The formation of the Great Russian people of northeastern Rus'. Socio-economic structure of Russia in the XIV-XVI centuries

Over the past 94 years, through the diligence of the Bolshevik Communists, and then their ideological heirs, the liberal democrats, the Russian people have been largely subjected to the process of denationalization. Since the revolutionary year of 1917, the 74-year-old utopian project “Soviet people” has been forcibly implemented, and from the treacherous year of 1991 to this day, the mythical project “Russian nation” has been forcibly implemented. These non-national projects are twin brothers, since they essentially deny the very existence of the Russian nation as a state-forming nation in Russia. “Soviet people” is the same as the “Russians” that has been worn out since the Yeltsin era - a name that has firmly stuck precisely to the Russian people, since the non-Russian population of the country (20%) does not consider themselves as such. These peoples are true to their original self-names. However, in the real life of Russian people, neither one nor the other artificial name not rooted. In this essay, I want to touch on the Great Russian side Russian question and the role of Great Russians in construction Russian state.

Most modern "Russians" do not know about the existence of the triune Russian nation, abolished in 1917 by the Bolsheviks. Nevertheless, in imperial Russia, under the historical self-name "Russians, Russian people, Russian people" was understood as a combination of three nationalities or sub-ethnic groups of a single nation - Great Russians, Little Russians (with Carpathian Rusyns) and Belarusians. It was this sub-ethnic diversity and, at the same time, amazing national unity that represented the great Russian people from the Carpathians to Kamchatka by the time of the anti-Russian revolution of 1917, despite the fact that Carpathian Rus was cut off from the all-Russian massif by the state border between Russia and Austria-Hungary.

The Bolsheviks allowed (?!) to stay Russians only the Great Russians, the Little Russians were renamed "Ukrainians" and only the Belarusians were not deprived of their national self-name. Proclamation Soviet power three separate East Slavic peoples - Russians, Ukrainians And Belarusians instead of a single and indivisible Russian nation, it was an undoubted crime against historical Russia, fiercely hated by the Russophobic Leninist-Trotskyist International. The weakening of the Russian nation due to its national division was one of the postulates of the Bolsheviks, because in unity was the strength of Rus' they hated.

Many modern Russian people, especially young ones, do not even suspect that they are also Great Russians. In the USSR, the self-name "Great Russian", as well as "Little Russian, Rusyn" were under an unspoken ban. IN Soviet time only in linguistics the name "Great Russian" was preserved in relation to folk dialects (dialects), for example: North Great Russian, West Great Russian, South Great Russian dialects. But in the 1990s, the sub-ethnic component “great” slowly began to disappear from these adjectives. Now they almost always write "Northern Russian, Western Russian, South Russian dialects." In the USSR, at least the territorial unity of the East Slavic ( read: Russians) lands belonging to the RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR, BSSR and northern regions KazSSR. The preservation of the pre-revolutionary names of the Great Russian dialects was due from a scientific point of view, although the Little Russian dialects were replaced by "Ukrainian" ones (however, sometimes they wrote "Little Russian" in brackets).

So, Great Russians, Great Russians, Great Russians (XVIII - early XIX centuries), Muscovites (in pre-Petrine times); Russians, Rusaks, Raseytsy (this is how the Siberians called people from the European part of the country - races) - the largest and most passionate East Slavic people, the core of the Russian nation and historical Rus'. Great Russia, Great Rus', Moscow Rus', Muscovy - historical successor Kievan Rus(just like Little Russia and Belarus). As you know, Muscovy called Muscovy in Europe in the pre-imperial period.

The origin of the names "Great Russians, Little Russians, Belarusians" is usually associated with the rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the beginning of its collection of Russian lands. Actually, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia, Zhemoytsky and others pursued the same goals. As you know, Belarusians and Little Russians constituted the ethnic majority in the Lithuanian-Russian state, in contrast to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, where in the XV-XVI centuries. they inhabited only the lands of Smolensk, Novgorod-Seversk and Chernigov constantly passing from Lithuania and back. Nevertheless, the titles of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III already included “sovereign of all Great, Small and White Russia” and, accordingly, Great Russians, Little Russians and Belarusians, as sub-ethnic parts of the Russian people.

Great Russian explorers (including Cossacks) during the XVI-XVII centuries. mastered the vast expanses of Siberia and Far East and at the beginning of the 18th century settled in the Northwest of America - Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Then, having reached Northern California, they founded the easternmost Russian colony there with the fortress of Fort Ross. For several years the Russian-American Company had in its possession a number of the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands: Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Malokai and others, as well as several Hawaiian villages and a number of territories.

Here it would be appropriate to note that the Little Russians and Belarusians did not take part in the Russian colonization of the above lands, since before the first partition of the Commonwealth (1772) they were mainly part of this state. The part of Little Russia, annexed as a result of the Pereyaslav Rada (1654), at that time was occupied with the resolution internal contradictions: the hetman's arbitrariness, the treacherous readiness of the Cossack elite at any suitable moment to go over to the side of the fierce enemies of Rus' (Swedes, Poles, Crimean Tatars, Turks), issues of Little Russian self-government in the Russian state, etc.

Speaking about the Great Russian advance to the East, one should not forget about the peculiarities of the colonization policy of Russia, which was fundamentally different from other powers. The British and North Americans, the Spaniards and the Portuguese mercilessly destroyed indigenous people or forced it into the most unfavorable areas for life, thereby dooming it to extinction. There are many examples of this, especially in the most "democratic" country in the world - the USA. For example, in civilized 1938 (not at all during the conquest of the Wild West!), Thus, the vast majority of the indigenous North American Sioux people were destroyed.

The Russians (Great Russians) were explorers, not colonizers in the European sense of the word. Russia did not destroy a single indigenous people in the vast territory from Finland to North-West America. On the contrary, many nationalities willingly mixed with the Russians, thereby "renewing the blood", as, for example, in Russian America. Governor A.A. Baranov himself and many of his “subjects” from among the administration of the Russian-American Company and the fur traders were married to Native American women. Even after the humiliating and unprofitable sale of our possessions in Northwest America to the United States (1864), many Russians with their American wives remained in Alaska and the Aleuts. Until now, the indigenous people remember their time under the patronage of Russia with a kind word. In this region, both Orthodoxy and Russian names have been preserved among the Aleuts and Eskimos.

The peoples who were extremely hostile to Russia were forced to move to other countries. For example, in 1864, after the end of the Great Caucasian War in the village Kbaade(today's Krasnaya Polyana, Adler district of Sochi), the Russian administration suggested that the Circassian (Adyghe) elders make the following decision: those tribes that under no circumstances they do not want to recognize the power of Russia, they voluntarily move to Turkey of the same faith; those who are loyal to the Empire move to the flat, uninhabited lands of the Kuban. Irreconcilable Circassians (Circassians) went to Turkey, the rest - mainly to the Kuban (present-day Adygea). Some remained, having moved to North Caucasus(Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria).

In “exchange”, Russia accepted Orthodox Greeks and Gregorian Armenians from Turkey to the liberated lands of the Western Caucasus region. Quite a tolerant solution to the most difficult issue! In 1896, the Black Sea Governorate was formed on the new territories with the center in the city of Novorossiysk.

Conquered from the Turks at the end of the 18th century. the lands of the Black Sea region (from Bessarabia to the Caucasian Black Sea region) were mastered mainly by the Great Russians, as well as by immigrants from Serbia, Montenegro and other South Slavic lands. Initially, two autonomous units were even created: New Serbia (now the Kirovograd region) and Slavic Serbia (now Luhansk region). Then they became part of the vast Novorossiysk province. The Little Russians began to develop these fertile lands when they were already mostly plowed up and mastered by the Great Russians and Yugoslavs. From the mutual influence of the Great Russian and Little Russian languages ​​came Novorossiysk dialect And balachka, so characteristic of the inhabitants of Novorossia, Crimea, Don and Kuban.

Mostly Russian people won the Great Patriotic War at the cost of great loss. Great Russians, Belarusians, Little Russians, as well as now forgotten Rusyns from the Czechoslovak Corps (and it consisted of 95%) of General L. Svoboda bravely fought for the liberation Great Russia from the German invaders!

The current state of the Russian question in general, and the Great Russian question in particular, is very alarming. The “Russianness” aggressively imposed by the liberal authorities, based on the alleged national self-denial of the Russian people from their own name, history and culture, has already captured a certain part of the nation. Mostly diametrically opposed groups are represented here - representatives of the ruling political and business elite with "Russian" creative and scientific figures of liberal and, accordingly, non-national views who joined them, and a poorly educated, often marginal part of the population.

Another, no less serious danger to the all-Russian national movement is Great Russian separatism, which is being tried to be imposed by odious, noisy "nationalists" - provocateurs. The creation of a purely Great Russian so-called. The “Republic of Rus” will be the end of the Empire, for the Russian state, without, first of all, Little Russia and Belarus, is just the Moscow kingdom of the times of John Vasilyevich.

We, Russian patriots and nationalists, believe in the New (if you like, the Fifth) Empire. Only in the self-organization of the Russian nation is the guarantee of victories on the front of the future gathering of the lands of historical Rus'. However, until a real all-Russian national-political movement appears, reflecting the interests of the entire Russian nation (Great Russians, Little Russians, Belarusians and Rusyns), then nothing real will happen with us. The ruling party-oligarchic elite fundamentally does not want to solve the main issue modern Russia- The Russian question related to the reunification of Great Russia, Little Russia and Belarus. The solution of our national question is also connected with the problems of political recognition of the East Slavic (Russian) enclaves in the southwest and south, with their subsequent reunification with Russia - Transnistria, Subcarpathian Rus and Crimea. The future belongs to United and Indivisible Russia!

Socio-economic structure of Russia in the XIV-XVI centuries. The evolution of Russian statehood

Territory and population. Education of the Great Russian people.

The Mongol invasion led to the death of huge masses of people, the desolation of a number of regions, the displacement of a significant part of the population from the Dnieper region to North-Eastern and South-Western Rus'. Terrible damage to the population was also caused by epidemics, for example, which broke out in the middle of the 14th century. "black death" - plague. Nevertheless, the reproduction of the population in the XII-XV centuries. had an expanded character, over 300 years (from 1200 to 1500) it grew by about a quarter. If Ivan III in 1462 inherited a territory of 430 thousand square meters. km, then at the end of the century Russia occupied an area of ​​5400 thousand square meters. km. The population of the Russian state in the 16th century, according to D.K. Shelestov, amounted to 6-7 million people.

However, population growth lagged significantly behind the growth of the country's territory, which increased by more than 10 times, including such vast regions as the Volga region, the Urals, and Western Siberia. For Russia was characterized by low population density, its concentration in certain areas. The most densely populated were the central regions of the country, from Tver to Nizhny Novgorod, Novgorod land. Here was the highest population density - 5 people per 1 sq. km. km (for comparison, it can be noted that in Western Europe it ranged from 10 to 30 people per 1 sq. km). The population was clearly not enough to develop such vast spaces.

The Russian state was formed as a multinational from the very beginning. The most important phenomenon of this time was the formation of the Great Russian (Russian) people. The process of the formation of a nation is a complex process, reconstructed with great difficulty on the basis of surviving sources. Significant ethnic features can be found even at the level of tribal unions of the times of Kievan Rus. The formation of city-states only contributed to the accumulation of these differences, but the consciousness of the unity of the Russian lands was preserved.

The Slavic population of the interfluve of the Volga and Oka experienced a strong influence of the local Finno-Ugric population. Once under the rule of the Horde, the inhabitants of these lands could not but absorb many features of the steppe culture. Over time, the language, culture and way of life of the more developed Moscow land began to increasingly influence the language, culture and way of life of the population of all North-Eastern Rus'.

From the 14th century in the language of the population of the north-east of Rus', a single, common colloquial language for the entire region is gradually taking shape, which differs both from Old Russian and from the languages ​​\u200b\u200bforming in the Russian lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. characteristic feature the predominance of “akanya” over “okanye” and other features of Great Russian speech became more and more noticeable.

The development of the economy contributed to the strengthening of political, religious and cultural ties between residents of cities and villages. The same natural, economic and other conditions helped to create certain common features among the population in their occupations and character, in family and social life. In sum, all these common features made up the national characteristics of the population of the north-east of Rus'. As V.V. wrote Mavrodin, the population now began to consider this region their fatherland, although they never forgot about their relationship with the torn away western and southwestern lands of Rus'. Moscow in the minds of the people became a national center, and from the second half of the XIV century. there is also a new name for this region - Great Rus'.

Throughout this period (XIV-XVI centuries), many peoples of the Volga region, the Bashkirs, etc., became part of the Russian state. All these peoples brought a lot of new things to the life of society, but they were a kind of cement that formed from this bizarre mixture of peoples, tribes and early state formations something whole, was the Great Russian people.

Economic development. After the Mongol invasion, the economy of North-Eastern Rus' was in crisis, starting only approximately from the middle of the 14th century. slowly revive. The crisis led to the conservation of many archaic phenomena in the field of agriculture

The main arable implements, as in the pre-Mongolian period, were a plow and a plow. In the XVI century. plow throughout the territory of Great Russia is replacing the plow, as it has a number of advantages for use in the wooded part of Eastern Europe. The plow is being improved - a special board is attached to it - the police, which carries along with it the loosened earth and rakes it to one side.

The main crops that are grown at this time are rye and oats, which replaced wheat and barley, which is associated with a general cooling, the spread of a more advanced plow and, accordingly, the development of previously inaccessible areas for plowing. Orchard crops were also widespread.

Farming systems were diverse, there was a lot of archaism here: along with the recently appeared three-field, two-field, shifting system, arable land were widespread, and in the north the slash-and-burn system dominated for a very long time.

In the period under review, soil manure begins to be applied, which, however, somewhat lags behind the spread of the three-field system.

In areas dominated by arable farming with manure fertilizer, livestock occupied a very large place in agriculture. The role of animal husbandry was also great in those northern latitudes where little grain was sown.

When discussing agriculture and the economy in the post-Mongolian period, it is necessary to take into account that the lands of the Non-Black Earth region became the main proscenium of Russian history. Infertile, mainly soddy-podzolic, podzolic and podzolic-marsh soils dominate throughout this area. This poor quality of the soil was one of the reasons for the low yield. The main reason for it is in the specifics of natural and climatic conditions. The cycle of agricultural work here was unusually short, taking only 125-130 working days. That is why the peasant economy of the indigenous territory of Russia, according to L.V. Milova, had an extremely handicapped for the production of commercial agricultural products. Due to the same circumstances, there was practically no commercial cattle breeding in the Non-Chernozem region. It was then that the centuries-old problem of the Russian agrarian system arose - peasant land shortages.

Still a big part of life Eastern Slavs ancient crafts played: hunting, fishing, beekeeping. On the scale of the use of "gifts of nature" up to the 17th century. evidenced by many materials, including notes by foreigners about Russia.

The Mongol invasion dealt a severe blow to the ancient Russian craft. BA Rybakov showed that some branches of the craft have disappeared for a long time or forever. However, the craft is gradually beginning to revive. As noted by AL. Shapiro, there are processes of specialization and differentiation of crafts, as well as simplification of technology in order to reduce the cost of products designed for a wide market. There are a number of significant shifts in handicraft technology and production: the appearance of water mills, deep drilling of salt wells, the beginning of the production of firearms, and so on. In the XVI century. the process of differentiation of the craft is very intensive, there are workshops that carry out sequential operations for the manufacture of the product. Handicraft production grew especially rapidly in Moscow and other major cities.

Gradually recovered from the Mongol invasion and Russian trade. True, marketable products circulated mainly in local markets, but the trade in bread was already outgrowing their scope. Merchants acted only as transmitters of goods produced by urban artisans and peasants; merchant and usurious capital did not pass into the sphere of production.

Many ancient trade relations have lost their former importance, but others have appeared, and trade with the countries of the West and East is developing quite widely. However, a feature of Russia's foreign trade was the high proportion of crafts such as furs and wax. The scale of commercial transactions was small, and trade was carried out mainly by small merchants. However, there were also rich merchants who in the XIV-XV centuries. appear in the sources under the name of guests or deliberate guests.

In general, it should be noted that the Russian economy developed in unfavorable natural and geopolitical conditions. This can explain the desire of the state to first concentrate in its hands the entire surplus product, and then divide it. This determined the importance of service relations.

Social structure social structure. In the XIV century. patrimonial land ownership begins to develop. However, the secular patrimony, being not numerous, quickly came under the control of the state.

The church patrimony turned out to be in more favorable conditions. After the invasion, the church enjoyed the support of the khans, who showed religious tolerance and pursued a flexible policy in the conquered lands. In addition, the Mongols sought to rely on the support of the church, which, with special labels addressed to the metropolitans, received a number of benefits.

From the middle of the XIV century. in the monasteries there is a transition from the “keliot” charter to the “hostel” - the life of the monks in separate cells with a separate meal and housekeeping was replaced by a monastic commune, which had collective property. The land that got into the monastery in one way or another, no longer departed from it. Large monasteries are growing: Trinity, Pafnutiev-Borovsky, Ferapontiev, Solovetsky.

Over time, the head of the Russian Church, the metropolitan, became a large landowner, in charge of an extensive and multifunctional economy.

However, the main body of land in the XIV-XV centuries. constituted the so-called black volosts - a kind of state lands, the manager of which was the prince, and the peasants considered it "God's, the sovereign's and theirs." In the XVI century. from the array of black lands, “palace lands” gradually stand out, and Grand Duke becomes one of the largest landowners. But another process was more important - the disintegration of the black volost due to the distribution of land to church and secular landowners. As shown by the studies of domestic historians (N.P. Pavlov-Silvansky, Yu.G. Alekseev, A.I. Kopanev, A. A. Gorsky), the entire period of the XIV-XVI centuries. - the time of the tireless struggle of the volost and the "boyars", because the peasants in every possible way resisted the transfer of communal lands to landowners.

However, the main danger for the ancient order was not the estate, but the estate, which has become widespread since the end of the 15th century. and becomes the economic and social pillar of power until later times.

Before the widespread use of estates, the main income of the boyars was all kinds of feeding and holding, i.e. remuneration for the performance of administrative, judicial and other socially useful functions. More S.B. Veselovsky showed that the feeding system underlay the social and political system Rus' of that time.

The remnants of the former princely families, boyars, "landlords" gradually form the backbone of the "upper class". The bulk of the population in the XIV-XV centuries. still constituted a free people, who received the name "peasants" ("Christians", opposed to the conquerors - "basurmans").

Peasants, even found themselves within the patrimony, enjoyed the right of free transfer, which is formalized as large landownership develops and is included in the first all-Russian Sudebnik of 1497. This is the famous St. George's Day - the norm according to which peasants, having paid the so-called elderly, could transfer from one landowner to another.

The dependent peasants were in the worst position: ladles and pieces of silver. Apparently, both of them found themselves in such a difficult situation. life situation that were forced to take out loans and then work them off.

Slaves remained the main labor force of the patrimony. However, the number of whitewashed serfs decreased, and the contingent of bonded serfs increased, i.e. people who found themselves in slavish dependence on the so-called service bondage.

At the end of the XVI century. the process of intensive enslavement of the peasants begins. Some years are declared "reserved", i.e. during these years, the transition to St. George's Day is prohibited. However, the main way to enslavement of the peasants is "lesson years", i.e. the term of detecting fugitive peasants, which is becoming longer and longer. It should also be borne in mind that from the very beginning the process of enslavement captured not only the peasants, but also the townspeople of the country.

It stands out as a separate stratum in the XIV-XVI centuries. Citizens - black townspeople - are united in the so-called black townsman community, which existed in archaic forms in Rus' until the 18th century.

Such were the class groups into which the once united ancient Russian “people” broke up. Common to all these social groups a feature that testifies to their recent appearance is the presence of a large family, which at that time permeated all the strata of the East Slavic lands. To this we must add a significant archaism in family and marriage relations in general.

Another important feature that characterizes the estates of the East Slavic lands of that time is their service character. All of them had to perform certain official functions in relation to the state.

Statehood. In parallel with the economic and social development Russian statehood was also developing. However, in Russia politics often went ahead of both the economy and social relations. East Slavic politogenesis has its roots in the period of Kievan Rus. Even then, statehood experienced a rather long evolution from tribal unions to city-states. The latter were already statehood with a full set of its inherent features: the presence of a strengthened public authority, the beginnings of taxation and the distribution of the population according to the territorial principle. But this situation, when the community takes the form of a state, when, according to L.E. Kubbel, "intra-community potestary relations could develop into political relations within the community itself, turning it into a political structure."

The community retained its importance in the subsequent period. From our point of view, on the territory of Eastern Europe in the XIII-XV centuries. there was a communal system, with its roots dating back to the previous period.

Here we can find the most different types communities that go back to one, the ancient Russian city-state. All these types are different stages of the decay of the Old Russian community and its various modifications.

Community self-government coexisted for a long time with other authorities. It is impossible not to note the simplicity of this apparatus. These are governors, tivuns, etc. All these people were somehow connected with the prince and the princely economy, but at the same time they were also involved in the problems of the local population. A huge role in the state apparatus was played by all kinds of "feeding and holding", which was also a legacy of Kievan Rus.

In general, what is new that has appeared in state structure in the period of the XIII-XV centuries, - the growth of the strength and influence of princely power, which took place due to the expansion of service relations. The "service system" - the circle of persons and services associated with the prince even in the previous period, begins to grow and covers the entire population of the state (for the time being, we are talking about the principalities that replaced the city-states). Such statehood can be defined as military service. We find the closest analogies to it in Central Europe (Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic). Pre-revolutionary historians, trying to somehow define this statehood, most often defined it as a "patrimonial".

Control single state under Ivan III, it practically did not go far from the traditions of military service statehood, since the same arsenal of means and mechanisms was used. It is no coincidence that in pre-revolutionary historiography there was a point of view that represented this process as the formation of one large estate by merging smaller estates - local principalities. Indeed, the main state department was the Palace, which was in charge of the personal, palace lands of the Grand Duke. And in the latest literature, quite rightly, such a form of government is called a relic of "specific antiquity."

The main state repository and financial body was the treasury, which also had its roots in the princely court of the previous time. Not only money and jewelry were stored here, but also the state archive and state seal. Already in this early period, scribes - clerks - played an important role in the emerging apparatus of power. Relations with the population were built on a very archaic form of the former military service states. The entire territory was divided into districts, the boundaries of which, going back to the borders of the former principalities, were diverse. The counties were divided into camps and volosts. Power in the county belonged to the governor, in the camps and volosts - to the volosts.

The turning point in the development of Russian statehood was the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Reforms in the 1550s - an attempt to change the form of existence of the Russian state, to adapt it to new conditions. But the oprichnina played an outstanding role here. Among the whole host of explanations for the reasons for this phenomenon, the simplest is closer to the truth - there was a process of formation of an autocratic monarchy, which, in turn, was only a reflection of the new Russian state-feudal system, the formation of which falls on the period of the 16th-17th centuries. .

The Mongol invasion led to the death of huge masses of people, the desolation of a number of regions, the displacement of a significant part of the population from the Dnieper region to North-Eastern and South-Western Rus'. Terrible damage to the population was also caused by epidemics, for example, which broke out in the middle of the 14th century. "black death" - plague. Nevertheless, the reproduction of the population in the XII-XV centuries. had an expanded character, over 300 years (from 1200 to 1500) it grew by about a quarter. If Ivan III in 1462 inherited a territory of 430 thousand square meters. km, then at the end of the century Russia occupied an area of ​​​​5400 thousand square meters. km. The population of the Russian state in the 16th century, according to D.K. Shelestov, amounted to 6-7 million people. However, population growth lagged significantly behind the growth of the country's territory, which increased by more than 10 times, including such vast regions as the Volga region, the Urals, and Western Siberia. For Russia was characterized by low population density, its concentration in certain areas. The most densely populated were the central regions of the country, from Tver to Nizhny Novgorod, Novgorod land. Here was the highest population density - 5 people per 1 sq. km. km (for comparison, it can be noted that in Western Europe it ranged from 10 to 30 people per 1 sq. km). The population was clearly not enough to develop such vast spaces. The Russian state was formed as a multinational from the very beginning. The most important phenomenon of this time was the formation of the Great Russian (Russian) people. The process of the formation of a nation is a complex process, reconstructed with great difficulty on the basis of surviving sources. Significant ethnic features can be found even at the level of tribal unions of the times of Kievan Rus. The formation of city-states only contributed to the accumulation of these differences, but the consciousness of the unity of the Russian lands was preserved. The Slavic population of the interfluve of the Volga and Oka experienced a strong influence of the local Finno-Ugric population. Once under the rule of the Horde, the inhabitants of these lands could not but absorb many features of the steppe culture. Over time, the language, culture and way of life of the more developed Moscow land began to increasingly influence the language, culture and way of life of the population of all North-Eastern Rus'. From the 14th century in the language of the population of the north-east of Rus', a single, common colloquial language for the entire region is gradually taking shape, which differs both from Old Russian and from the languages ​​\u200b\u200bforming in the Russian lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A characteristic feature was the increasingly noticeable predominance of "akanya" over "okanye" and other features of Great Russian speech. The development of the economy contributed to the strengthening of political, religious and cultural ties between the inhabitants of cities and villages. The same natural, economic and other conditions helped to create certain common features among the population in their occupations and character, in family and social life. In sum, all these common features made up the national characteristics of the population of the north-east of Rus'. As V.V. wrote Mavrodin, the population now began to consider this region their fatherland, although they never forgot about their relationship with the torn away western and southwestern lands of Rus'. Moscow in the minds of the people became a national center, and from the second half of the XIV century. there is also a new name for this region - Great Rus'. Throughout this period (XIV-XVI centuries), many peoples of the Volga region, the Bashkirs, etc., became part of the Russian state. All these peoples brought a lot of new things to the life of society, but they were a kind of cement that formed from this bizarre mixture of peoples, tribes and early state formations something integral, was the Great Russian people.

More on the topic Territory and population. Education of the Great Russian people.:

1. The State and Culture of the Emerging Great Russian Nation (Second Half of the 13th-15th Centuries)
2. Comp. N. N. Kuzmin. Anthology of pedagogical thought: In 3 volumes. Vol. 2. Russian educators and figures of public education on labor education and vocational education, 1989

the most numerous of the three branches of the Russian people (Great Russians, Little Russians, Belarusians), usually called simply Russians. The Great Russians, like the Little Russians and Belarusians, descended from a single ancient Russian people, which developed back in the 6th-13th centuries. According to many historians, the names "Russians", "Great Russians", "Rus", "Russian Land" go back to the name of one of the Slavic tribes - Rhodi, Ross, or Russ. From their land in the Middle Dnieper, the name "Rus" spread to all Old Russian state, which included, in addition to the Slavic, and some non-Slavic tribes. Already in those days, there were differences in the culture of the population of the wooded northern and steppe and forest-steppe southern regions of Rus': for example, in the south they plowed with ral, in the north - with a plow; the northern dwelling was log-built, high, with a wooden roof, the southern dwelling was a semi-dugout with frame walls, an earthen floor and a thatched roof. In numerous cities high development reached crafts and trade, ancient Russian culture. In the X century. writing appeared, then historical works(chronicles) and literature in the Old Russian language, one of the brightest monuments of which is "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (XII century). For a long time there was a rich folklore - fairy tales, songs, epics. In the conditions of economic development of individual regions and specific fragmentation, as early as the 12th century. prerequisites were created for the formation of the Great Russian, Little Russian and Belarusian branches of the Russian people. The formation of the Russian nationality is associated with the struggle against the Mongol-Tatar yoke and the creation of a centralized Russian state around Moscow in the 14th-15th centuries. This state included the northern and northeastern Old Russian lands, where, in addition to the descendants of the Slavs - Vyatichi, Krivichi and Slovenes, there were many settlers from other regions. In the XIV-XV centuries. these lands began to be called Rus, in the 16th century. - Russia. Neighbors called the country Muscovy. The names "Great Rus'" as applied to the lands inhabited by the Great Russians, "Little Rus'" - by the Little Russians, "Belaya Rus" - by the Belarusians, appeared from the 15th century. The colonization by the Slavs of the northern lands (Baltic, Zavolochye), the Upper Volga and Kama regions, which began in antiquity, continued in the XIV-XV centuries, and in the XVI-XVII centuries. The Russian population appeared in the Middle and Lower Volga regions and in Siberia. The Great Russians here came into close contact with other peoples, exerted economic and cultural influence on them, and themselves perceived the best achievements of their economy and culture. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. the territory of the state has expanded significantly. Accession of a number of lands in the Baltic states, Eastern Europe, Black Sea region, Central Asia was accompanied by the settlement of Great Russians in these territories. The main ethnographic groups of Great Russians, differing in dialects ("okaying" and "okaying") and ethnographic features (buildings, clothing, etc.), are northern and southern Great Russians. The connecting link between them is the Middle Great Russian group, which occupies the central region - part of the Volga-Oka interfluve (with Moscow) and the Volga region and has both northern and southern features in dialect and culture. Smaller groups of Great Russians - Pomors (on the White Sea), Meshchera (in the northern part of the Ryazan region), various groups of Cossacks and their descendants (on the Don, Ural and Kuban rivers, as well as in Siberia), Old Believer groups - Bukhtarma (on Bukhtarma river in Kazakhstan), Semey (in Transbaikalia). The destruction of the Russian state in 1991 dismembered single organism Russian people, for whom all of Russia is Russian empire- the USSR was historical homeland. Overnight, tens of millions of Great Russians, Little Russians, Belarusians became foreigners in their country. In particular, out of 146 million Great Russians, almost 27 million people received such a status, of which 6230 thousand people. live in Kazakhstan, 1650 thousand live in Uzbekistan, 917 thousand live in Kyrgyzstan, 905 thousand live in Latvia, 562 thousand live in Moldova, 475 thousand live in Estonia, 392 thousand live in Azerbaijan, 388 thousand live in Tajikistan, 345 thousand - in Lithuania, 341 thousand - in Georgia, 334 thousand - in Turkmenistan, 51 thousand - in Armenia. About 2 million Great Russians live in North and South America and Europe. O.P.

Watch value Great Russians (Great Russians) in other dictionaries

Great Russians- Great Russians, units. Great Russian, Great Russian, and (bookish) Great Russians, Great Russians, Great Russians, units. Velikoros, Velikoross, Velikorosa, m. (outdated). The same as the Russians. (The name originated ........
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Great Russians Mn. Obsolete- 1. The same as: Great Russians.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

Great Russians Mn.- 1. The name of Russians (unlike Belarusians and Ukrainians), which has been widespread in literature since the middle of the 19th century.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

Great Russians- -ov; pl. (singular Great Russian, -a; m.). Obsolete = Russian.
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov

Great Russians- -ov; pl. (singular great Russian, -a; m.). Obsolete = Russian.
◁ Great Russian, -i; Great Russians, -juice, -scam; and. Great Russian, th, th. V-th dialects. V songs. V. folklore.
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov

Great Russians- (Great Russians) - the name of the Russians, which has spread in literature from the middle. 19th century In modern scientific literature, it is preserved in the terms "North Great Russian", "South Great Russian" ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Great Russians- (Great Russians) - the same as the Russians.
Soviet historical encyclopedia

BIKEROSS- VELIKOROSSY, -ov, unit. -ross, -a, m. (outdated). The same as the Russians. || ac. veli-koroska, -i. || adj. Great Russian, th, th.
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

GREAT RUSSIAN- VELIKORUSY, -ov, unit. -rus, -a, m. (book). The same as the Russians. And well. great Russian, and. || adj. Great Russian, th, th.
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov