Template phrases for social studies essays. Essay on social studies Unified State Exam structure of cliché phrases typical mistakes
1) Carefully study the statement, understand its content
(disassemble the proposal by composition)
2) Consider in what area this statement is located
3) Statement of the problem
4) Drawing up a presentation plan:
I. Statement of the problem
III. Argumentation of your position (without “I believe”)
IV. Own position
Clichés for determining your own position:
Analyzing the statement, one can note...
This can be refuted by the fact that...
At first glance it seems true...
It is refuted by the fact that...
Example working with a draft for an essay on the topic of I. Scherr’s statement: “Inequality is as good a law of nature as any other.”
| 1.Meaning of the statement | The author considers human inequality to be natural |
| 2. Multidimensionality | Inequality can be considered in different senses: psychophysical, social, legal. The first is indeed natural; the social can be debated; the demand for equal rights for all people is one of the basic values of the modern world. |
| 3. Your opinion | One can only partially agree with the author. On the one hand, there is different types inequalities. On the other hand, social inequality is not only a source of development of human society, but also causes acute conflicts. |
| 4. Basic social science concepts | Social structure of society, social differentiation, social stratification, criteria for social stratification, social strata, rule of law, social justice. |
| 5. Basic theories | The theory of social stratification by P. Sorokin, the ideas of utopian socialism by T. More, R. Owen, K. Marx. |
| 6. Examples | Unsuccessful attempts to build a society of universal equality in the USSR. The sharp difference in the level of income of the upper and lower strata of modern Russian society. Social revolutions as consequences of sharp social inequality. |
ESSAY IN SOCIAL STUDIES 2015 (Unified State Exam): STRUCTURE, CLICHE PHRASES, TYPICAL ERRORS
If the graduate incorrectly revealed the meaning of the statement, that is, did not identify the problem posed by the author, and the expert gave 0 points for criterion K1, then the answer is not further checked, and 0 points are assigned for the remaining criteria (K2, K3).
| № | Criteria for assessing the answer to task C9 | Points |
| K1 | Revealing the meaning of a statement | |
| The meaning of the statement is revealed OR the content of the answer gives an idea of its understanding | ||
| The meaning of the statement is not revealed, the content of the answer does not give an idea of its understanding | ||
| K2 | Nature and level of theoretical argumentation | |
| The presence of erroneous provisions from the point of view of scientific social science leads to a decrease in the score for this criterion by 1 point | ||
| The selected topic is revealed based on relevant concepts, theoretical principles and conclusions | ||
| Separate concepts or provisions related to the topic, but not related to each other and other components of the argument, are given. | ||
| There is no argumentation at the theoretical level (meaning key concepts not explained; theoretical provisions, no conclusions) OR concepts, provisions and conclusions are used that are not directly related to the topic being disclosed | ||
| K3 | Quality of factual argumentation | |
| Facts and examples are drawn from various sources: media reports, materials from educational subjects (history, literature, geography, etc.), facts of personal social experience and own observations are used (at least two examples from different sources are given) | ||
| Factual argumentation is given based only on personal social experience and everyday ideas OR example(s) are given from a source of the same type | ||
| Factual information is missing OR the facts given do not correspond to the thesis being substantiated | ||
| Maximum score |
Essay structure
1. Quote.
3. The meaning of the statement.
4. Own point vision.
5. Argumentation at the theoretical level.
6. At least two examples from social practice, history and/or literature confirming the correctness of the opinions expressed.
Choice of utterance
Choosing statements for an essay, you must be sure that
You know the basic concepts of the basic science to which it relates;
Clearly understand the meaning of the statement;
You can express your own opinion (fully or partially agree with the statement or refute it);
You know the social science terms necessary to competently substantiate a personal position at a theoretical level (the terms and concepts used must clearly correspond to the topic of the essay and not go beyond it);
You will be able to give examples from social practice, history, literature, as well as personal life experience to confirm your own opinion.
2. Definition of the problem of the statement
A clear formulation of the problem of the statement!
3. RELEVANCE OF THE PROBLEM IN MODERN CONDITIONS. To do this, you can use cliche phrases:
This problem is relevant in the conditions...
Globalization of public relations;
Formation of a unified information, educational, economic space;
Exacerbations global problems modernity;
Of a particularly controversial nature scientific discoveries and inventions;
Development of international integration;
Modern market economy;
Development and overcoming the global economic crisis;
Strict differentiation of society;
Open social structure modern society;
Formation of the rule of law;
Overcoming the spiritual and moral crisis;
Dialogue of Cultures;
The need to preserve one's own identity and traditional spiritual values.
It is necessary to return to the problem periodically throughout the essay writing process. This is necessary in order to correctly reveal its content, and also not to accidentally go beyond the scope of the problem and not get carried away by reasoning that is not related to the meaning of this statement (this is one of the most common mistakes in many exam essays).
4. Formulation of the main idea of the statement
Next, you need to reveal the meaning of the statement, but you should not repeat the statement verbatim. In this case, you can use the following cliches:
“The meaning of this statement is that...”
5. Determining your position on the statement
Here you can agree with the author completely, you can partially, refuting a certain part of the statement, or argue with the author, expressing the opposite opinion. In this case, you can use cliche phrases:
“Have you ever thought about the fact that...?”
6-7. Argumentation of your own opinion
Next, you should justify your own opinion on this issue. To do this, you need to select arguments (evidence), that is, remember the basic terms and theoretical positions.
Argumentation must be carried out at two levels:
1. Theoretical level- its basis is social science knowledge (concepts, terms, contradictions, directions of scientific thought, relationships, as well as the opinions of scientists and thinkers).
2. Empirical level- There are two options here:
a) using examples from history, literature and events in society;
b) appeal to personal experience.
8. Conclusion
Finally, you need to formulate a conclusion. The conclusion should not coincide verbatim with the judgment given for justification: it brings together in one or two sentences the main ideas of the arguments and sums up the reasoning, confirming the correctness or incorrectness of the judgment that was the topic of the essay.
To formulate a problematic conclusion, cliche phrases can be used:
“Thus, we can conclude...”
“To summarize, I would like to note that...”
Essay format
It must be remembered that an essay is a small composition characterized by semantic unity. Therefore, a coherent text is compiled, using linking words, attention is paid to the correct writing of social science terms.
It is advisable to break the text of the essay into paragraphs, each of which will express a separate idea. In this case, the red line must be observed.
In addition, an additional advantage of the essay is the inclusion in it
Brief information about the author of the statement (for example, “an outstanding French philosopher-educator”, “a great Russian thinker of the Silver Age”, “a famous existentialist philosopher”, “the founder of an idealistic movement in philosophy”, etc.);
Descriptions of different points of view on a problem or different approaches to solving it;
Indications of the polysemy of the concepts and terms used with justification for the meaning in which they are used in the essay;
Directions for alternative options solving the problem.
Practical Tips for Writing Social Studies Essays
- The most important thing is to regularly practice writing essays, submitting them to the teacher for checking, and paying attention to elaborating his comments.
- Maintain a logical sequence of presentation, do not jump from one example to another.
- Do not write the entire essay as a draft: sketch only the outline and main ideas.
- Give an example for each theoretical postulate.
- Learn to adequately and objectively evaluate both your own and other people’s essays.
- Familiarize yourself with the criteria for assessing essays in social studies and pay attention to each point in the writing process.
- Do not get confused in the concepts and terms of social studies.
- Practice revealing the meaning of a statement using any aphorisms.
- Watch the news, memorize examples from lessons that can be used as evidence of your position.
Criteria for assessing essays on the Unified State Exam in 2018
Essay how creative essay, is distinguished from other methods of knowledge control by the ability to diagnose students’ ability to analyze information, interpret it competently, build reasoning and give arguments in the form of correctly selected facts, formulate their own opinion and defend their position.
Example of an essay on social studies for the Unified State Exam
Thus, to effectively prepare for social studies essays, you should practice writing them as often as possible, following the above tips and adhering to the required structure. This is the only way to “get your teeth into” and go to the exam with confidence.
How to write an essay on social studies and get maximum points for the Unified State Exam updated: September 2, 2019 by: Scientific Articles.Ru
To begin with, you always need to refer to the assessment criteria for the task that we are analyzing. Download it and continue reading:
Download demo version of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 201 7
Isolating the problem
So, let's look at the very last pages of the document that you downloaded and take a look at points K1-K3, trying to extract from this the formula for a good essay that will be evaluated by experts
First, you need to directly understand the statement: identify the problem, reveal its meaning and highlight aspects of the problem. A number of cliches will help you here, because the exam is traditionally built on templates and this helps in preparation
What are the problems in the exam? From my experience, I can identify 6 main “flanks” on which you need to try your aphorism:
- Essence problem...
- The problem of inconsistency...
- Role problem...
- Relationship problem...
- Relationship problem...
- The problem of unity...
What does it mean to reveal meaning? In general, I tell my students that the essay must be translated “from Russian into Russian”, in fact from a literary language to a scientific one, based on the block in which you are writing your work. You can end everything with a “reason for increasing your score”: looking at the problem from different angles. This will be the structure of the first part of the essay.
Theoretical argument
Now we move on to the second criterion, which involves argumentation based on theory. What does this mean and what parts should your essay include?
Naturally, these are terms. Hence, if you are an applicant preparing on your own, ALWAYS study this or that topic in the context of any concepts from the area that you are studying
You must also clearly, clearly and consistently formulate your statements and conclusions from what you stated in the thesis of your essay - this is very important element, pay attention to it. In addition, it is necessary to cite various principles and approaches as examples, prove your position and reveal the causes and consequences of the events discussed in the formulation of the assignment
Factual Argumentation
As factual evidence, you must prove the theoretical material discussed above with the help of media reports, materials from educational subjects (usually humanities), facts from social experience and your own reasoning. The most interesting thing is that you need to provide 2 ARGUMENTS of a factual nature, both of which cannot be from media reports, or history, political life... This is important to understand, otherwise the expert will reduce your score
Well, at the end you make a qualitative conclusion based on the thesis, simply writing it in other words, with a “shade” of completeness. This is all you need to know from the theory of how to write the 29th task in social studies
Speech by T. Liskova - Features of solving the second part at the Unified State Exam-2017
A video of her performance is attached below.
Ready-made essays
Now let's look at the structure. Below I attach 4 of my students’ very first works on politics. I suggest you look through them, highlight the constituent elements, find errors, if any, and write about them in the comments
First essay
“Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely” (J. Acton)
In his statement, the American historian and politician J. Acton raises the question of the influence of power on the behavior of the person who has it. This statement can be interpreted as follows: the more power a person is given, the more often he begins to go beyond the boundaries of what is permitted and act only in his own interests. This problem has not lost its relevance for many centuries and history knows many cases when the unlimited power of a ruler led a country to ruin.
Disclosure of the theoretical part
So what is power and why does it exist? Power is the opportunity and ability to influence people's behavior regardless of their desire to do so. In any state, power is primarily aimed at maintaining order and monitoring compliance with laws, but often the more limitless power becomes, the more it corrupts a person and ceases to be a guarantor of justice, which is why I fully support the opinion of J. Acton.
Examples for revealing K3
A ruler endowed with great power ceases to care about the welfare of the entire people and tries even more to strengthen his position. Let's take, for example, the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible: striving for unlimited autocracy, he introduced oprichnina in the camp, which consisted of mass terror, violence, and the elimination of not only the dissatisfied boyars, but also any opposition. Thus, many innocent people were executed on suspicion of treason, which ultimately led the country to a crisis, the destruction of cities and the death of a huge number of people.
My family also faced the consequences of unlimited power during the reign of I.V. Stalin. During dispossession, my grandmother’s family was repressed, her father was sent to the Gulag, and six children were forced to live in a barracks with similarly repressed families. Stalin's policy was aimed at equalizing layers of the population, but the number of those dispossessed during his reign significantly exceeded the number of real kulaks, which is a clear violation of human rights and freedoms.
Thus, we can come to the conclusion that unlimited power corrupts people and brings not so much benefit as ruin and a decline in the standard of living of the population. In modern society, absolute power no longer prevails in most countries, which makes their inhabitants more free and independent.
Second essay
“When a tyrant rules, the people are silent and the laws do not apply” (Saadi)
I see the meaning of Saadi’s statement in the fact that legality is the basis for building democratic state, while tyranny is opposed to the public good and is aimed only at achieving own interests. This statement expresses two aspects: the participation of citizens in the life of the state under different political regimes and the attitude of the government to generally accepted laws.
Disclosure of the theoretical part
Tyranny is often inherent in states with unlimited power of one ruler; for the most part, these are countries with totalitarian regimes. Its main difference from democracy, a political regime characterized by the equality of all people before the law and power belonging to the people, is the concentration of all power in the hands of one ruler (party) and control over all spheres of society. With unlimited power, the ruler can interpret laws in his own favor, or even rewrite them, and the people do not have the right to express their own opinion, which absolutely does not correspond to the principle of legality. One cannot but agree with Saadi’s opinion, and history knows many proofs of this.
Examples for revealing K3
An example of tyranny is Italy during the reign of B. Mussolini. Having suppressed rights and freedoms in the country, Mussolini established a totalitarian regime and applied political repression. Heading seven ministries and serving as prime minister at the same time, he eliminated virtually all restrictions on his power, thus building a police state.
A. Solzhenitsyn speaks about the lawlessness of the totalitarian regime in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.” The work shows the life of a former soldier who, like many others, ended up in prison after the front. Solzhenitsyn described the situation of people during the reign of I.V. Stalin, when soldiers who managed to escape from German captivity were declared enemies of the people and, instead of getting to their relatives, were forced to work in a colony for decades.
Having considered these examples, we can come to the conclusion that under the rule of a tyrant, human rights have no weight, and the people do not have the right to openly express their opinions, since they are constantly in fear for their lives.
Third essay
In his statement, P. Sir expressed his attitude to the problem characteristic features and features of power. The author argues that any decisions that a person in power will ever have to make must be carefully thought out and analyzed from all sides. These words can be considered from two points of view: the positive and negative influence of power on society.
Disclosure of the theoretical part
P. Sir's statement does not lose its relevance to this day, because all the time, rash actions led to bad consequences both for the leaders themselves and for those who subordinate to them. That is why I completely share the author’s point of view regarding this problem. In order to confirm its relevance, it is first worth considering it from a theoretical point of view.
It’s worth starting with the simplest thing: what is power? As we know, power is the ability to influence the actions and decisions of people against their wishes. This usually happens both through persuasion and propaganda, and through the use of violence. Power is an integral attribute of any organization and human group, because without it, order and organization simply cannot be formed. The main sources of power can be identified as the personal attitude of each subordinate to the leader, and the level of his authority, material condition, level of education and strength.
Examples for revealing K3
To confirm the relevance of P. Cyr's statement, we can give an example from history. The monetary reform carried out by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, which replaced silver money with copper, may act as ill-considered actions. Due to the shortage of coins made from the latter material in the treasury, it was silver coins that collected taxes, which soon led to the almost complete depreciation of copper coins. The reform, which did not foresee such a scenario, did not allow the situation to be corrected, which led to the Copper Riot of 1662. The result of the uprising was the withdrawal of copper coins from circulation. This example clearly illustrates the lack of thoughtfulness and logic in the actions of a politician who had to cancel the transformation he had carried out in order to calm the angry people.
As a second example, this time of successful and planned transformations, we can cite events from recent history. It's about politics Russian Federation, carried out since the beginning of its existence. Thoughtful, systematic reforms were able to strengthen the disintegrated country. Also, the effect of these transformations was the strengthening of the state and its position in the international economic and political arena. This example shows us that a policy that does not involve sudden and thoughtless transformations, but structured and consistent reforms can lead to an improvement in the situation in the state.
To summarize, we can say that the problem of the characteristics of power and its characteristic features will never cease to be one of the most important issues, on the solution of which the fate of states depends and will continue to depend. Especially now, in the post-industrial age, which is characterized by globalization, incorrectly implemented reforms can have an impact not on individual countries, but on all powers together.
Fourth essay
“The state is something without which it is impossible to achieve either order, justice, or external security.” (M. Debre)
In his statement, M. Debre expressed his attitude towards the main functions of the state and their importance. According to the author, it is the state apparatus that plays a decisive role in the life of society, controlling the norms and rules of its behavior, regulating basic laws, and also being responsible for protecting the country’s borders and maintaining the safety of its population. This issue can be considered from two sides: the importance of the role of the state in the life of society and the ways in which the former influences the latter.
The words of M. Debre do not lose their relevance to this day, because regardless of the chronological period, the state has always played a key role in people's lives. That is why I completely share the author’s point of view. In order to confirm these words, it is first worth considering them from a theoretical point of view.
Disclosure of the theoretical part
What is the state itself? As we know from the political science course, any organization can be called a state political power, which has a mechanism for managing society that ensures the normal functioning of the latter. The functions of the state are not limited to any one area of life, but affect their entirety. In addition to internal functions, there are also external ones, the most important of which is the process of ensuring the defense of the territory of the state and establishing international cooperation.
Examples for revealing K3
To give a first example, let's look at ancient history. States among all peoples began to form for similar reasons, but in this case we will consider this process and its consequences using the example of the East Slavic tribes. One of the main prerequisites for the formation Old Russian state there was a need for protection from an external enemy - the Khazar Kaganate. Scattered and warring tribes could not cope with the enemy alone, but after the formation of the state, victory over the nomads was only a matter of time. This clearly illustrates the effect of one of the essential functions state - defensive.
The following example illustrating the impact of the state on society can be cited from New history. As you know, in 1861 Alexander II carried out a peasant reform, the result of which was the abolition of serfdom. This phenomenon had a great impact on the lives of Russian people, because most of the population Russian Empire at that time they were nothing more than serfs. By granting them freedom, the state significantly expanded the rights and responsibilities of the freed peasants. The consequence of the abolition of serfdom was the formation of a new social stratum, a change in the foundations and customs that had developed over several centuries. This example shows us the consequences of government reform, which affected the entire population of the country.
To summarize, we can say that the importance of the role of the state and the necessity of the functions it performs are time-tested. Without influencing, exerting any influence on the citizens of the country, the state apparatus simply cannot exist, and the changes it makes can be perceived differently by citizens
I hope the article helped you deal with a rather problematic exam question. Help spread the word from this article: click on the buttons social networks and subscribe to blog updates to receive new articles in your timely manner email. Bye everyone
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The Unified State Exam essay in social studies is considered one of the most difficult tasks when passing the exam. According to statistics, only every sixth graduate copes with it. For completing the task you can score from 3 to 5 points. To avoid losing them, it is extremely important to carefully prepare for the written part of the exam. Let's look at some examples below. typical mistakes when completing this task.
Verification criteria
An essay on the Unified State Exam in social studies is written based on one of the selected statements. The assignment contains six quotes. Completed social studies essays are graded step by step. The very first and most important criterion is K1. The disclosure of the meaning of the selected statement is assessed. If the graduate does not identify the problem posed by the author, the examiner gives zero points for criterion K1. In such cases, finished social studies essays are not evaluated further. For other criteria, the reviewer automatically gives zero points.
Social studies essay structure
The task is performed according to the following scheme:
- Quote.
- Determination of the problem raised by the author and its relevance.
- The meaning of the selected statement.
- Expressing your own point of view.
- Using arguments at a theoretical level.
- Provide at least two examples from social practice, literature/history that confirm the correctness of the judgments made.
- Conclusion.
Quote selection
When determining the topic on which an essay on the Unified State Exam in social studies will be written, the graduate must be sure that he:
- Knows the basic concepts of the subject.
- Clearly understands the meaning of the quote used.
- Can express his opinion (partially or completely agree with the chosen statement, refute it).
- Knows social science terms that are necessary to competently substantiate one’s own position at the theoretical level. Here it is necessary to take into account that the selected concepts should not go beyond the topic of the social studies essay. It is necessary to use appropriate terms.
- Can support his own opinion with practical examples from social life or literature/history.
Problem Definition
Here we should immediately give examples. An essay in social studies (USE) can reveal problems from the following areas:
- Philosophy.
- Families.
- Sociology.
- Political Science.
- Jurisprudence.
- Economics, etc.
Problems in the philosophical aspect:
- The relationship between consciousness and matter.
- Development and movement as ways of existence.
- The infinity of the cognitive process.
- The relationship between nature and society.
- Theoretical and empirical levels of scientific knowledge.
- The spiritual and material aspects of social life, their relationship.
- Culture as a transformative activity of people in general.
- The essence of civilization and so on.
Social Studies Essay: Sociology
When writing, you can reveal the following problems:
- Social struggle and inequality.
- The relationship between subjective and objective factors that influence processes in people’s lives.
- The meaning of material and spiritual values.
- Maintaining stability in public life.
- Features of the city.
- Youth as a community.
- The social nature of thinking, knowledge, and human activity.
- Interaction between society and religion.
- Features of socialization of younger generations.
- Historical inequality between men and women.
- organizations.
- and so on.
Psychology
As part of writing a social studies essay, a person can act as a key object of study. In this case, problems such as:
- Interpersonal communication, essence and tasks to be solved.
- Psychological climate in the team.
- Relationships between an individual and a separate group.
- Norms, roles, personality status.
- National identity.
- The importance of the communication process.
- The essence social conflict.
- Inconsistency between the aspirations and capabilities of the individual.
- Sources of social progress.
- Family.
A social science essay may also address specific functions of the science in question.
Political science
This social studies essay topic may cover the following issues:
- Authoritarian regime.
- Subjects of politics.
- Places and roles of the state in the system.
- Modern political interactions.
- Totalitarian regime.
- Relationships between politics, law and the economic sphere.
- Origin of the state.
- Political regime (through the disclosure of its concepts and features).
- State sovereignty.
- Civil society (through the disclosure of structure, characteristics, concepts).
- Party systems.
- Socio-political movements, pressure groups.
- Essences of a democratic regime.
- Mutual responsibility of the individual and the state.
- Political pluralism.
- Separation of powers as a principle of the rule of law.
- and so on.
Economic system
Another common science that can address issues in a social studies essay is economics. In this case, questions such as:
- The contradiction between the unlimited needs of people and the limited resources.
- Production factors and their significance.
- Capital as an economic resource.
- The essence and functions of the monetary system.
- Efficient use of existing resources.
- The meaning of division of labor.
- The role of trade in the process of social development.
- Efficiency and production incentives.
- The essence of market relations.
- State regulation of the economy, etc.
Legal discipline
Within science, a number of key problems can be identified and any of them can be addressed in a social studies essay:
- Law as a regulator of people's lives.
- The essence and specific features of the state.
- Social significance of law.
- Politic system and defining the role of the state in it.
- Similarities and differences between morality and law.
- Welfare state: concept and characteristics.
- Legal nihilism and methods of overcoming it.
- Civil society and the state.
- Concept, signs and composition of offenses, classification.
- Legal culture, etc.
Cliché phrases
In addition to revealing the problem, the structure of an essay in social science suggests an indication of its relevance in modern world. To effectively implement this task, you can introduce cliche phrases into your text: “Given in the conditions ...
- globalization of relations in society;
- the controversial nature of inventions and scientific discoveries;
- worsening global problems;
- formation of a unified economic, educational, information field;
- strict differentiation in society;
- dialogue of cultures;
- modern market;
- the need to preserve traditional cultural values and the nation’s own identity.”
Important point
In an essay on the Unified State Exam in social studies, as well as in written assignments in other subjects, you should periodically return to the problem raised. This is necessary for its fullest disclosure. In addition, periodic mention of the problem will allow you to stay within the topic and prevent reasoning and the use of terms that are not related to the selected statement. The latter, in particular, is one of the common mistakes of graduates.
Main thought
In this part of the essay on the Unified State Exam in social studies, the essence of the statement should be revealed. However, it should not be repeated verbatim. You can also use cliche phrases here:
- "The author is convinced that..."
- "The meaning of this statement is..."
- "The author focuses on..."
Determining your own position
In an essay on the Unified State Exam in social studies, you can agree with the author’s opinion partially or completely. In the first case, it is necessary to refute with reason the part with which the conflict of opinion arose. Also, the writer can completely deny the statement or argue with the author. You can also use a cliche here:
- “I agree with the author’s opinion that...”
- “I partly adhere to the expressed point of view regarding ..., but I cannot agree with ....”
- the author clearly reflected the picture of modern society (the situation in Russia, one of the problems in the modern world)..."
- “I beg to differ with the author’s position that...”
Arguments
An essay on the Unified State Exam in social studies must contain a substantiation of the writer’s expressed opinion. In this part, it is necessary to recall the key terms related to the problem and theoretical provisions. Argumentation should be carried out at two levels:
- Theoretical. In this case, the basis will be social science knowledge (opinions of thinkers/scientists, definitions, concepts, directions of concepts, terms, relationships, etc.).
- Empirical. Two options are allowed here: use events from your life or examples from literature, social life, history.
In the process of selecting facts that will serve as arguments for your own position, you need to answer the following questions:
- Do the examples support the opinions expressed?
- Do they agree with the thesis stated?
- Can they be interpreted in a different way?
- Are the facts convincing?
By following this scheme, you can control the adequacy of examples and prevent deviations from the topic.
Conclusion
He must complete the essay. The conclusion summarizes the main ideas, sums up the reasoning, confirms the correctness or incorrectness of the statement. He should not convey verbatim the quotation that became the topic of the essay. When formulating, you can use the following cliches:
- "To summarize, I would like to note..."
- "It can therefore be concluded that..."
Decor
We should not forget that an essay is a short composition. It must be distinguished by semantic unity. In this regard, a coherent text should be formed and logical transitions should be used. Also, we should not forget about the correct spelling of terms. It is advisable to break the text into paragraphs, each of which reflects a separate idea. The red line must be observed.
additional information
Your essay may include:
- Brief information about the author of the quote. For example, information that he is an “outstanding Russian scientist,” “a famous French educator,” “the founder of an idealistic concept,” and so on.
- Indication of alternative ways to solve a problem.
- Description of different opinions or approaches to an issue.
- An indication of the polysemy of concepts and terms that are used in the text with justification for the meaning in which they were applied.
Job requirements
Among the variety of existing approaches to writing technology, a number of conditions that must be met should be highlighted:
- Adequate understanding of the meaning of the statement and the problem.
- Correspondence of the text to the issue raised.
- Identification and disclosure of key aspects pointed out by the author of the statement.
- A clear definition of your own opinion, attitude to the problem, to the position expressed in the quote.
- Correspondence of the disclosure of aspects to the given scientific context.
- Theoretical level of substantiation of one's own opinion.
- Having meaningful facts personal experience, social behavior, public life.
- Logic in reasoning.
- Absence of terminological, ethnic, factual and other errors.
- Compliance with language norms and genre requirements.
There are no strict limits on the length of the essay. It depends on the complexity of the topic, the nature of thinking, experience, and level of training of the graduate.
Mistakes in formulating the problem
The most common shortcomings are:
- Misunderstanding and inability to identify the problem in a statement. On the one hand, this is due to an insufficient amount of knowledge in the discipline to which the statement relates, and on the other, to an attempt to fit previously reviewed, written or read works to the identified issue.
- Inability to formulate the problem. This error is usually associated with a small vocabulary and terminology in basic sciences.
- Inability to formulate the essence of a quote. It is explained by misunderstanding or incorrect understanding of the content of the statement and the lack of necessary social science knowledge.
- Replacing the problem with the position of the author. This error occurs due to the fact that the graduate does not see or understand the difference between them. The problem in the essay is the topic on which the author discusses. It is always voluminous and extensive. Different opinions can be expressed on it, often completely opposite. The meaning of the statement is the author’s personal position on the issue. The quote is just one of many opinions.
Shortcomings in defining and justifying your position
The absence of arguments confirming the graduate’s position indicates ignorance or ignorance of the requirements for the structure of the essay. Frequent mistakes when using concepts, there is an unjustified narrowing or expansion of the meaning of the term, the substitution of some definitions for others. Incorrect handling of information indicates an inability to analyze experience. Often the examples given in the text are loosely related to the problem. The lack of a critical perception of information obtained from the Internet and the media leads to the use of unverified and unreliable facts as justification. Another common mistake is a one-sided view of certain social phenomena, indicating an inability to identify and formulate cause-and-effect relationships.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Social studies essay (USE): structure, cliché phrases, typical mistakes Prepared by social studies teacher: V.V. Kalibernaya.
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No. Essay evaluation criteria Points K1 Disclosure of the meaning of the statement The meaning of the statement is revealed OR the content of the answer gives an idea of its understanding 1 The meaning of the statement is not disclosed, the content of the answer does not give an idea of its understanding 0 K2 The nature and level of theoretical argumentation The presence of erroneous provisions from the point of view of scientific social science leads to reduce the score for this criterion by 1 point The selected topic is revealed based on relevant concepts, theoretical provisions and conclusions 2 Certain concepts or provisions related to the topic, but not related to each other and other components of the argumentation, are given 1 Argumentation at the theoretical level is absent (the meaning of the key concepts are not explained; theoretical provisions, conclusions are absent) OR concepts, provisions and conclusions are used that are not directly related to the topic being disclosed 0 K3 Quality of factual argumentation Facts and examples are drawn from various sources: media reports, materials from educational subjects (history, literature, geography) are used etc.), facts of personal social experience and own observations (at least two examples from different sources are given) 2 Factual argumentation is given based only on personal social experience and everyday ideas OR example(s) are given from one source type 1 Factual information is missing OR the facts presented do not correspond to the thesis being substantiated 0 Maximum score 5
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1. Quote. 2. The problem raised by the author; its relevance. 3. The meaning of the statement. 4. Own point of view. 5. Argumentation at the theoretical level. 6. At least two examples from social practice, history and/or literature confirming the correctness of the opinions expressed. 7. Conclusion. Essay structure
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1. Selecting a statement When choosing statements for an essay, you must be sure that you know the basic concepts of the basic science to which it relates; clearly understand the meaning of the statement; you can express your own opinion (fully or partially agree with the statement or refute it); you know the social science terms necessary to competently substantiate a personal position at a theoretical level (the terms and concepts used must clearly correspond to the topic of the essay and not go beyond it); you will be able to give examples from social practice, history, literature, as well as personal life experience to confirm your own opinion.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Philosophy The relationship between matter and consciousness. Space and time as forms of being. Movement and development as ways of existence. The problem of the essence of consciousness. Features of the human psyche. The relationship between the conscious and the unconscious. The infinity of the process of cognition. The question of the knowability of the world: agnosticism and gnosticism. The relationship between the subject and the object of cognition. The relationship between sensory experience and rational thinking, their basic forms. Intuition and its role in cognition. Truth and its criteria. Relative and absolute truth.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Philosophy Empirical and theoretical levels of scientific knowledge. Interaction between nature and society. Ecological problem and ways to solve it. Material and spiritual aspects of social life, their relationship. The relationship between the individual and society. The relationship between freedom and responsibility of the individual. Culture as a transformative activity of man as a whole. Multivariate social development. The essence of civilization. Basic approaches to the study of society. Social progress, its criteria and main stages. Spiritual life of society.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Philosophy Social consciousness, its structure and forms. Science as a form of social consciousness. Aesthetic consciousness. Philosophical understanding of art. Religion as a form of culture, a type of worldview. Moral consciousness. Philosophical understanding of morality. The main global problems of humanity and possible ways to solve them. Information revolution as the most important component of scientific and technological revolution. The role of the masses and individuals in history. Globalization of public life.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Social psychology Interpersonal communication, its essence and tasks to be solved. The essence and barriers of interpersonal communication and possible options their elimination. Intrapersonal conflict - conflict social roles one man. Interaction, communication between people, building their relationships. Psychological climate of the team. A man among people. Essential characteristics of a small group. Relationships between the individual and the group. Features of group formation. Roles, norms and personality status. Self-control as the correlation of one’s behavior with the norms of society or group. Self-determination as choosing your own position.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Social psychology Discrepancy between the aspirations and capabilities of people. The relationship between the main spheres of personality socialization. National identity. Social interaction. The meaning of the communication process. The essence of social conflict. Relationships between the individual and the team. Sources of social progress. Social development. Family relationships. Conflict between fathers and sons. The essence of the crowd and the herd instinct. Socio-psychological portrait of a leader. Family relationships. A system of organizational, socio-economic, psychological, moral and legal decisions that ensure the effective implementation of the individual’s capabilities in society and the group.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Economics The contradiction between the limited resources and the limitlessness of human needs. The problem of economic choice. Factors of production and their importance in the economy. Labor as a type of activity and economic resource. Capital as an economic resource. Intellectual capital as main source formation competitive advantages in economic activity. Factors determining the productivity and competitiveness of production in the modern economy. The essence and functions of money in economics. Efficient use of resources.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Economics The meaning of the social division of labor. Two sides of the social division of labor are specialization and cooperation. The benefits of social labor cooperation: teamwork, learning by doing, and comparative advantage. Efficiency in the allocation of available resources. The role of trade in the development of society. Incentives and production efficiency. Fairness in the distribution of social benefits. The essence of market relations. The role of the state in regulating the economy.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Sociology Fulfillment of various social roles. Science as a social institution. Social functions of science. Education as a social institution, its functions in society and its relationship with other social institutions. Interaction between religion and society. Family as a social institution and small group. Family structure and functions, patterns of family behavior. A person’s attitude towards work, his social activity. The impact of globalization on local life. The influence of national factors on the social structure and migration of the population. National identity. Trends interethnic relations. Interethnic conflicts. National characteristics of value orientations and behavioral stereotypes.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Jurisprudence Law as a regulator of social life. Social value of law. The essence and specific features of the state. The political system and the role of the state in it. Law and morality: similarities and differences. Lawmaking: principles, types, lawmaking process. Mechanism for the implementation of fundamental rights, freedoms and responsibilities of the individual. State and civil society. Concept, signs of a welfare state. Legal nihilism and ways to overcome it. Offences: concepts, signs and composition. Types of offenses. The essence of legal responsibility. Legal culture.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Political Science The political system of society and its role in the life of society. The place and role of the state in the political system of society. Parties and social movements in the political system of society. Features of modern political relations. Subjects of politics. Global politics And international relationships. Types of human attitudes towards politics. Regulation of political behavior and political activity. The relationship between goals and means in politics. Political progress and its criteria. The relationship between economics, politics and law. The essence and features of political power. The nature and functions of political power. Legitimacy of political power and its types. Political regime: concept and characteristics.
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2. Definition of the problem of statement Political Science The essence of a democratic regime. Authoritarian regime. Totalitarian regime. Political system of society: concept, functions and structure. Origin of the state. The essence and characteristics of the state. State sovereignty. State power as a special type of social power. Form of state and its elements. The relationship between society and the state. Civil society: concept, structure, characteristics. Correlation and relationship between state and law. Rule of law: concept and principles. Separation of powers as a principle of the rule of law. State and individual: mutual responsibility. Concept, functions, types and structure of political parties. Party systems. Socio-political movements, pressure groups.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Political science Political relations. Political pluralism. The essence and structure of the political process. Revolution and reform as types of political transformations. Political modernization. Uprising, riot, mutiny, putsch as types of political process. Political campaigns: their strategy and tactics. Populism: concept and signs. Direct and representative democracy. Political decision. The essence and functions of political leadership. Political consciousness: concept, structure, functions. The role of ideology in politics. Political culture: concept and structure, types. Interaction of the individual, society and state. The functioning of political norms, values, expectations, orientations and aspirations characteristic of different social groups. Interaction of the institution of law with others social institutions
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Sociology The relationship between objective and subjective factors influencing social processes. The role of spiritual and material assets in people's lives. Social inequality and struggle. Maintaining the stability of social life. Progressive change (progress) in the organization of society. Patterns of differentiation of male and female social roles. Historically unequal relationships between men and women. Specific qualities of the city. The social nature of knowledge, thinking, and activity of society. Processes of information transfer between social groups. Youth as a social community. Features of socialization of generations entering life. Features of the lifestyle of young people. Formation of life plans, goals and value orientations. Social mobility.
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After formulating the problem, it is necessary to indicate the relevance of the problem in modern conditions. To do this, you can use cliche phrases: This problem is relevant in the context of... ...globalization of social relations; ...formation of a unified information, educational, economic space; ...exacerbation of global problems of our time; ...the special controversial nature of scientific discoveries and inventions; ...development of international integration; ...modern market economy; ...development and overcoming the global economic crisis; ...strict differentiation of society; ...the open social structure of modern society; ...formation of the rule of law; ...overcoming the spiritual and moral crisis; ...dialogue of cultures; ...the need to preserve one's own identity and traditional spiritual values.
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3. Formulation of the main idea of the statement “The meaning of this statement is that...” “The author draws our attention to the fact that...” “The author is convinced that...”
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4. Determining your position on the statement “I agree with the author that...” “One cannot disagree with the author of this statement regarding...” “The author was right in asserting that...” “In my opinion , the author quite clearly reflected the picture in his statement modern Russia(modern society... the situation that has developed in society... one of the problems of our time)” “I beg to differ with the author’s opinion that...” “Partly, I adhere to the author’s point of view regarding..., but... I can’t agree” “Have you ever thought about the fact that...?”
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An additional advantage of the essay is the inclusion in it: brief information about the author of the statement (for example, “an outstanding French philosopher-educator”, “a great Russian thinker of the Silver Age”, “a famous existentialist philosopher”, “the founder of an idealistic movement in philosophy”, etc.); descriptions of different points of view on a problem or different approaches to solving it; indications of the ambiguity of the concepts and terms used with justification for the meaning in which they are used in the essay; indications of alternative solutions to the problem.
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Requirements for graduates' work: 1) adequate understanding of the problem and the meaning of the statement; 2) correspondence of the content of the essay to the stated problem; 3) highlighting and revealing in the essay the main aspects of the problem pointed out by the author of the statement; 4) aspects of the problem must be disclosed in a given scientific context; 5) a clear definition of the student’s position, his attitude to the problem, to the opinion of the author of the statement; 6) justification of one’s own position at the theoretical level; 7) reinforcement of the above theoretical provisions with meaningful facts of social life, social behavior, personal experience; 8) the logic of the graduate’s reasoning; 9) absence of social science (essential, terminological) and other (factual, logical, ethical) errors; 10) compliance of the essay with the requirements of the genre and the norms of the Russian language. There are no strict requirements for the length of an essay in social studies. It depends on many factors: the complexity of the topic, the student’s level of preparation, the graduate’s mindset, and the availability of time. The main attention is paid to the quality of work, adequacy and completeness of the problem.
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1. Quote “Culture is the inevitable path of man and humanity.” (N. Berdyaev) 2. The problem raised by the author, its relevance The problem of culture as a set of means and methods for transforming the world by man and all the results of this transformation. OR The problem of spiritual culture as a way to realize the creative needs and abilities of a person. The aspect of cultural continuity as a way of preserving and developing humanity. 3. The meaning of the statement The author argues that society cannot exist without creating culture. 4. For argumentation at a theoretical level, it is necessary to reveal theses and concepts: The concept of culture in the broad and narrow sense of the word. Types of culture: individual, collective. Typology of culture: folk, mass, elite. The problem of dialogue of cultures. The role of culture in the formation of an individual's personality. 5. Examples 1. A schoolgirl writes poetry, paints - she makes her contribution to culture. 2. Manifestations of youth subcultures (emo, goths, punks).
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