise.

Option No. 14717

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The government of country Z has decided to support the Singing World choir competition. This example demonstrates the interaction of spheres of society

1) political and economic

2) economic and social

3) political and spiritual

4) spiritual and social

Answer:

Inna found out that Zoya invited all her work colleagues to the picnic except her. She did not find out the reason for this act, she simply stopped talking to Zoya. What type of behavior in interpersonal conflict does this example illustrate?

1) avoiding a conflict situation

2) mediation

3) compromise

4) cooperation

Answer:

Schoolchildren, on instructions from a biology teacher, conducted observations and identified the main sources of pollution in school classrooms. What activity does this example illustrate?

1) economic

2) research

3) political

4) production

Answer:

Are the following statements about personality true?

A. Personality manifests itself in physical qualities and human characteristics.

B. Personality formation occurs throughout a person’s life.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Answer:

Pavel is a second year university student. He plays in the student theater and often plays as part of his department's basketball team. What level of education is Paul at?

1) secondary vocational

2) higher professional

3) basic general

4) average overall

Answer:

Are the following judgments about the role of science in the modern world true?

A. Science helps a person systematize knowledge about the world around him.

B. Science strives for the reliability of the results obtained.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Answer:

Can help overcome the state budget deficit

1) reduction in income tax

2) increase in the amount of state duty

3) expansion of education funding

4) increasing salaries for medical workers

Answer:

Mandatory payments levied by the government on individuals and legal entities, This

3) dividends

4) insurance payments

Answer:

Which of the following examples is about preserving your savings from depreciation?

1) Tatyana bought an apartment in a prestigious area

2) Sergey keeps the savings at home

3) Ivan bought a new car

4) Marina insured her jewelry against theft

Answer:

Are the following statements about private property true?

A. Transfer state property into private hands is called nationalization.

B. Private property is the basis of a command economy.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Answer:

Socially significant features that determine a person’s position in society include

1) level of education

2) worldview

3) physical data

4) characteristics of temperament

Answer:

Masha and Olya's parents died in a car accident. The girls live and are raised by their grandmother. Their family is

1) patriarchal

2) large family

3) incomplete

4) small (nuclear)

Answer:

Are the following judgments about ethnicity correct?

A. Unlike a nationality, a nation is a more stable community of people, and its stability is given by the community of economic life.

B. The state forms nationalities and nations, unites territories and establishes connections with ethnic groups.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Answer:

The distinctive feature of a political party is

1) bringing together people with common interests

2) creation of a branched organization

3) the right of legislative initiative

4) the desire to participate in the exercise of political power

Answer:

In many countries, members of parliament are prohibited from working in government offices. This shows

1) supremacy of parliament

2) republican form of government

3) unitary government structure

4) separation of powers

Answer:

Are the following statements about politics true?

A. Any power relations are of a political nature.

B. Politics as a sphere public life developed in an industrial society.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Answer:

That is hallmark rule of law?

1) the presence of a legislative system

2) equality and equality of citizens before the law

3) functioning of law enforcement agencies

4) presence of sovereignty

Answer:

Choose the correct statement:

The president Russian Federation

2) appointed for a period of 5 years

3) elected by the State Duma

4) approved by the Federal Assembly

Answer:

In which of the following cases does the Russian Federation Law “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” come into force?

1) The warehouse accepted for storage a batch of products that did not have a certificate of conformity.

2) A citizen purchased a car for personal use in which a defective part was found.

3) A citizen purchased a shipment of goods that turned out to be of poor quality for resale in another city.

4) The company delivered a batch of expired drugs to city pharmacies

Answer:

Are the following statements about family law true?

A. All property acquired during marriage is the common property of the spouses.

B. The issue of divorce in the event of disagreement of one of the spouses or the presence of children in the family is resolved only in court.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Answer:

The list below shows the similarities between science and art and the differences between science and art. Select and write down the ordinal numbers of similarities in the first column of the table, and the ordinal numbers of differences in the second column:

1) is an area of ​​spiritual culture

2) uses artistic images

3) requires accuracy and validity of statements

4) creates spiritual values

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between facts and spheres of public life: for each element given in the first column, select an element from the second column.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G

Answer:

Read the given text, each position of which is marked with a letter.

(A) Globalization of the world economy is a contradictory process that has both positive and negative consequences. (B) The extinction of species is a negative consequence of globalization. (B) The transition itself to information society is not a global problem.

Determine which provisions of the text:

1) reflect the facts

2) express opinions

Write down in the table the numbers indicating the nature of the relevant provisions.

A	B	IN

Answer:

In country Z, a survey was conducted among adult residents on the topic: “Who should be primarily involved in raising children?” The survey results as a percentage of the number of respondents are presented in the table.

Find in the list the conclusions that can be drawn based on the table and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Almost equal numbers of respondents among both men and women believe that the father should be primarily involved in raising children.

2) The smallest proportion of women surveyed believe that education should primarily be done in schools and kindergartens.

3) A fifth of the women surveyed believe that the mother should be primarily involved in raising children.

4) The smallest part of the men surveyed believes that, first of all, older family members should be involved in raising children.

5) More than half of both the men and women surveyed believe that one of the parents should be primarily involved in raising children.

Answer:

In country X century different years Sociological surveys of citizens were conducted. They were asked the question: “How do you currently assess the financial situation of your family?” The survey results are shown in the table.

Which of the following conclusions directly follows from the information obtained during the survey? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Country X is experiencing slow but steady economic growth.

2) On average, the standard of living in the state can be described as low.

3) The economy of country X is characterized by rapid price growth.

4) It can be stated that there is an increase social stratification in country X.

5) Increased social stratification is associated with increased unemployment in state X.

Answer:

Make a plan for the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

(According to E. Benes)

Based on the text, name three factors that are the reasons for the decentralization of public administration.

The problem of centralization and decentralization of public administration and legislative power in different states and societies manifests itself differently, depending on the circumstances, the needs of the people and the state. Depending on the circumstances, this problem appears in some states as federalization, in others as autonomization, in others as simple local decentralization and the expedient division of competencies between central and local executive and legislative bodies. In some places, decentralization is forced by the issue of heterogeneous composition of the population, in other cases - too much large territory, thirdly, the cultural or economic maturity or immaturity of certain areas. On the European continent, a very common argument in favor of decentralization is historical traditions and remnants of the past in public administration, determined by the way states were formed or expanded through different provinces and new territories.

Democracy in its theory and political practice proceeds not from collectivist consciousness, but from the consciousness of the individuality of the individual, and considers the human being as primary and fundamental, and the state, made up of individual people, as secondary. Strict centralization is the first and fundamental condition of every dictatorship; democracy, on the contrary, derives its greatest strength from the free conviction of citizens that they belong to the state and national whole.

However, no state, including a democratic one, will begin to implement broad decentralization if it is under the threat of separatist movements and aspirations. If it is under threat of losing part of its territory as a result of voluntary decentralization in favor of the separatists, then no one in the world will force it to voluntary decentralization. If decentralization movements arise only because of rivalry and personal ambitions, from the desire for power or the establishment of party rule, then a great sin and crime is committed against one’s own state and people.

(According to E. Benes)

Solutions to long-answer tasks are not automatically checked.
The next page will ask you to check them yourself.

Using the content of the text, name three characteristic features of democracy that the author identifies.

The problem of centralization and decentralization of public administration and legislative power in different states and societies manifests itself differently, depending on the circumstances, the needs of the people and the state. Depending on the circumstances, this problem appears in some states as federalization, in others as autonomization, in others as simple local decentralization and the expedient division of competencies between central and local executive and legislative bodies. In some places, decentralization is forced by the question of the heterogeneous composition of the population, in other cases by too large a territory, in others by the cultural or economic maturity or immaturity of certain areas. On the European continent, a very common argument in favor of decentralization is the historical traditions and vestiges of the past in government, due to the way states were formed or expanded into different provinces and new territories.

Democracy in its theory and political practice proceeds not from collectivist consciousness, but from the consciousness of the individuality of the individual, and considers the human being as primary and fundamental, and the state, made up of individual people, as secondary. Strict centralization is the first and fundamental condition of every dictatorship; democracy, on the contrary, derives its greatest strength from the free conviction of citizens that they belong to the state and national whole.

However, no state, including a democratic one, will begin to implement broad decentralization if it is under the threat of separatist movements and aspirations. If it is under threat of losing part of its territory as a result of voluntary decentralization in favor of the separatists, then no one in the world will force it to voluntary decentralization. If decentralization movements arise only because of rivalry and personal ambitions, from the desire for power or the establishment of party rule, then a great sin and crime is committed against one’s own state and people.

(According to E. Benes)

Solutions to long-answer tasks are not automatically checked.
The next page will ask you to check them yourself.

The problem of centralization and decentralization of public administration and legislative power in different states and societies manifests itself differently, depending on the circumstances, the needs of the people and the state. Depending on the circumstances, this problem appears in some states as federalization, in others as autonomization, in others as simple local decentralization and the expedient division of competencies between central and local executive and legislative bodies. In some places, decentralization is forced by the question of the heterogeneous composition of the population, in other cases by too large a territory, in others by the cultural or economic maturity or immaturity of certain areas. On the European continent, a very common argument in favor of decentralization is the historical traditions and vestiges of the past in government, due to the way states were formed or expanded into different provinces and new territories.

Democracy in its theory and political practice proceeds not from collectivist consciousness, but from the consciousness of the individuality of the individual, and considers the human being as primary and fundamental, and the state, made up of individual people, as secondary. Strict centralization is the first and fundamental condition of every dictatorship; democracy, on the contrary, derives its greatest strength from the free conviction of citizens that they belong to the state and national whole.

However, no state, including a democratic one, will begin to implement broad decentralization if it is under the threat of separatist movements and aspirations. If it is under threat of losing part of its territory as a result of voluntary decentralization in favor of the separatists, then no one in the world will force it to voluntary decentralization. If decentralization movements arise only because of rivalry and personal ambitions, from the desire for power or the establishment of party rule, then a great sin and crime is committed against one’s own state and people.

The problem of centralization and decentralization of public administration and legislative power in different states and societies manifests itself differently, depending on the circumstances, the needs of the people and the state. Depending on the circumstances, this problem appears in some states as federalization, in others as autonomization, in others as simple local decentralization and the expedient division of competencies between central and local executive and legislative bodies. In some places, decentralization is forced by the question of the heterogeneous composition of the population, in other cases by too large a territory, in others by the cultural or economic maturity or immaturity of certain areas. On the European continent, a very common argument in favor of decentralization is the historical traditions and vestiges of the past in government, due to the way states were formed or expanded into different provinces and new territories.

Democracy in its theory and political practice proceeds not from collectivist consciousness, but from the consciousness of the individuality of the individual, and considers the human being as primary and fundamental, and the state, made up of individual people, as secondary. Strict centralization is the first and fundamental condition of every dictatorship; democracy, on the contrary, derives its greatest strength from the free conviction of citizens that they belong to the state and national whole.

However, no state, including a democratic one, will begin to implement broad decentralization if it is under the threat of separatist movements and aspirations. If it is under threat of losing part of its territory as a result of voluntary decentralization in favor of the separatists, then no one in the world will force it to voluntary decentralization. If decentralization movements arise only because of rivalry and personal ambitions, from the desire for power or the establishment of party rule, then a great sin and crime is committed against one’s own state and people.

(According to E. Benes)

Solutions to long-answer tasks are not automatically checked.
The next page will ask you to check them yourself.

The author writes that decentralization movements can lead to the commission of great sins and crimes against one’s own state and people. Based on the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments to support the author’s position.

The problem of centralization and decentralization of public administration and legislative power in different states and societies manifests itself differently, depending on the circumstances, the needs of the people and the state. Depending on the circumstances, this problem appears in some states as federalization, in others as autonomization, in others as simple local decentralization and the expedient division of competencies between central and local executive and legislative bodies. In some places, decentralization is forced by the question of the heterogeneous composition of the population, in other cases by too large a territory, in others by the cultural or economic maturity or immaturity of certain areas. On the European continent, a very common argument in favor of decentralization is the historical traditions and vestiges of the past in government, due to the way states were formed or expanded into different provinces and new territories.

Democracy in its theory and political practice proceeds not from collectivist consciousness, but from the consciousness of the individuality of the individual, and considers the human being as primary and fundamental, and the state, made up of individual people, as secondary. Strict centralization is the first and fundamental condition of every dictatorship; democracy, on the contrary, derives its greatest strength from the free conviction of citizens that they belong to the state and national whole.

However, no state, including a democratic one, will begin to implement broad decentralization if it is under the threat of separatist movements and aspirations. If it is under threat of losing part of its territory as a result of voluntary decentralization in favor of the separatists, then no one in the world will force it to voluntary decentralization. If decentralization movements arise only because of rivalry and personal ambitions, from the desire for power or the establishment of party rule, then a great sin and crime is committed against one’s own state and people.

The author of the article is professional tutor Elena Viktorovna Kaluzhskaya

Ethnic community- a historically established stable collection of people in a certain territory who have common features and stable characteristics of culture, language, mental makeup, self-awareness, historical memory, awareness of their interests and goals, dignity, differences from other similar entities.

TO ethnic communities, as a rule, include clan, tribe, nationality, nation.
Historically, the clan and tribe were the first to emerge.

Genus- a group of blood relatives descending from the same line (maternal or paternal).
Tribe- a set of genera interconnected by common cultural features, awareness of common origin, common dialect, unity of religious ideas and rituals.
Such communities are characteristic of primitive communal systems.

With the deepening division of labor and the complication of social connections, new forms of community of people begin to take shape - nations and peoples.

Nationality- a historically established community of people, united by a common territory, language, mental make-up, and culture.

With the development of capitalist relations (XVI-XVII centuries), new forms of interethnic consolidation arise - nation.

However, there is no single interpretation of the concept of nation. There are at least two interpretations of this concept.
First. A nation is a historically established community of people based on a common territory, economic structure, system of political connections, language, culture and psychological makeup, manifested in general civic consciousness and self-awareness.

Second. A nation is a historically established community of people, characterized by a common origin, language, territory, economic structure, psychological make-up and culture, manifested in ethnic consciousness and self-awareness.

In the first case, the nation is understood as co-citizenship based on an industrially developed socially oriented democracy. This understanding is accepted in Western sociology.
In another interpretation, nation means ethnicity.

Nationality– a person’s belonging to a particular ethnic group or fellow citizen, depending on self-identification.

National mentality- a way of thinking, a spiritual disposition characteristic of this particular ethnic community. This is a kind of memory of the past, which determines the behavior of people who preserve historically established traditions.

Ethnic groups in the modern world.
Modern humanity numbers from 3 to 5 thousand ethnic groups. The process of formation of ethnic groups (ethnogenesis) occurs quite intensively.

Factors of ethnogenesis:
1) Demographic. If at the beginning of the 20th century the world population was about 2 billion people, then in beginning of XXI it has exceeded 7 billion;
2) Geographical. The peoples of Europe, the peoples of Asia, the peoples of Africa, the peoples of America, the peoples of Australia and Oceania are distinguished;
3) Language. There are various classifications of language. Usually allocated language families, such as, for example, Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Altai, Semitic-Hamitic and others.
4)Anthropological. Based on the principle of dividing peoples by race. It is customary to distinguish four races: Caucasoids, Mongoloids, Negroids, Australoids. However, the process of raceogenesis is continuous. This is due to the constant mixing of races. For example, recently they began to distinguish the Brazilian race from the mixture of Indians, Africans and Europeans.

Russia is home to 10 small races, more than 130 nations, nationalities and ethnic groups.

Russia is a multinational country. Therefore, knowledge of such concepts as “ethnicity”, “nation”, “nationality”, “national mentality” will help to understand the ethnic diversity of our country.

PROFILE - 11th grade

1 - option.

1. Ethnic communities include

1) communities 2) elites 3) marginalized 4) nationalities

2. Which feature primarily distinguishes ethnic groups?

1) community of professional interests

2) similar level of income and quality of life

3) commonality of historical experience, historical memory

4) belonging to a single age group

3. One of the main trends in the development of modern interethnic relations, associated with the gradual rapprochement of various peoples and nations in the economic, political, and spiritual spheres of society, is called

1) interethnic differentiation 2) international integration

3) cultural pluralism 4) interethnic conflict

4 . One of the ways to prevent the rotation of inter-national conflicts in a democratic society:

1) consistent na-ra-schi-va-nie military-en-no-go in ten-tsi-a-la state

2) a compact distribution of people of one nationality within a multi-national state

3) ensuring the rights and freedoms of all citizens not outside their national affiliation

4) creation of na-tsi-o-nal-but one-family states

5 . Are the following judgments about interethnic relations correct?

A. Interethnic relations intertwined with other social relations (political, economic, environmental, spiritual, linguistic).

B. Interethnic relations exist in pure form, in isolation from other social relations.

6 . Are the following judgments about national identity correct?

A. National identity is an obligatory feature of an ethnic community.

B. National identity is formed from unconscious or semi-conscious stereotypes of behavior that distinguish one people from another;

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

7. One of the constitutional principles of nationality policy in the Russian Federation is:

1) exaggeration of the place and role of national-cultural autonomy within a single federal state

2) creation of conditions for the isolated residence of small peoples in the national environment

3) equality of all subjects of the Russian Federation in relations with federal government bodies

4) priority of human rights, establishment of privileges for the “indigenous” nation

8. Are the following judgments about trends in the development of nations true? modern stage?

A . The process of rapprochement and unification of nations based on economic integration.

B . The process of differentiation of nations, expressed in their desire for self-determination.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

9. IN democratic state national policy is implemented through:

1) guaranteeing the rights of small peoples

2) constitutional consolidation of the national electoral qualification

3) granting rights to citizens based on nationality

4) restriction of the use of the national language

10. Find the forms of interethnic integration in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.- 2 points.

1) religious fanaticism

2) interpenetration of religions and cultures

3) protectionism in the economy

4) transnational corporations

5) globalization

Criteria for evaluation: 11 b. - “5” 10- 8 b. - “4” 7- 5 b.- “3” less than 5 b.- “2”

Test on the topic: “Ethnicity and nation. Interethnic relations."

PROFILE - 11th grade

Option 2.

For correctly completed tasks 1-9 - 1 point.

1. Which community is characterized by the following features: peculiarities of language, culture, common historical memory?

1) professional 2) territorial

3) demographic 4) ethnic

2. One of the characteristics of a people as an ethnocultural community is:

1) common citizenship 2) unity of beliefs

3) community social status 4) community of religion

3. The historical varieties of ethnic communities include:

1) states 2) tribes 3) estates 4) confessions

4 . Are the following conclusions about national policy correct?

A. In the Russian Fe-de-ra-tion on-tsi-o-nal-naya on-li-ti-ka on-right-le-na on for-mi-ro-va-nie de-mo- Kra-ti-che-skih mechanisms for resolving na-ci-o-nal and inter-na-ci-o-nal problems.

B. Ha-rak-ter na-tsi-o-nal-noy po-li-ti-ki for-vi-sit from specific is-to-ri-che-sky conditions.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

5 . Toward a culture of interethnic relationsnot applicable:

1) realization of the rights and freedoms of persons of any nationality

2) respect for national identity

3) recognition of the right of every people to access the achievements of world civilization

4) manifestation of national mistrust

6 . Are the following judgments about ethnicity correct?

A. As an ethnic group develops, its biological traits decrease and its socio-political ones increase.

B. Ethnic groups include tribes, nationalities and nations.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

7 . One of the ways to resolve interethnic conflicts is:

1) the presence of a democratic rule of law state

2) use in conflicts armed forces

3) national isolation

4) absolutization of national sovereignty

8 . Are the following judgments about the ethnic self-awareness of the people correct?

A . The ethnic self-awareness of a people captures inherited cultural traditions and an understanding of their place among other peoples.

B . The ethnic self-awareness of the people has not yet been formed at such a stage of development of the ethnos as the tribe.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

9. The trend towards interethnic integration in society is reflected

1) separatism 2) rapprochement of peoples

3) national isolation 4) national differentiation

10. Find the forms of interethnic differentiation in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.- 2 points.

1) protectionism in the economy

2) transnational corporations

3) nationalism in various forms in politics and culture

4) globalization

5) self-isolation

Criteria for evaluation:

11 b. - "5"

10- 8 b - “4”

7- 5 points - “3”

less than 5 points - “2”

Test

The society of most countries is divided not only into classes, but also into ethnic groups. Ethnicities - large groups people connected by a common origin (biological component), language, customs, traditions, beliefs, perception of the world (social component).

The roots of modern ethnic groups go back centuries, to the tribal system. The first ethnic group was the clan, an association of blood relatives who settled together. He performed both the family function and the production function.

Then, along with the clan, another ethnic group appears - a tribe. The tribe unites several clans that are of the same origin (fraternal), but have already separated from each other and settled in the neighborhood. The tribe is still based on consanguinity, but it no longer performs economic functions. His main task is to protect the territory of the tribe and regulate relations with other tribes. Thus, society took the first step towards separating ethnic ties from family and tribal ties. Ethnic ties moved further away from family ties after the emergence of the paired family.

In many countries, ancestral and tribal ties have been preserved to this day. They play a significant role in states Central Asia(Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, etc.) and in the Russian republics North Caucasus. Among the tribes and clans there are more “higher”, more influential ones, to which other clans were once subordinate. IN Soviet times The party and Soviet leadership of the Central Asian and North Caucasian republics was formed taking into account the influence of clans. And today in some republics the president represents one of the most revered families. In Chechnya, for example, the authorities' policies are developed taking into account the relations between clans (teips). Civil War in Tajikistan 1992-1997 was largely caused by interethnic contradictions - the struggle between large clans (tribal associations).

Nationality, nationality

Next in history, a more complex type of ethnic group arises - a nationality, or nationality, and in last years It is this group that is called an ethnic group. There are two versions of the origin of nationalities. Some scientists believe that a nationality is simply an overgrown tribe or an association of several related tribes, others - that it is united not so much by consanguinity, but by territorial, neighborly ties. The truth is rather closer to the second point of view: many nationalities are known that were formed not only from unrelated tribes (Bulgarians, Hungarians), but even from tribes of different races (Italians). The Russian nationality united not only the Slavic tribes, but also several non-Slavic tribes of the north and northeast of the European part of Russia.

The formation of nationalities is a long process that ended in the Middle Ages. Signs of a nationality are a common language, territory, culture and economic ties.

In most countries, nationality has absorbed and dissolved clan and tribal ties and differences - although, as I just said, there are still many nationalities that have retained their tribal structure.

Of course, modern people (nationality, ethnicity) are significantly different from medieval ones. Firstly, it merges into a broader ethnic community - the nation. Nationality acquires a number of characteristics characteristic of the entire nation. Thus, the Breton people in France have two native languages ​​- Breton and French (the latter is also the language of the nation). Catalans also have two native languages ​​- Catalan and Spanish.

Secondly, the nation occupies a larger territory than each of the nationalities that joined it. Therefore, the resettlement of representatives of one or another nationality beyond the boundaries of the indigenous territory inevitably occurs. More Tatars live in Moscow than in Kazan. There are 11 million Russians living in Ukraine, 700 thousand in Latvia, 600 thousand in Estonia, etc. Millions of Chinese live in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. There is a phenomenon like diaspora, that is, a significant group of representatives of a particular nationality living outside their indigenous territory.

Nation

Finally, the highest (for today) form of a socio-ethnic group is a nation. It is being formed in parallel with the formation of a single market (single economic space) of the country and with the overcoming of feudal fragmentation, that is, the formation of centralized states.

A nation has the following characteristics:

1 .Common territory. The territory of a nation is bounded by state borders. The border fences off the nation and its interests from foreign invasion and creates a single space within the borders, equally accessible to every citizen.

The commonality of the territory developed naturally, that is, as a result of deepening economic ties to such an extent that any barriers to such ties disappeared by themselves. For example, customs on the borders of principalities and counties were eliminated. However, the commonality of the territory was also formed by force - for example, during the formation Russian Empire or Germany.

2.Commonality of language. It has evolved over centuries. And today, even in states where nations emerged relatively late, the difference in dialects remains. In Germany and Italy, serious differences exist between the dialects of northerners and southerners. In China, dialect phonetic differences are so great that half a century ago the southern national leader Mao Zedong traveled to the northern provinces with an interpreter. Yet every nation has a common spoken language, enshrined in its writing and literature. Language binds a nation together into a single whole and establishes a natural way of communication between all representatives of the nation.

True, the same language can belong to several related nations. So, English language belongs to Americans, Australians, Canadians, New Zealanders. But they all once formed the diaspora of the English nation.

• 3.Commonality of economic life. This feature played a big role in uniting the nation around common economic interests. However, now the community of economic life is increasingly becoming international rather than national.
• 4. General features of mental makeup, enshrined in the peculiarities of life, customs, folklore, art, symbols, character traits. For Russians, a distance of a thousand kilometers is nothing, for the French it is enormous. Russians are accustomed to the countless riches of their land, so they are not very economical. Western Europeans, on the contrary, are very careful with the land and natural resources. It is not difficult to distinguish a Russian song from a Ukrainian one, and both together from a French chanson. All such features add up to national character.
• 5. Finally, the last, but today perhaps one of the first most important signs of a nation - national identity. Each person considers himself to be a certain nation, mentally merges with it: its language is his native language, in which he thinks and speaks; he was brought up on the values ​​of the culture of a given nation, perceives how native nature country, adheres to national traditions in everyday life (in food, for example). We are aware of our belonging to “our” nation and the border that separates us from another (“alien”) nation. A person has a sense of national dignity, believing that his nation is no worse than others. He is proud of the achievements of his nation in world culture, in technology, in the progress of mankind. However, a sense of national pride often develops into a feeling of national superiority over other ethnic groups, into a feeling of national exclusivity. Such sentiments inevitably give rise to national enmity and discord, leading to interethnic conflicts and bloody wars.

Questions

• 1. Are you proud to belong to your nation? Is it possible to criticize your nation, your country?
• 2. What features of the Russian national character can be noted in the heroes of A. Pushkin’s works “Eugene Onegin”, “Belkin’s Tale”, “The Captain’s Daughter”?