Galina Nevolina: “Evil can be stronger, but up to a certain point. When its concentration becomes excessive, it will begin to absorb itself.
Our childhood was considered carefree,
Although it was a very hungry life,
And my parents were at work all the time.
They "successfully" built socialism.
Childhood knows no alternative, it is a given. Childhood is a time that is never forgotten, never faded from memory. Separate fragments, starting from about 3.5 years old, are clearly preserved in my memory. From these small episodes, a kind of puzzles, I will begin the story of my childhood.
I was born on January 28, 1944 in the village of Rozalievka, Kotovsky district, Odessa region (latitude: 47 ° 40 "60" "N, longitude: 29 ° 37" 60 "" E, altitude 199 m). This is my small homeland. Here I studied from the first to the fourth grades. My ancestors were born here too: dad and mom, their parents, and their parents... My childhood passed here, I came to visit my parents here when I was already living on my own. Here my father lived, died and was buried all his life (11/10/1914 - 12/21/1977). My mother lived here until 2005 (born on 01/01/1923), and only at the age of 83, when her health deteriorated, did she agree to move to the neighboring village of Novoselovka to her daughter, i.e. my older sister Klava. Mom died on 02/02/2014 and was buried in the cemetery in the village. Rozalievka, next to her husband / my dad.
What is known about the village of Rozalievka? According to the "List of Populated Places of the Kherson Governorate" (ed. 1896), in the village of Rozalievka (Dumovo) there were 92 households, with a population of 475 (241 males and 234 females). According to a similar "List...”, published in 1917, according to the All-Russian agricultural. In the 1916 census, there were 138 households in the village of Rozalievka with 611 inhabitants (277 men and 334 women).
Rozalievka in the late 40s - early 50s was an ordinary village by Ukrainian standards as part of the Kotovsky district of the Odessa region, with about 300 courtyards. The village is located on a sloping slope of southern orientation and stretched in a west-east direction for a kilometer and a half. Two or three parallel roads, one central. Dirt road (we called it “way”) to the regional center. There was no permanent transport connection with Kotovsk (“passing” transit bus once every 2-3 days appeared only in 1967). At the time of my childhood, Rozalievka was without radio communication (carried out in the summer of 1952), without electricity (carried out in 1959, which became possible after the construction of the Dubossary hydroelectric power station), and even without a central water supply system (made along our street, including a water intake faucet at our house in 1956).
Rozalievka is located 12 km from the city of Kotovsk - it is a regional center. I lived there for three years: from 1958 to 1961, I lived in an apartment with strangers, studied in grades 8-10. So I consider myself somewhat of a caterer. The number of inhabitants at that time in the city was about 40 thousand. The city is located 220 km north of Odessa, it is a junction railway station through which trains from Odessa follow in a northerly direction - to Kyiv, Lvov, Moscow, Leningrad, etc.
The city of Kotovsk as a settlement was first mentioned in history since 1779 as the village of Birzula (Turkic - "black forest"). In May 1935, the village of Birzula was renamed Kotovsk, in honor of the famous military leader of the Civil War, Grigory Ivanovich Kotovsky. June 10, 1938 Kotovsk received the status of a city in the Odessa region.
The northern part of the Odessa region, including my small Motherland, is located on the spurs of the Podolsk Upland (altitude up to 268 m above sea level). As a result, the relief has a hilly character: the terrain in Rozalievka and its environs is cut up by deep gullies and ravines. The depth of the incision of the valleys in some places reaches 120 m. In contrast to the generally treeless Odessa region, in the Kotovsky district there are small forests (oak forests): oak, beech, ash, linden.
It was not by chance that I emphasized the relief and nature of the area. Behind this “dry” characteristic for me lies a lot of childhood impressions. Until the age of 13 I lived here; most of the daylight hours, especially in summer, he constantly spent in nature: grazing domestic sheep, a cow; in the evenings, with a large gang of boys and girls of different ages, from 4 to 15 years old, we played various games until pitch darkness. But, I repeat, I spent almost the whole day in the summer with my pets on the slopes, ravines and valleys of the close and not very outskirts. I have no doubt that it was then that I awakened an interest in wildlife, which has survived to this day.
And now I turn to the very first childhood memories.
* In a long shirt, below the knees, without panties and panties, barefoot, I go with my sister Klava to “steal” pears from a neighbor opposite our hut. At the neighbor's garden on the side of the road, instead of a fence, there is a shaft of long-rotted manure, half-rotted straw, branches and other household village garbage. Right behind the fence is a tall tree with yellow pears. The shaft, about half a meter high and wide, is insurmountable for me, but a 5-year-old sister easily climbs into the garden and throws pears picked up from the ground to me. I immediately gobble them up on both cheeks. And then, limping, a neighbor appears - an old grandfather, his name was Arseny. Why, he says, are you picking up carrion from the ground? The pears are spoiled. He comes up to the tree, takes off the most ripe ones, pours a full skirt of pears for me and Klava, and we go home.
Obviously, this was at the end of the summer - the beginning of the autumn of 1947, since the next episode preserved in the memory definitely occurred in mid-September of the same year.
* Our family is moving to another house purchased by our parents, more spacious and newer than the previous one. It is located on the other side of the village, closer to the center. The father leads by the bridle two horses harnessed to the top of a cart loaded with household belongings. Mom walks 15-20 meters behind: in one hand she has a kerosene lamp and some other bundle, with the other hand she holds my hand; Klava goes nearby. The “flashlight” of memory recorded the moment when the bench fell out of the cart. The father did not notice the fall, so the mother yells at him about it.
As soon as we drove into the courtyard of our new house, we heard from the neighbors: “Klava, come play with us!” (in original, in Ukrainian"gr A tysia"). Out of habit, I followed my sister. It turned out that a girl also lives next door to us named Klava, 7-8 years older than my sister, and her brother, his name was Tolya, is my age. Tolya (Anatoly Nikolaevich) Bulgak from this meeting became my close friend for many years. We went to school together from grades 1 to 10; lived in Kotovsk together in the same apartment while studying in the 9th-10th grades; all their free time from childhood to graduation from school was spent together; learning to ride a bike together; together we went 5 km from the village to the collective farm melons to steal watermelons, secretly from our parents went to a remote cattle burial ground to look at the wolves from afar, and we had many other things. Tolya's father - Nikolai Andreevich Bulgak - was a tractor driver, worked at the legendary postwar period caterpillar DT-54 produced by the Stalingrad Tractor Plant. There were very few tractors on the collective farm, and there was a lot of work. Therefore, Tolin's father from early morning until late evening was busy plowing, cultivating, harrowing, sowing and harvesting. Yes, do not be surprised: the first combine harvesters were not self-propelled, they were pulled by a tractor ... Tolya and I sometimes went to the field where his father worked on plowing, and Uncle Kolya allowed us to "steer" the tractor. We, the boys, hardly squeezed the clutch, and the tractor control levers were heavy. But what joy and delight! Still - to personally plow your furrow!
A year later than me - in 1962 - Tolya entered the Odessa Technological Institute of the Food Industry. By that time I was already in the 2nd year of the Hydrometeorological Institute. We quite often met with him in that "Odessa" time, we went to visit each other in the hostel; in the autumn of 1967 he married his classmate, I was at their wedding. After graduating from the institute, they were sent to work in Kazakhstan, and soon two twin girls were born to them. Unfortunately, since then we have never seen each other - it just so happened that during the holidays we came to our small homeland at different times.
* Another memorable "puzzle" of memory from infancy. One autumn evening, my father told me: tomorrow is a national holiday, let's go to the village council, hang out the parade flag. Obviously, it was November 6, 1947, on the eve of a big holiday by the standards of that time - the 30th anniversary of the Great October Revolution. socialist revolution, because in 1948, my father was no longer the chairman of the village council, and other public holidays were not celebrated at that time. So, then I was 3 years and 9 months old.
* I am 4 years and 4.5 months old - my second sister, Galina, was born (May 17, 1948). Mom gave birth at home. In the morning, just beginning to get light, Klava and I woke up from my mother's loud moans and fuss in the hut. Grandmother took us to another room, telling us to sit quietly and go nowhere. s fall." Two strange women were in charge of the house, a stove was heated in the kitchen, and water was heated in two large cast-iron cauldrons. Against the background of the loud moans of the mother, a child's cry was suddenly heard. Grandmother came to us and said that we had a sister ...
* Memory tenaciously and clearly holds another episode of childhood: my mother took me with her to church, where the wedding of the newlyweds took place. The church is full of people, my mother takes me in her arms so that I can better see what is happening. Colorful and interesting in itself, the wedding procedure ran into the memory for life. In the winter of 1968, while passing through Leningrad, I went to the cinema to see the premiere of the film Anna Karenina. In this film, the wedding scene was shown in detail for the first time. I was flooded with such feelings, such memories, that I, a 24-year-old guy, literally could not contain my emotions. Two students, my classmates, with whom I went to the cinema, noticed my "sentimentality" and asked with concern what happened to me ...
Since those ancient times, it has been remembered that if someone died in the village, then they always brought to the funeral from the church big cross and banners. However, in the summer of 1949, in obedience to the general trend, the church in Rozalievka was liquidated. All the inhabitants on the eve and that day were excited, and the old people “huddled” (now they say “hang out”) and were openly indignant. Grandmother grumbled the day before, and that day, and for a long time after. Together with other neighboring boys, I went to look at an unusual sight. Almost all the inhabitants of the village gathered at the church, the adults drove us boys away. My grandmother told me so directly: go home, there is nothing to look at this non-Christ, God will punish him ... By non-Christ, I meant the man who climbed onto the roof, and then climbed onto the dome of the church and cut down the cross with an ax. He was not from Rozalievka, from somewhere else in the village he was brought for this adversary business. All our locals refused to remove the cross from the dome and dismantle the interior of the church. Later, after 5-6 years, a rumor spread through the village that, they say, God punished that Antichrist, he was paralyzed ...
But what confused me, a small fool who had not even gone to school yet? When the cause of God was being destroyed, only the old people protested and were openly indignant. And adult uncles and aunts, i.e. people of the middle generation, and the 17-19-year-old youth, older than us yellow-mouthed ones, were indifferent and cold-blooded ... From an early age, my inquisitive mind and gaze already noticed that the old people really believed in God. For example, my grandmother did not get up and did not lie down without prayer, and did not sit down at the table. And if clouds cover the sky and a thunderstorm begins, then grandmother immediately begins to be baptized and thank God for grace. But for people of the middle generation, including my parents, faith in God consisted in attending church on Sundays and religious public holidays- at Christmas, at Easter, at the Savior ...
* In the summer of 1948, a nursery-kindergarten was launched on the collective farm. Mom takes me and my sister there in the morning, and she herself goes to the office to find out what kind of field work her unit will have today. After 5-10 minutes of kindergarten "joys" Klava takes my hand and we run away through the gardens, through the backyards. And at home we appear before mom ... The next day the same thing is repeated. After 4-5 such attempts, parents resign themselves to the fact that their 6-year-old daughter and 4.5-year-old son will not attend the collective farm children's institution.
* In the same year, children were massively and forcibly vaccinated against smallpox, scarlet fever, measles, diphtheria, tuberculosis, etc. Oh, this execution, carried out by the rural paramedic Tsobenko, was remembered for a lifetime. Particularly painful were injections under the shoulder blade against the disease of bare feet - tetanus.
Summer 1948. I am 4.5 years old, my sister Klava is 6 years old.
Summer 1951. In the fall, sister Klava will go to the third grade, I will go to the first, and sister Galina is only 3 years old.
* I remember the first Christmas tree in details. It was on the eve of 1950. Klava is in the first grade, I will be 6 years old in a month. At school - the first New Year's party after the war. Out of habit, I wanted to settle down with my sister, but that’s bad luck - I don’t have suitable (or rather, no) winter shoes. Tears, loud crying ... And then my mother puts me in her chrome boots for the weekend, takes me in her arms and carries me to school - I myself, in my mother's boots of size 38, would hardly have mastered the dirt road 2- 3 meters. At the matinee, I was not just a spectator, but also a participant in a round dance around the Christmas tree. In general, a puss in boots ... From such an "oil painting" the audience in the hall burst out laughing, but this did not bother me in any way - the laughter was friendly, approving, supporting.
In a few words, I will talk about Christmas trees in the early 50s, when I was in grades 1-3. In the south coniferous trees do not grow; on New Year's Eve, Christmas trees were imported in limited quantities from the northwestern regions of Ukraine. So, according to the order of the district, only one Christmas tree was brought to the whole village, which was installed at the school.
Almost all Christmas decorations were homemade and made by schoolchildren the day before: long paper garlands (we made them from pink and blue blotters, which school notebooks were completed at that time), snowflakes cut out of paper. A five-pointed star was placed at the top of the Christmas tree - a tribute to the Soviet era. The matinee began with the traditional round dance of small children around the Christmas tree, then a small concert of schoolchildren followed: 2-3 rhymes, 3-4 songs by a duet or trio, yes 2-3 folk dance. The gifts are very modest: a paper bag tied with a ribbon, in which there are several walnuts, a small pack of cookies, 50-70 grams of barberry sweets, 1-2 dried pears each. There were no chocolates, and even more so, tangerines, and there was no trace. But at that hungry time, this New Year's bag was a real delicacy! A little later, in the first half of the 50s, the most prestigious at that time began to be hung on the Christmas tree as decoration. chocolate candies"Swallow" and "Bear". After the matinee was over, the children were allowed to take 1-2 candies from the Christmas tree ... After that, the Christmas tree was dismantled: the toys were removed, individual branches were cut from the trunk, and the teachers took them to their homes.
At home New Year never met and never celebrated. At that time, the main holidays were Christmas and Easter. So do not believe the current nonsense that in Stalin's and Khrushchev's atheistic times, their celebration was prohibited. Despite the persecution of the clergy and militant atheism, Christmas and Easter were always celebrated in our area, although this was not officially encouraged. When there was a festive Christmas or Easter feast in the house, no one closed the shutters and did not curtain the windows with blankets. For as long as I can remember, an icon with the image of the Mother of God hung in a prominent place in our house. And no one associated any dangers with this. Of course, these religious holidays were purely family holidays, and the children were looking forward to them. Especially for Christmas, we slaughtered wild boar at our house, made blood and meat sausages, fried a lot of meat and, filling it with lard, stored it in earthenware jugs in the cellar. Salted lard was also stored there. Used sparingly, so stocks lasted until the summer. Since the morning of January 6, the pre-holiday fuss has been in the house: kalachi, bagels-bagels are baked, jelly, kutya, dumplings with cabbage, jelly and uzvar - dried fruit compote are cooked. Klava helps her mother cook and cook at the stove, and my task is to select (sort out) wheat for kutya. The work is troublesome: there is a large bowl of wheat on the table, I take grains from there in small portions, scatter them on the table and with my index finger I bring crushed and small grains, weed seeds and other impurities to the edge of the table, leaving only large grains. This process takes 2.5-3 hours, but no fatigue or shirking - after all, there is a festive abundance of yummy ahead! Parents always reminded us kids that when preparing for the holiday, nothing should be done carelessly or in a bad mood, you should not quarrel or swear.
In the evening, as soon as the first star lights up in the sky, the whole family sat down at the festive table. After the meal, my mother collects some food (two rolls and a plate of kutya), ties it in a handkerchief, and I go to wear the supper to my godfathers - three visits per evening. Coming to the godparents, I say: “Good evening! Holy evening! Mom and dad asked to take our supper!” The godparents sit the godson at their festive table, treat them with their dishes (it can’t do without alcohol - a glass of wine or a glass of moonshine), change the brought kalachi for their own. In addition, gifts are given to the godfather, sometimes even a little money. And the next day, in the morning, I go caroling with relatives and neighbors. As a reward - a bagel home baking, 2-3 walnuts, and then a 5 or 10 kopeck coin. This is how Christmas was celebrated in our area at that distant time. Many have already forgotten about those times, and the younger generation simply does not know this. You can grumble that all these are trifles, but our whole life consists of such “little things”.
Easter was an equally expected and significant holiday in childhood. The day before, my mother cleaned the whole house to sparkling cleanliness, and in the kitchen she always whitewashed and glued new trellises (wallpaper). 1-2 days before the holiday, they baked Easter cakes (we, in Ukraine, call Easter cakes Easter), painted and painted eggs (krashenka and Easter eggs), cooked curd casserole. By tradition, Easter was baked in large quantities to last for the entire Easter week until the Seeings (as Radonitsa is still called in our area), and to treat all the guests who came to the house. I remember that my mother literally nursed the dough for Easter, cherished it, protected it from drafts, wrapped it up. I put a lot of eggs in the dough itself, butter and sugar, vanilla was added, so the finished Easter was very rich and did not get stale for a long time. Usually the dough was prepared on the night from Thursday to Friday, and on Friday afternoon it was baked in the oven. For baking, special high forms were used - tin pastries, in which the dough rose well. The top of Easter was decorated with beaten egg white and sugar. My task in the pre-holiday fuss was to bring from the forest a sufficient number of dry and thick branches for heating the stove, and also to prepare the bark of a wild apple tree for painting eggs.
Already being schoolchildren, in grades 3-4, we - a gang of 6-8 boys, on Saturday evening went 6 km to the village of Fedorovka, where there was a church, and carried Easter and painted eggs there for consecration. I mention this because these trips to church on Easter had a very reverent effect on us boys. It was as if they were replacing us: on the way back and forth, we didn’t play pranks, didn’t swear, didn’t smoke (to be honest, at the age of 7-10, many of us, secretly from adults, were already indulging in this). Yes, and in God's Temple itself they behaved very decently, patiently waiting for the end of the Liturgy (and this is about 4 o'clock in the morning), the beginning of the procession around the temple and the consecration of the brought Easter and eggs. D O ma consecrated Easter and eggs were usually placed in the center of the festive table. On this day, “Christ is Risen!” is heard from all sides of the village! and in response - "Truly Risen!".
Note that we are talking about the middle of the 50s - the very height of the next, now Khrushchev's, godless wave. And then such an incident: schoolchildren, excellent students, besides, pioneers - oh, horror! - they go to church in a crowd ...
It is not surprising that on Monday morning the class teacher Vladimir Gerasimovich Shcherbina lists all of us by name and tells us not to come to school without our parents the next day. We are at a loss: who snitched-naseksotil? And the casket just opened: the informant was the mother of our class teacher- an elderly devout woman who regularly (and not just on major holidays) attends this remote church. It turned out that it was she, at the request of her son-teacher, who took “on a pencil” all the Rozaliev schoolchildren who had been to the church. Until now, although almost 60 years have passed, I cannot understand the motives and logic of her actions. After all, she was not some simple near-church grandmother, but a deeply religious one, she knew prayers, scriptures, she went to services almost every week in a church located 6 km away in another village...
An interesting, by the way, continuation happened to the described story, 3 weeks after Easter, on the May Day holiday. school principal sweetest Love Andreevna (by the way, the wife of our class teacher and the daughter-in-law of the sexist informant mentioned above) delivered a solemn, fiery, patriotic speech, after which one 16-year-old seventh-grader overgrown naively and innocently asked her: “You teach us to be honest, truthful, frank. Doesn't this apply to your mother? Or is she a believer in your church, but at home she is an ideological, party one?” After such a rhetorical question, our shirt-guy Grisha was expelled from school ... for 2 weeks. Yes, yes, do not be surprised - at that time there was such a measure of punishment for schoolchildren for something extraordinary. In our case, for insolence.
And at the end of the "religious theme" I will give one more episode, however, connected not with me, but with my father. This story was told by a relative, a cousin of my father - Borisovsky Evgeny Fedorovich - Uncle Zhenya, nicknamed "will go." And he told me on a sad day for our family - at the wake after the funeral of my father at the end of December 1977. But the event in question took place in 1948, at a family celebration at a certain fellow villager on the occasion of the christening of a child. As usual in the village, not only all relatives were invited to the feast, but also the "bosses" in the person of the chairman of the collective farm and the chairman of the village council. And my father was the chairman of the village council in the first post-war years. The local priest, who performed the sacrament of baptism, was also present at the table. And after the third or fourth glass of moonshine, when the guests were already “relaxed” and their tongues were a little “loosened”, the father made a remark to the priest: he performs divine services and walks around the village, and even “to people”, always in the same filthy and tattered chasuble. And with his untidy appearance, they say, voluntarily or involuntarily spoils the authority of the church. To which the priest reasonably replied: the Synod does not give money to his church, the church exists only on donations from parishioners, and they themselves live in extreme poverty. Here, for example, the priest today performed the baptism of a child, so the parents paid for this with ten testicles and invited them to the table, and for that we thank them. After listening to this answer, the father turned to the chairman of the collective farm sitting next to him: maybe you can somehow help the priest? And he answered: if the “authority” (i.e., the village council) does not mind, then the collective farm will think ... Come, father, tomorrow to my office - make peace... In general, the collective farm allocated three meters of fabric to the father for a new cassock. But “the music did not play for long” - one of the “well-wishers” informed the district committee of the CPSU (b) about this “disgrace”, a commission arrived - the chairman of the collective farm was slapped with a “strict man” along the party line and removed from office. The chairman of the village council - my father - was also “released” ahead of schedule and sent to graze collective farm calves. Here is such a career "zigzag" happened to my father. After the shepherd, my father again "went uphill": he was an accountant, a foreman, was in charge of a collective farm dairy farm, an agronomist, again a foreman, and from 1962 until the end of his days - the manager of the 3rd department of the elite seed-growing state farm "The path to communism ". And the pope's education was very modest - four classes of a parochial school and four-month regional agronomic courses in 1939.
Carried away by religious memories, I got a little ahead of myself. I went to school on September 1, 1951. It was the Rozaliev 7-year-old school No. 35.
The first class of the 1951/52 academic year of the Rozaliev seven-year school No. 35. April 1952 The author of these lines is third from the left in the top row. In the center is the teacher Vladimir Gerasimovich Shcherbina. Bottom row second from left - childhood and youth friend Tolya Bulgak; in the same place, the third from the right is Kolya Hutsol, a few more words will be said about him below. In the middle between Tolya and Kolya is Nelya Stratulat. Later, Nelya and I became related– she married my cousin Kolya Mirza.
There were 19 of us, first-graders. We were dressed somehow, some were half-starved. I still remember the names of all my classmates, but I don’t remember the names of some. By the way, in the previous 1950, the 1st grade did not take place, since there were no children born in 1943 in our village. But in the 6th-7th grades in 1951 there were many overgrown children, 15-16-year-olds sat at the same desk together with 13-year-olds - due to the fact that during the occupation period of 1941-1944, the school in the village did not work.
P.S. And here is the conclusionon the example of my classcan be done about school education in the post-war period. Out of 19 peers born in 1944 elementary education received all 19, seven-year - only 11 of them, and the average - only 5. That is, five could not continue their studies after the 4th grade; out of 11 children who completed the seven-year school, six could not continue their studies in grades 8-10. And the main reason for this is not the unwillingness of children to study, but the poor financial condition of the family.
I still remember my first days at school. The teacher Maria Vilhelmovna sat us down at our desks, showed us how to sit correctly, and, above all, began to tell us how to behave at school, on the street, in a public place. And most importantly: when you walk down the street, and an adult is walking towards you, you definitely need to say hello, and the youngest should do it first. Only good memories remain of the first teacher. I don’t remember her last name now, I only know that she was from the neighboring village of Malaya Aleksandrovka. But after the first winter holidays, our class changed teacher - Vladimir Gerasimovich Shcherbina (by the way, to some extent my relative - he was the brother of my uncle Ivan Kondratovich Borisovsky's wife).
At school, the desks are black, the inkwells are “non-spillable”. Fountain pens, allowing you to write part of the letter with pressure, part - without it. Even grades were given for calligraphy. Notebooks "according to the letter" some were lined "for the first grade", others - for the "second grade". But there was no “second shoe”. At the entrance to the school, with the help of home-made devices, shoes were cleaned from viscous sticky dirt, and in winter they were swept from snow with a broom. This was strictly monitored by the school cleaning woman Baba Paraska.
Classes in the early 50s were small, and there were not enough teachers in the village. Therefore, often the 2nd and 4th grades were studied together: one row of desks - the 2nd grade, the second row - the 4th, two school boards. The teacher taught joint lessons as follows: for the first 10 minutes she tells and writes the assignment on the blackboard to the 2nd grade, then switches to the 4th. Then he interrogates the kids (constantly pulling the elders, prompting the younger ones). The rest of the lesson is again dedicated to the elders. Here is such a symbiosis: the younger ones do arithmetic, and the older ones write dictation ... But in the drawing and singing lessons there is no such fragmentation, the tasks are the same for both classes: we all draw apples and pears together, or learn words and sing the anthem of the Soviet Union.
While studying in the second - fourth grades, I had an additional educational "load" - reading and writing letters from dictation. I'll tell you the details. Our relative, Stog Nadezhda Matveevna, my mother’s aunt, was, like many other elderly fellow villagers, illiterate - she didn’t even know how to sign, she put a cross on the collective farm sheet ... She was a widow, her husband Grigory Dmitrievich Stog, died at the front in May 1944. In the fall of 1953, her son Vasya was called to serve in the army. The postman will bring a letter from his son to his mother, but she cannot read it ... And she also cannot write an answer to her son ... So my mother instructs me to help grandmother Nadia in this matter. I take a clean notebook, a fountain pen, an inkwell and go ... First, I reread the received letter aloud to my grandmother several times in a row, and then my torment begins: I write a response letter under dictation. It cannot be called a dictation; it's like a mother talking to her son sitting next to her. At the same time, grandmother Nadia's thoughts are chaotic, she constantly jumps from one topic to another, she speaks confusedly. All her letters begin the same way. First, she thanks her son for sending the news and for sending greetings to relatives and friends - while she lists them all. And then he begins to send greetings from them to him, and again lists all of them by name. And then each letter has its own characteristics. For example, listing a long list of greetings to Vasya, the grandmother suddenly asks her son how he eats, has he lost weight in the army, does he have a warm overcoat, and are his boots crushing? And then he punishes him: you look at me, serve honestly, obey the commander. The following is a retelling of all rural news in her interpretation: Foreman Anton is fierce at work, yesterday evening he took four cucumbers from her neighbor Tanya, which she wanted to take home from the field, said that those two that she took for lunch would be enough. And Kupriyanova Lida has a severe headache, she treats with leeches, but they do not help, but only suck blood. And Volodya will marry him soon, Kupriyan said that in the fall he would send matchmakers and changed his mind about selling the heifer, he would cut him for his son's wedding. And he has a nice calf. And our sheep milk gives very little, the grass burned out due to dryness. Potatoes also suffer without rain, and thistle and quinoa clog it. And I have no strength to weed them, we work hard in the brigade. But Anton does not say how many workdays he wrote down for me, and does not tell anyone. And the party Kolya every Sunday in the store gets so drunk on vodka that he crawls home drunk on all fours ...
And so on, in the style of Chekhov's Vanka Zhukov in his letter to his grandfather in the village. At the same time, Grandma Nadya speaks continuously, I have to "filter" myself - where to put periods, where commas, and where to start with a red line. Sometimes I don’t have time to write down - I write with a simple pen, after each word I have to dip the pen into the inkwell. I get tired, I want to cry, but I hold on and only fidget at the table. Seeing this, the grandmother takes out a letter from her son from her apron pocket and again, for the fourth time, makes me read aloud. After that, the dictation of the response letter continues. Finally, around 10 pm, the letter was written. In the morning before work, grandmother Nadia will take it to the postman, who will write the address on a free envelope, and the letter will go away. The next evening, returning from work, grandmother Nadya will come to us for a minute, give me a few apples or plums from the collective farm garden and invite me to her house to peck cherries. I am waiting for the next letter from "Vasya's son to mother Nadia" without much enthusiasm. And Vasya served in the Crimea, in Yalta, in a musical orchestra. Oh how z O loudly, loudly, juicy and brightly, he played the trumpet in our club brass band after demobilization from the army! That was the soloist! Possessing an excellent musical memory, he could repeat any melody. But he was self-taught, he didn’t even really know the notes of any music conservatory schools.
Grandmother Nadia had another son - Sergey, 8 years older than Vasya. He served in the army immediately after the war, studied there as a driver, after demobilization he worked by profession in the regional MTS. Once, on the way, the car stalled, Sergey raised the hood, leaned over the engine with a cigarette in his mouth and began to repair the carburetor. Falling ash ignited gasoline. The flame burned Sergei's face, but he did not lose his head, instantly took off his jacket and knocked out the fire. A month later, the car was restored, and Sergei was sentenced to 6 years in prison "for deliberate damage to socialist property." He served 4 years, fell under an amnesty (the first after the death of I. Stalin), returned home and got a job as a driver on a collective farm lorry. I drove for many, many hours in her cab next to Uncle Serezha. He was always happy to take me for a ride. During the harvesting of grain, when Uncle Seryozha took the grain from the field from the combine to the collective farm, I was his constant assistant. For an 11-13-year-old teenager, this work was not a burden: standing in the back of the car, with a shovel, rake the grain pouring from the combine bunker; then, on the current, after weighing the machine, open all three sides and pour the grain from the body onto the ground. And so every day, until the winter wheat is harvested first, then the spring barley. Even in the regional newspaper once wrote a note about his contribution to the harvest.
Now I will make a small remark, rather, an explanation of my torment mentioned above when writing letters to Vasya under the dictation of Nadya's grandmother. And here is the explanation. From the middle of the 15th century, the north of the Odessa region began to be gradually settled by settlers, mostly runaway peasants from the Commonwealth, Russian Empire and Moldova (Bessarabia). Later, by decree of Catherine II, peasants from the northern provinces began to move here; and for the resettlement of foreigners here, favorable conditions were created - they were exempted from military service, paying taxes for the first time. Therefore, near Odessa and now there is the German Lusdorf and Mannheim, inhabited by immigrants from France, Shaba, founded by the Bulgarians who fled the Ottoman Empire, Bolgrad. Throughout the Odessa region, villages coexist with Gagauz, Great Russians, Little Russians-Ukrainians, Moldovans. Therefore, in Rozalievka from time immemorial, in addition to Ukrainians, Russians, Moldavians, Gagauzians lived. As a result, the colloquial dialect has developed a very peculiar one. In pure Ukrainian, i.e. the language of Taras Shevchenko and Ivan Franko, only some teachers spoke with us steal ї nsko ї movie… That is why, even when I was an excellent student at school, I never mastered the pure Ukrainian language ... So what can we demand from older people who have never studied at school at all? ..
In many villages and villages of our region, the local language is so different from purely Ukrainian or Russian that it is almost unrecognizable. As a result of long communication with the Russian language Ukrainian language, having transformed and lost something, and given something to Russian, he took a lot of convenient and useful from the Russian language. It turned out to be a mixed Ukrainian-Russian dialect, “surzhik”, in which there are both old Ukrainian words and new, purely Russian expressions and words that are not similar to either one or the other language.
And some more information about my village Rozalievka. We had a traditional selmag, with a set of goods that was universal for the post-war period: vodka (including for bottling on the spot), kerosene (poured from a large barrel into a customer’s container in the store yard), herring from large barrels, canned food such as “gobies V tomato sauce", shag, cigarettes "Box", sometimes imported "Kazbek" and "Belomorkanal" (but they were bought by local intelligentsia such as the chairman of the collective farm, the chairman of the village council, and the collective farm peasants took only shag), sweets "pillows", some kind of shoes, clothes, salt, soap, matches. And some writing supplies for schoolchildren: notebooks, sketchbooks and notepads for writing, pencils in a set and separately, pens and pens, ink in a tablet (at home they were diluted with water and then poured into an inkwell). That's the whole meager assortment in our village shop. Another function of the selmag was to accept testicles from the peasants, pay 45 kopecks apiece (this is still the same money, before the 1949 reform). The villagers rarely had cash, at that time they were replaced by the equivalent - moonshine ... Therefore, the store manager, who was also the seller, kept a promissory note in which he wrote down the goods issued on credit. Men especially used this: each “hung” 1.5-2 liters of vodka drunk on credit, although at one time Uncle Sasha (department manager) did not pour more than 150 grams ... Sometimes my father sent me, a 4-5 year old boy, to the store go shopping. At the same time, he did not give money, but only a note to the seller. I ask - what to buy, the father laughs and says - and what they give, then you bring. I didn’t know how to read yet, I’ll come to the store, put a crumpled note in my hands, the seller will read it and give me the “goods”. Once, among the "goods" was a pack of "Box" cigarettes. I was surprised because my dad never smoked. It turned out that he had a bad toothache, and he drowned out the pain with cigarette smoke.
The next objects of "civilization" in Rozalievka are the village council and the collective farm office. Half of the village council building was occupied by a post office; an old man worked there, or maybe just an elderly man. But to us kids, he seemed like a grandfather: with a mustache, he always walked with a stick, limping slightly. At that time, practically no one subscribed to newspapers, occasionally letters came to some of the villagers, or someone had to “hit” a telegram (that's what they said - “hit”, not send).
Next to the office is a large collective farm yard. There are cowsheds, calves, stables for horses (oxen and horses were the main draft force), a grain current, a barn for storing grain, a collective farm pantry, a large cellar - there are many barrels of grape wine in it, which the collective farm did not make for delivery to the state, but " for your own needs." On a large open area, a meager and primitive from today's point of view agricultural crops were kept. equipment: plows, harrows, cultivators, seeders, winnowing machines, trailers, heating pads, reapers, two-wheel forks, etc.
Even in our village there was a mill, powered by a motor like a small steam locomotive. This two-stroke engine ran on kerosene. It had a large inertial wheel on the flywheel, and then, through a long pass (as we called the transmission belt), flour millstones rotated - large stone circles. In the mill, only coarse flour was made (and there were no other needs then) and grain was crushed to feed livestock and birds. But in order to process sunflower seeds for oil, we went to another village, Bachmanovka, which is 7 km from us. Usually my father brought 3-4 bags of seeds there, and our family had enough oil for about a year. Simultaneously with the oil, the oil mill gave the owner and makuha - the compressed remains of the squeezed seeds and their husks. Makukha was steamed and fed to pigs at home. But Klava and I, too, with pleasure (or rather, from hunger and because of the lack of other “delicacies”) gnawed makukha while it was still fresh and therefore fragrant ... And what was to be done? Post-war life is gray wholemeal bread, jacket potatoes or mashed potatoes, vegetable oil ... That's all pickles.
And now I'm going back to school, and back to first grade. There were four orphans in my class, their dads died in the war. It was especially difficult for these children: there was nothing to buy books, notebooks, even ink. Yes, there are school supplies - it happened, and more than once, that during lessons, children fainted from hunger and fell to the floor ... Together with the childhood friend mentioned above, Tolya Bulgak, we took "patronage" over Kolya Hutsol. His father, Hutsol Grigory Kirillovich, died in October 1944 during the liberation of Hungary. Every day at school, we shared slices of bread brought from home with our classmate Kolya, gave him 2-3 sheets from our notebooks, poured ink into his inkwell, and after lessons invited us to our home to do homework together. I have the best memories of Kolya Hutsol. He, alone among our other orphans-classmates, graduated from a 7-year school (the rest limited themselves to the initial 4 classes, and went to the collective farm as teenagers to work); studied very diligently, on 4 and 5.
In general, life in the countryside in the first post-war years was very difficult. From 1945 to 1947 the country lived on food and industrial cards. And if the workers in the city received at least a minimum, but at least some solid ration, then in the countryside the collective farmers were forced to provide for themselves and their dependents, and even without fail to pay cash and food taxes in kind. In essence, all the resources from the peasants were raked out to the underscraper. The tax on personal subsidiary plots was calculated on the basis of the profitability received from livestock, from crops on a personal plot, vegetable garden, from fruit trees, shrubs, etc. For example, it was believed that a cow gives an annual income to the owner of 1,500 rubles (in prices before the 1947 reform), and a goat - 140 rubles. The tax was calculated from this "initial" figure. Yards that did not have meat animals or chickens were not exempted from paying obligatory deliveries of meat and eggs - they could be replaced with cash payments or other products. Only after the death of Stalin in 1954, the state reduced the volume of such supplies, in connection with which the peasants, in joy, even composed a saying - “ Malenkov came, ate pancakes". The quitrent from the peasants was finally abolished in 1958.
Document/assignment to a peasant family for the annual tax in kind.
Receipt of acceptance from a peasant of 4 kg of meat against tax in kind.
Is it any wonder that the peasants, unable to pay the tax, kept few livestock, and were also forced to cut down fruit trees and shrubs on their land. The cow in the family was a real breadwinner. However, many people, especially widows, could not keep a cow, not only because of the exorbitant tax, but also because there was nothing to feed her in winter. Therefore, they were limited to an unpretentious goat or sheep. By the way, the goat at that time was called " Stalin's cow"- for her tax was many times less than for a cow. It was out of the question to secretly, under the cover of night, bring a bundle of straw or an armful of hay for livestock from a distant collective farm haystack. For theft of collective farm property, the law of June 4, 1947 provided for criminal liability from 5 to 20 years in prison with possible confiscation of property. This law was repressive in nature - it did not stipulate the minimum amount of theft. Essentially, this there was a dubbing of the infamous resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the "three spikelets" of 1932.
In connection with the mentioned taxes, I remember such an episode. In the summer of 1950, a local teacher came to our house, who, on the instructions of the village council, was conducting another “inventory” of livestock, trees and shrubs in every yard. Parents instructed me, a 6-year-old boy, a "responsible task" - to count the number of trees we have. So I counted almost 20 of them, including 3 maples growing on the boundary, 5 acacias and 10 root offsprings of the same year ... But in reality, our "garden" consisted of one plum and one cherry. It's good that the teacher was my relative - my cousin, and she reproachfully explained the viciousness of my calculation.
In our area, each peasant household had to compulsorily annually hand over 150 liters of milk from a cow 50 kg of meat, from 30 to 150 eggs (depending on the number of chickens on the farm). I remember very well the delivery of milk to the state, because. every evening, after milking the cow, my mother sent me or my sister Klava to take half a bucket of milk to the collection point. Before that, I went to "reconnaissance" - to find out if they take milk samples for fat content today. The fact is that if the fat content of milk turned out to be lower than the base 3.7%, then a reduction coefficient was applied to the amount delivered, and if the milk is more fat, then an increase. That's why my mother (as, indeed, many other peasants), on the "control day" added a liter and a half of more fat sheep's milk to the surrendered cow's milk. They paid for the donated milk only 25 kopecks per liter, while in state stores the price for it was 5 rubles - i.e. 20 times more expensive... The state paid a generally ridiculous 14 kopecks per kilogram for the meat handed over by the peasants for obligatory deliveries, while in shops in the city it was sold for 32 rubles. Peasants were paid 4.5 rubles per kilogram of butter handed over, and in state trade it was sold for 66 rubles. All prices are given before the monetary reform of December 1947.
But in addition to the natural agricultural tax, the collective farmers also had to pay mandatory insurance premiums, local taxes, voluntary self-taxation, and purchase government bonds of various loans.
Despite the severity of post-war life, the situation of families where men returned from the front was still considered more or less prosperous. But the life of those families whose breadwinners died in the war was much harder. In addition, at that time, the villagers were literally hostages of compulsory work on the collective farm, since when a peasant left it, he lost the right to a household plot. And it was practically impossible to leave the village for the city or go to another area, since, among other things, the peasants were not supposed to have passports. Do you know how the collective farmers are these "uneducated, ignorant people," as some self-satisfied dreamers sometimes contemptuously call them? O would - deciphered the abbreviation of the CPSU (b) in that post-war period? IN second TO repost P right b Olsheviks…
Only household plots saved the villagers from starvation, since earnings on collective farms did not cover even a quarter of the subsistence level. According to my parents, payment for their work on the collective farm brought about 20% of the real needs of our family of five (father, mother, grandmother, sister and me). Both father and mother worked on the collective farm from dawn to dusk, during the hot season without days off at all. Collective farmers were practically not paid money for their work, but they put sticks on the record sheet - workdays: Kolgospi has a workday without pennies, ticked off... If a person did not fulfill the daily norm, he was recorded 0.75 or 0.5 workdays. So, in general, an ordinary collective farmer could rarely earn more than 200 workdays in a year, and besides, they were paid only once a year, and not in money.
At that time, payment in kind was practiced on collective farms throughout the country. Directives of the center allowed to give out to collective farmers for workdays only 15% of the delivered crop, and even then, on condition that the collective farm fulfilled the state supply plan. And it was done like this. At the end of the year, the collective farm board decided how much grain to give per workday. In a good year, it could be 1 kg, and in a lean year, which turned out to be 1947, it could be only 200 grams. And only from the mid-1950s, 10 years after the end of the war, to the delight of collective farmers, they began to pay extra money for workdays - from 15 to 60 kopecks. By that time, the peasants had also been abolished the in-kind food tax for livestock, as well as the cash tax for fruit trees and shrubs. But until that time, we still had to live ...
Ref O sit, but how did they survive in the countryside in those difficult post-war years? Let me tell you how our family lived. They kept a cow, four lambs, a pig, 10-12 chickens in the courtyard. The land allotment at the house was about 50 acres. Potatoes, corn, table, sugar and fodder beets, vegetables - onions, garlic, cucumbers, tomatoes, carrots, beans, cabbage, pumpkin and seasoning greens were grown on it. Parents managed the livestock and worked in their garden from dawn until they left for work and in the evening after returning from collective farm work. So my sister and I also had to work a lot: to help plant a garden, sap A weeding and weeding, helping to harvest, harvesting every day two or three bags of grass (weeds, weeds) for a cow for the night, and many other things. And housework. From the age of 6 my duty was also to tend the sheep when it was our family's turn.
As a child, I did not shun any work - my parents adhered to the principle of labor education of their children. And these principles were simple and understandable: “No work is shameful - idleness is shameful” and “Whatever you do, try to do it well! It's bad - it will work itself out ... ".
Together with my sister, they also helped my mother a lot on her collective farm work: when she was a pig shed, they cleaned the cages from manure, brought food to the pigs, and in the field, especially in the fall when harvesting sugar beets. I'll tell you a little more about this. There were no sugar beet harvesters in those days, they were harvested by hand. Here's how it was done. Each collective farm woman engaged in field work was assigned a daily harvesting task: 8-10 long, up to 1 km, rows of beets - after all, in the south of Ukraine the fields are huge ... On the eve of the only caterpillar tractor on the entire collective farm, with the help of a plow, slightly undermined the roots of beets and retired to another job - to raise the fall. The undermined roots had to be taken down in heaps, cut off the tops from each root with a knife, and then manually loaded onto a truck to be sent to the regional procurement center. For the export of beets from the regional MTS, 3-5 dump trucks were allocated to the collective farm for this time. my sister and I, after coming home from school and having a quick bite to eat, went to the field to help my mother. Our task was to pull out and demolish root crops in heaps, while breaking them off from the sticky wet earth.
Collective farmers harvest sugar beets.
And my mother, moving from one pile to another, cut off the tops with a knife. And when the long-awaited car arrived, we all threw roots into the body together. Loading had to be done as quickly as possible - the driver of the dump truck also has a daily export rate. Chernozems in the south of Ukraine are fertile, each beet root weighs 1.5-2 kg, or even more ... So the work yo this one was quite heavy - in the evening, from fatigue, they ate-ate trudged home; but on the other hand, sweet in the literal sense of the word: collective farmers who worked the whole season “on beets” and fulfilled the norm for harvesting them were given sugar for workdays. I don’t remember exactly how much was supposed to be for one stick of labor, but at the end of the year our family received a bag and a half of sugar. If you spend it economically, it will last for the whole year. But still, everyone was looking forward to getting sugar from the new crop. The whole village knew in advance on what day the collective-farm carts would go to the district center for him, and at the end of the day people with their bags and carts were already crowding near the pantry. But the head of the collective farm pantry, Gnat (it was Gnat, and not Ignat, everyone called him) is still a beetle ... On this day, under any pretext, he does not give out sugar, they say, it is necessary to outweigh it, or there is still no statement from the office to whom how much, and other excuses. The evil people will go home, and in the evening Gnat will drag several buckets of water into the pantry and place them near the open bags of sugar. During the night, sugar absorbs a lot of water ... As a result, each collective farmer receives less than 2-3 kg of sugar from every 50 kg, and the storekeeper Gnat fattens. And as for the "accuracy" of barn scales, and in whose favor this "accuracy", one can only guess.
In autumn, parents, like all collective farmers, received, in addition to sugar, grains of wheat, corn and sunflowers as a calculation. Part of the grain of wheat and corn was ground in a rural mill for flour, and part was used to feed livestock. Oil was made from sunflower seeds at the oil mill, and makukha was used as feed for pigs. They didn’t buy practically any food products in the store, except for salt, herring and tyulka. They managed with potatoes and other vegetables grown in their own garden. Cucumbers, tomatoes, cabbage were salted in barrels for the winter. Mom baked bread once a week. In winter, a traditional family dinner is potatoes in uniforms or mashed potatoes, cracklings with onions and a bowl of pickles brought from the cellar.
The livestock did well. The cow was the real breadwinner. When I was a child, it was a special joy and pleasure for me to watch how my mother milked a cow. First, her udder was washed - this is so that the milk does not smell of anything. Milked in a clean bucket specially stored for this purpose - a pail. Mom sat on a bench next to the cow's udder, first massaged it a little and only then started milking: alternately squeezing the nipples on the udder and pulling them down. At the same time, a tight stream of milk escaped from the nipple. While the pan was still empty, a stream of milk beat loudly against its bottom; and when the pan was gradually filled, the jet hit the milk with a shuffling sound, forming a thick milky foam on the surface. During milking, my mother always spoke kindly to the cow, and she, in turn, appetizingly devoured the feed I had prepared ahead of time. After the end of milking, the milk was filtered through gauze and poured into clay jugs. My mother immediately poured me a mug of warm fresh milk, and I drank it in one gulp. The jugs of milk rested in the cellar for several days, then the cream and sour cream were removed from the milk. Curd was made from sour milk, from which cream-sour cream was removed. I also really liked this sour milk - I poured it into a deep plate, sprinkled it with sugar and ate it with a spoon on both cheeks. The current store-bought kefir and fermented baked milk cannot be compared.
Butter was churned from cream in a special churn, and I was almost always instructed to do this. Oh, if you knew how much I disliked this occupation! How long and tedious the process of churning butter seemed to me ... That is why I have not loved and still do not like butter all my life. By the way, while serving in the army, there was a certain benefit in this dislike: I changed my army portion of butter for a piece of refined sugar ...
Sorry, I was distracted by milk “lyrics” - all this is very memorable, and what a pity that nothing like this will ever happen again ... I will continue about the benefits of cows and other domestic animals in that post-war period. A calf born annually at the end of winter and beginning of spring over the summer on green grass put on a lot of weight, and on the eve of winter it was either sold - if it was a heifer, and if it was a bull, they were cut for meat; part of the meat was handed over by obligatory state delivery, part was consumed by ourselves, and the rest was sold at the market in the regional center - at least some money was needed. Four lambs were also of great use. First of all, it is the most delicious feta cheese, which was used both fresh and prepared salted for the winter. The annual offspring of five or six lambs also went into business: at the age of one week they were slaughtered for meat, the father himself made astrakhan astrakhan, which he then sold at the market. From sheep's wool, grandmother spun threads all winter, from which then a craftswoman from a neighboring village specially invited to the house made various rows (woolen paths) on a typesetting machine. They covered chests, benches, laid on the floor in the form of paths. Some of this stuff was also for sale.
Well, a wild boar or a pig, traditionally slaughtered for Christmas, after the delivery of the state tax, replenished home stocks of meat, lard, lard. Part of the meat was also taken to the market for sale. And there is no need to talk in detail about the benefits of chickens in the household ... With the proceeds from the sale of surpluses from livestock, parents bought shoes, clothes for the whole family, and made new clothes for their children.
This is how, or something like this, our other fellow villagers lived. In the words of the Ukrainian poet of the sixties Lina Kostenko, A biyak lived my fathers, and the fathers of my fathers, and all the orderly people in this part of the world forthe chiefs tried to live abyak, fooled by the devil's dominion, the devil's regime. Nabridlo.
Meanwhile, although they lived in poverty, relations between people were normal, people were kind, fair, helped each other as much as they could. By the way, helping a neighbor to a neighbor in household work in the village has always been carried out for "magarych". There is no need to hide a sin - they were making moonshine at that time, including my parents. They did this, however, secretly, since this "fishing" was punishable, and not by fines, but by real imprisonment.
The main feature of that time was, perhaps, the unpretentiousness of people in the countryside to living conditions. For example, quilted jackets were the main outerwear in the cold: one for everyday work on the collective farm and at home, the other with a satin top to “go out to people” - to the market, to visit, to school for a parent meeting. Any thing, whether it concerns shoes or clothes, was treated with care. Today's youth have never heard of and have no idea what it means to "turn the coat over." And then it was commonplace. For example, I wore a sweatshirt until the 8th grade. Sister Klava, however, at the age of 13 was “celebrated” with a coat - her aunt Olya, her father's sister, sewed it. Mom also constantly sewed some clothes for us on her trouble-free Singer sewing machine.
On the collective farm, the villagers worked in droves. In the first post-war 5-7 years, there were practically no tractors and combines, mechanization was at a primitive level: plows, harrows, seeders, mowers, threshers, winnowing machines ... Horses and oxen were the main draft force. So most of the work was done by hand: they dug, plowed, harrowed, sowed, planted, weeded, sapped, harvested ripened grain bread with sickles and scythes, raked it with rakes, knitted sheaves and put them in grandmothers on the field, then the dried sheaves were taken on carts to the collective farm current, threshed. Corn, sunflower, potatoes and beets were also harvested by hand.
On the collective farm, everyone worked together. And in the moments of rest they had fun ...
In the first post-war years, there were not enough horses; cows were harnessed to plows and harrows.
There were such threshers at the collective farm current until the mid-50s.
Cleaning and filling wheat into bags before sending it to the harvesting station.
Men controlled oxen and horses, worked as riders, grooms, shepherds, laborers. Women - milkmaids, pigs, calves, as well as a variety of field work. Those who worked in the field did not lag behind each other. We tried to fulfill the norm, otherwise the workday would not be recorded. They worked on a collective farm in all weather conditions. Loafers were not tolerated - they were despised in the village.
Schoolchildren were also recruited to work on the collective farm. Grades 1-7 at the end of the school year collected weevils in bottles in the fields with sugar beet shoots for two or three days. For us, kids, this work was attractive - they paid 1 kopeck for each insect, so we earned 1.75 - 2 rubles a day. Almost a kilogram of sweets "pillows"! And after the end of the school year, students in grades 4-6 had to work for 2 weeks on the collective farm, and for free.
Almost all 13-16-year-old teenage boys, whose fathers died in the war, after graduating from the 4th grade, stopped school and started working on a collective farm: horse drivers during plowing, cultivating row crops, reaping grain, shepherds collective farm calves, etc. similar. A little later, in the second half of the 50s, when more tractors appeared on the collective farm fields, the most prestigious job for teenagers was to get a job as an assistant to a tractor driver - a trailer.
The collective farmers had practically no days off, and what an annual vacation was, the peasants did not know at all. We rested on major religious holidays (Christmas and Easter), and on May Day and the anniversary of the October Revolution. In winter, there was also less collective farm work.
And at the same time, no one aloud resented the hard work and worthless earnings on the collective farm; they did not write complaints - they knew that it was useless; and even more so, they did not speak against the authorities - they were afraid of reprisals. Otherwise it was impossible. Soviet power recognized modern, fair, in general - their power. As paradoxical as it sounds today! What happened, happened - I remember clearly. Stalin was not discussed or condemned. They understood that it was necessary to rebuild the country after the war, it was impossible to do without difficulties and excesses. And although they lived hard and poorly, people had faith in the future. And after the war, people were ready to endure any hardships, if only life would get better soon.
And "gaps" really appeared. Starting from 1947, the card system was canceled in the country and, what is most pleasant for people, the practice of annual price reductions began. In particular, the first price reduction ranged from 10% (bread, flour and flour products, fish, oil, fabrics) up to 30% (salt, hay, cement, watches, gramophones). There was no inflation then, and no one knew the word. But everyone was looking forward to March 1 - the day of the announcement of the traditional price cuts.
Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the next price reduction from March 1, 1950
Of course, the annual price cuts at that time had more of a propaganda purpose than an economic achievement. Later, the former Stalinist Minister of Finance A.G. Zverev frankly wrote about this in his memoirs: the decline in prices was compensated in the country's budget by a decrease in wage rates.
Then, in 1947, Stalin's plan for the transformation of nature was announced. In our area in en masse began to plant forest belts to protect crops from dry winds and for additional snow retention in winter. Until the planted trees grew up, the collective farmers were allowed to use the inter-rows of forest belts for planting potatoes or corn. In addition to the plot of land near the house, this was an additional help for the household. I remember that my father got such a piece of forest belt, 200 meters, far from the village, about 2 kilometers away. And I, a 6-year-old, actively helped my parents to work it: in the fall they plowed - my father behind the plow handles, and I drive 2 harnessed oxen.
Oh, and the oxen were lazy, you can’t do without an assistant driver.
In the spring, instead of oxen, my father managed to get two collective farm horses for half a day. It was May 1, the "holiday" of family labor. With the help of horses, they managed quickly: they harrowed and sowed 8 long rows of corn with a seeder. Three times during the summer together with my sister prosap A whether corn from weeds. And in the fall, the whole family harvested: one supply of cobs and two supply of stems, which in winter went to feed the cow and sheep.
Somewhat later, already in the mid-50s, when the trees in the forest belts grew, I often went there with other boys to feast on mulberries, wild cherries, cherries, cherry plums, apricots.
I will give a couple more examples of collective family work in the early 50s, which give an idea of the life of the peasants at that time. On the day of the November holiday in 1952, dad, mom, older sister and I went 7 km in a cart to a distant forest for acorns. On the eve of the father agreed on this with the forester. During the day we collected six bags, and two domestic pigs enjoyed them all winter. A year later, in the same forest, also on a November holiday and also by agreement with the forester, my father uprooted the stumps of cut trees all day long, and my mother and I collected them and put them on a cart. In winter, the stumps served as excellent fuel in the oven for baking bread. But the stove in the kitchen and the stoves in the house were usually heated with dung in winter. They were made at the beginning of summer from cow dung accumulated over the winter, thickly flavored with straw bedding. Kizyaks were a good substitute for firewood in our almost treeless area - they burned hot in the stove and very little ash remained after them. The bitter smoke from the dung is still remembered to me. When you happen to sit by a burning fireplace or by a Ligian fire, such sentimentality creeps through that every time tears come to your eyes. Such a state of mind was very accurately reflected by F.I. Tyutchev: " And the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us! So the last century speaks poetically. But in ours, talent itself is always looking for spots in the sun, and it smokes the fatherland with stinking smoke!
From 1953-1954, life in the village began to gradually improve. We must pay tribute to Nikita Khrushchev: both in origin and in interests, he was much closer to the peasants than I. Stalin. He implemented a number of important development activities for that time. Agriculture: state purchase prices for agricultural products were increased, advance payment of wages for collective farmers was introduced. The taxation of the peasants was somewhat reduced, they began to encourage the breeding of poultry, rabbits and other small livestock in the village. This was evident in our village. Many peasants who did not have cows before acquired them in 1954. Trucks, tractors, combines, seeders, cultivators, loaders and other equipment appeared on the collective farm. Even the chairman of the collective farm changed the two-wheeled cart for Pobeda. The mechanization of field work contributed to the increase in yield. And thanks to the collective farms b O With greater independence, they were able to sell part of their products on the market at free prices. In particular, since 1955, our collective farm had its own stall on the market in the regional center, which sold collective farm cherries, watermelons, melons, apples, pears, grapes, cucumbers, tomatoes, carrots, cabbage. Even meat was sold - thanks to the resourcefulness of the chairman in the collective farm herd there was an unaccounted for number of calves ... Therefore, the collective farmers began to receive more workdays not only in natural products, but also in money. Somewhere in 1955-1956, the peasants even got the opportunity to buy one or two carts of coal in the district center for the winter.
I remember that in 1956 the collective farm awarded my father, as a leader in production, with a valuable gift - a Rodina 52 battery radio. And the father of my friend Tolya, Nikolai Andreevich Bulgak, who worked as a tractor driver, was awarded a gramophone. And the social sphere has changed in the countryside. The club has launched a library; at the expense of the collective farm, they bought a set of musical instruments made of yellow copper - a trumpet, a horn, a cornet, a tuba and a bass drum; barbell, dominoes, billiards, checkers, chess appeared for young people. Once a week, on Thursdays, a film shifter came from the district center. The films were not of the “first freshness”, but characteristic of that time: “The Pig and the Shepherd”, “Seven Brave”, “Chapaev”, “Kotovsky”, “Battleship Potemkin”, “Young Guard” ... 15 ... 18-year-olds young men and women were engaged in amateur performances, regularly held concerts for the villagers, built gymnastic pyramids on the stage and even staged plays. A brigade of artists regularly came to the village from the regional house of culture: ditties sang on the topic of the day, danced, recited poems. Only the elderly were reluctant to visit country club- maybe because it was arranged in the building of the church closed in 1949.
Guys prewar years born in the direction of the collective farm studied at the district courses of tractor drivers and drivers, after which they returned to the village. The primary Komsomol organization. In 1956, four young machine operators from our village went to Kazakhstan on a voucher from the district committee of the Komsomol to develop virgin lands.
And when in 1956 the collective farm rewarded my father with a real, albeit battery-powered, Rodina 52 radio, I spent a lot of time in the evenings near him. Rotating the tuning knob along the waves, for the first time at the age of 12 I heard speech in different languages.
And again I return to school years. By the time I graduated from the 4th grade, the building of our seven-year Rozaliev school had dilapidated to an emergency state. It was allowed to conduct classes in it only for primary grades, and grades 5-7 were transferred to a school located 3 km away in the village of Malaya Aleksandrovka. In common parlance, this small village was called Czechs - due to the fact that most of its inhabitants were Czechs. Malaya Aleksandrovka was founded in the second half of the 19th century by Czechs who emigrated to the south of Ukraine from Bohemia and Moravia due to the lack of free land there and the impoverishment of the population. By decision of the government of the Russian Empire at that time, Czech settlers received land here, were exempted from taxes, military service, and also had other benefits - even the right to administrative self-government. This is how the village “Chekhi” arose in our area, although already in my time there were no more than half of the inhabitants of the descendants of the Czechs, and the rest were Ukrainians. We, the boys, were especially struck by the noticeable difference between Malaya Aleksandrovka and our village, and other villages . In essence, only one central street was originally Czech in this village, on both sides of which houses were located - all with a facade to the street. Each house has a utility yard, a garden and a well-groomed courtyard. In front of the windows - certainly a flower garden. Usually in every yard there is a well. Almost all houses are large, with 5-6 rooms, built of brick, the roofs are covered with tiles. We constantly communicated with our Czech classmates, after school we often went to their homes. I remember that in Czech families there was always an abundance of flour products dumplings (dumplings) and nudliks (noodles), and on holidays - kalachi, pies, buns, gingerbread, donuts. And these details of their cuisine are etched in my memory because the Czechs are Catholics by religion, and they celebrated Christmas and Easter a little earlier than us Ukrainians.
So while studying in the 5th-7th grades, we, the Rozalevskys, had a morning and lunch 3-kilometer "promenade" to school and back every day. Moreover, in any weather: in the autumn slush and impassable mud underfoot, and in the winter cold with snow and a blizzard. By the way, just outside the outskirts of Malaya Aleksandrovka there was a large collective farm garden, through which we passed 350-400 meters on the way to school and back. In September, and even in the first half of October, all the trees are hung with ripe apples and pears. The watchman knows the time of our morning and afternoon “passage” through the garden, so he watches carefully ... But we are also shot sparrows! A gang of 15-20 Rozaliev 5-7th graders is stretched out so that when the front ones are at the end of the garden, then the back ones are only at the beginning. Therefore, the watchman cannot keep track of everyone at the same time. In any case, some of us manage to fill full briefcases and pockets with apples and pears. And then, in a brotherly way, we share the booty with the whole company.
I also remembered another funny story of that time. We always went to school in this neighboring village of Malaya Aleksandrovka in a single crowd, and in late autumn and winter we appeared at school in advance, sometimes even an hour before the start of classes. They went into the classroom, sat down at the teacher's table, lit a candle brought from home, took out cards and ... played points. For money, of course, although the rates were only 5-10-15-20 kopecks. And in those days, this “prank” of schoolchildren was considered prohibitive, they could be expelled from school for 2-3 weeks, and the gambler was guaranteed a deuce in behavior for a quarter. Once we were so carried away by the game that we lost our vigilance. As a result, the headmistress of the school "caught" us doing this lesson ... Oh, what a scandal it was! Parents - to school, us - pranksters - to be branded at the council of the pioneer squad, "exemplary" girls angrily demanded to take off our pioneer ties. The next morning, a huge lightning bolt wall newspaper hung in the school corridor with caricatures quite similar to us and a satirical verse. I still remember what was addressed to me: “ Borisovski th on the bank - knock, i to the bank - wi si m hands» ( in Ukrainian). The whole Rozalievka for a week and a half or two made fun of us, who had so stupidly “blundered” at school. How did the parents react to this? - you ask. I won’t say about others, but after returning from school, my father said only one phrase: “Misha, don’t tease the geese.” I understood the meaning, because by that time in our household there were already two geese and a gander, plus an annual brood of 18-20 goslings. And I knew firsthand how adults O sobi, especially the gander, guard their offspring ...
We, the boys of that time, organically combined both schooling, and helping parents at home and at collective farm work, and carefree joys of children, and pranks "on the verge of a foul." And they played football, and roamed the collective farm melons, gardens and vineyards, and caught fish in the collective farm pond furtively from the fish farmer-watchman, and not only went to the village club to the library, but also in the evening secretly climbed through the window to films such as forbidden to children " Fanfan Tulip. And some of them started smoking from the age of 5-6 - shredded dried cow cakes were wrapped in newspaper scraps. Older boys and “with money” bought cigarettes “Box” or the legendary “Belomorkanal” in the village store. But men, accustomed to military and post-war shag, preferred to smoke self-garden tobacco, since for them cigarettes and cigarettes that were then available for sale were nothing more than ladies' entertainment.
Village men, usually at work, did not talk without swearing. How could another groom Vanya or Styopa ingeniously express everything he wanted to say on a three-four-five-story mat - this is something! And the shade of the mat emphasized everything that was needed: the direction of thought, the opinion of the speaker, his mood, joy or discontent, personal attitude to the expressed thought ...
Ref O sit: did the boys swear in a swear way? And don't ask! After all, swearing could often be heard from adults, so we imitated them. But there was an unspoken internal prohibition: only in your flock! You can not swear in front of adults and girls. And one more remarkable fact - I don’t remember a single case when the boys fought with each other, or one company with another.
There was another children's fun in the post-war years. On the slopes in the vicinity of the village in the spring, the rifle and machine gun cartridges left in the ground from the war, and even small-caliber shells, were exposed by melt water. Starting from mid-May, when it becomes warm and the grass is green with might and main, we set off for the outskirts of the village, prepared a fire and put the cartridges we found into it. After that, the fire was set on fire, and they themselves quickly hid in the ravine. When the flames in the fire flared up, the ammunition began to explode. Of course, these are not the current fireworks, but the cannonade sounded the same ...
The nomadic gypsies diversified and to some extent enlivened the generally monotonous village life. Every summer they unexpectedly arrived two or three times in their wagons, set up their encampment for 5-6 days on the outskirts of the village, and always also unexpectedly left. Remember, A.S. Pushkin: “Gypsies roam in a noisy crowd around Bessarabia. Today they spend the night over the river in tattered tents. Like a liberty, their lodging for the night is cheerful, and a peaceful sleep under heaven between the wheels of carts, half-hung with carpets. The fire is burning; the family around is preparing dinner; horses graze in the open field ... ". You can't really say!
The main attributes of the nomadic gypsies were wagons and piebald draft gypsy horses, handsome, against which the collective farm mares, exhausted by hard work, looked very miserable. Usually one camp came - a large gypsy family with a bunch of kids, on several wagons. And immediately they unfolded three or four large tents. The camp had portable bellows, anvils, hammers and other tools. Male gypsies are wonderful blacksmith artisans, so they immediately began to repair sickles, scythes, glanders, shovels, pitchforks, plows, harrows, rakes, axes, hand saws and other similar equipment for the inhabitants of the entire village.
And the gypsies at that time frolicked in the camp.
Well, we, the village boys, were spinning around all the time, watching with interest the patriarchal tribal life of the gypsy camp. True, our parents forbade us to get close to the tents, scaring us that the gypsies were stealing children. But you won't take us for fear! Were the gypsies afraid and did adults hide children in the villages when the camp appeared? Of course not. What are they afraid of? At that time, they no longer traded in horse stealing. Is a gypsy, who knows a lot about horses, covet the exhausted collective farm nag? It was just that the villagers kept an eye on everything when the gypsies were nearby.
But my brother Kolya, 12 years younger than me, has not seen nomadic gypsies and does not remember. And no wonder - in October 1956, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR forbade the Gypsies to lead a nomadic lifestyle. Gypsies were brutally herded into special quarters of the suburbs - a kind of ghetto, forcing them to take official jobs instead of handicrafts and fortune-telling. In the villages, the local authorities began to drive out the nomadic Gypsies from the camps, exposing them to all sorts of discrimination, even at the household level. There were even “excesses on the ground”: gypsies were caught for vagrancy and sent to “five-year plans”. Reference : now in the Odessa region, according to official data, about 3 thousand Roma “Netzia” Ursari live settled.
I'll tell you about one more episode of my childhood, this time - an ideological one. It will be about the death of I.V. Stalin, or rather, about the day of his funeral on March 9th. On that day, at noon, mourning rallies were held throughout the country. This took place in our Rozalievka. I, a student of the 2nd grade, an excellent student and an exemplary pioneer, was instructed to speak at a rally on behalf of schoolchildren. The text, of course, was prepared for me by the teacher in advance. Mom dressed me up as best she could. The rally was held on the square in front of the collective farm club. First, the chairman of the village council, the party organizer of the collective farm, the advanced milkmaid and pig farmer, the Komsomol leader of the collective farm spoke, and only then my turn. And the winter that year was cold, even in our southern regions. And that day, March 9, turned out to be frosty and windy. So I, a 9-year-old boy, had to stand for almost an hour on this beater - undressed, without a jersey, in one jacket, without a headdress, but with a new pioneer tie on the neck... And all in order to rattle a memorized 3-minute speech about children's grief in connection with the death of a dear and beloved leader... As a result, he caught bilateral lobar pneumonia, spent three weeks at home in bed with a temperature of 39 o - to end of spring break. A day later, a local paramedic gave me injections of penicillin and put jars.
Already at the present time, I once told this story to my colleagues at work, and they laughingly say: Mikhail, you directly suffered from the Stalinist regime, apply for the status of a politically repressed ... It's a joke, of course. But seriously, how to get a certificate confirming the fact that took place? There are no others, and those are far away ...
With this episode, perhaps, I will finish the story of my childhood, which smoothly turned into adolescence. Adolescence is a different period of life, and a separate story will be devoted to it. At the end of this story, I will introduce you to my parents:
Memory - main factor development of the cognitive sphere of the child. Therefore, special attention should be paid to its development. As the child grows older, he remembers his grandmother's face, words and colors, the names of his friends in kindergarten, poems that parents read to him and much more.
When a child memorizes the alphabet, it becomes the first step to learning to read. As he gets older, he memorizes the multiplication table, new foreign words, the names of the capitals of the countries of the world, and poems. He keeps in mind the tasks planned for the day, the messages that come to him during the day, the football training schedule and much more. And all this time he remembers the events that have already happened to him, both pleasant and unpleasant.
If you put together everything that a person remembers (information, practical skills and life events), it becomes clear what an important role memory plays in our lives. It is through memory that we are who we are.
The older the child gets, the more he can remember. Memory is an extremely useful thing, and it would be great if we could make it work more efficiently. But, according to psychologists, this is impossible, and all games and exercises for the development of memory in children do not give a tangible effect. Memory is not like a muscle, it cannot be developed through training. On the other hand, if you understand the mechanisms of memory development (what, when and why children remember), you can follow them and develop the child's memory in accordance with his abilities.
younger children
Most of us don't remember events before the age of two. Psychologists call this period “childhood amnesia”. They claim that we access and store memories through speech. Since children under two years of age have not developed speech, and they cannot fix their impressions, hugs and kisses of their parents, smells and tastes - all that happened to a child under two years old. All this is not remembered, although it has an impact on the future life of the child.
Scientists have proven that the ability to remember events appears in a child quite early. Studies have shown that six-month-old babies can be taught to make sounds with a rattle attached to a stroller and will remember it after a few days.
Children preschool age They remember best what arouses their interest, frightens or delights, and these memories last for about 10 months. Children do not remember the details of the last visit to the doctor, but they can remember their impressions of this visit: "The doctor told me something that I did not like."
Children tend to generalize even single events from the past: both good and bad. They think that if an event happened once, then it will repeat itself again and again. Scenarios that are remembered by the baby can be pleasant (“If you go to visit grandma, you can eat sweets”), unpleasant (“If the nanny comes, it means that mom will leave soon”) or cause stress (“When we go with our parents to visit , they leave me alone with these terrible children").
Provide your child with activities that encourage memory. Play games with your child before bed. Play along with your child as he puts his favorite teddy bear to bed. Children's poems captivate children so much that they suggest individual sounds and syllables, even if they do not yet know how to pronounce words. Accompany the verses with movements - and the child will repeat them after you.
Practical Tips
- The child should do as many activities as possible on their own. In this case, these actions are more likely to be stored in memory.
- Remind your child of images in the form of pictures. For example, if he has not seen his grandmother for a long time, show him her photo.
2 to 7 years old
At this age, the development of memory is influenced not only by the ability to speak, but also by the ability to tell stories. Children better remember events that have a plot.
Preschoolers remember the most vivid details. For example, a child is more likely to say, “I remember my parents bought me a mask and snorkel for snorkeling. I went to the beach with them and met my cousin there" than "I remember going to the beach". Children remember events and create stories from them.
At preschool age, children are already able to memorize abstract concepts - colors, numbers from one to ten, the alphabet and others. This information is stored in short-term memory, and the child makes an effort to recall it if necessary. Over time, this process becomes automatic, and you no longer need to make efforts to memorize. The child no longer remembers the names of the flowers, he just knows them.
When a child often recalls abstract concepts, they become knowledge. So, for example, a child knows how to ride a bicycle. First, he remembers what needs to be done, and this takes all his attention. After a while, the information is reproduced automatically by the child, and he masters the skill of riding a bicycle.
The preschooler remembers what interests him (for example, he remembers his sister's doll, which he is not allowed to touch). Memorizing more complex concepts best method is repetition. When a child asks to read the same fairy tale to him again and again, he unconsciously remembers it. And if the text is easy to remember (it is rhyming, rhythmic or illustrated), the child will easily be able to remember it completely.
What helps in the development of memory
Repetition, although it helps to remember information, does not develop memorization skills. Scientists say that parents who teach children to tell stories correctly help them develop memory.
To help your child develop memory, tell him stories. Encourage him to speak interesting stories. Let him start with minor events: a walk in an amusement park or a day spent in kindergarten. Ask your child questions such as: “Were you given cookies for breakfast today?”.
Practical Tips
- Remember the details of events. If a child says at breakfast that he has lost his favorite toy, help him remember when and where he last played with it when he discovered that the toy was lost. Check if the toy has fallen behind the sofa.
- Come up with melodies and rhymes. Help your child remember the home phone number by writing a song about it. In the same way, you can teach your child to remember names, titles, and more.
- A child can be taught safety rules in the same way as the alphabet or the names of colors. Incorporate the concepts you want to teach your baby into his daily activities. Recognize familiar letters on signs or product packaging in a supermarket. Remind your child to repeat the phone number at home.
From 5 years and older
At this age, children learn to read and do simple arithmetic calculations. This puts a lot of stress on memory. At the same time, children usually perform simple household chores. Faced with the need to cope with new tasks, memory develops. Changes in the brain make it easier for the baby to remember information.
All children remember different information in different ways. Like adults, they remember better what interests them; what they understand; as well as what they know a lot about. Psychologists say that six-year-old children demonstrate an amazing ability to remember information from their hobbies. They can accurately name their favorite football team scores, player details, and more.
Possessing the ability to memorize information from one area of knowledge, a child may not show it in any way in other areas. An experiment was conducted in which children and adults took part. During the experiment, it was necessary to memorize the positions of the chess pieces on the board. Children coped with this task better than adults. But when the same participants were asked to memorize a series of numbers, adults performed better. Children's abilities were manifested only in the field of chess.
But how do children remember information that is not part of their interests? When they forget something they need to remember, they make an effort to retrieve the information they need. Children over the age of 5 begin to understand that it takes effort to memorize information.
What helps develop memory
Although children aged 6-7 show good ability memory in a certain area, they cannot apply them in other areas. And babies who understand and can explain how they remember something are able to apply this way in different areas. Therefore, if you help a child understand how he remembers information, you will help to realize his ability to memorize in different areas.
- Get ready in advance. For example, teach your child to pack a bag for school in the evening so that they don’t forget anything in the morning.
- Put things in the space provided for them. Explain to the child that if he collects toys after he has played with them, not a single toy will be lost. You should also put keys and other things in their place.
- Visualize. If the child wants to receive a few gifts for the New Year, invite him to draw them so that he does not forget anything.
- Prompt. Leave your child's shoes near the dog's bowl so the child won't forget to feed the dog before he goes out for a walk.
Practical Tips
- Encourage your child to make to-do lists and mark upcoming events on a calendar.
- Create the right environment. The child remembers better what is interesting to him and what he is already familiar with. Therefore, if you want your child to remember something from the field of music, create an appropriate environment at home: play musical instruments, go to concerts with your child, read books about great composers to him.
- Break tasks into parts. It will be easier for a child to learn a poem if you break it into several passages and start learning from the most difficult one. This strategy is well suited for many tasks, from remembering the causes of World War II in history class to packing before a trip.
At the age of 12, children already memorize information in the same way as adults. Their ability to memorize develops as knowledge and experience increase. Of course, parents will have to work hard before the child forms this skill.
Rate the postDecided! You are going to the theatre! At first glance, everything is quite simple. The choice of children's performances is tempting and varied, and now your smart preschooler is proudly sitting in the front rows of the stalls ... Take your time. A theater for a child is not just another "object" in a series of various cultural entertainments, and buying a ticket for even the most "fashionable" children's performance does not always mark the birth of a new avid theatergoer. The teacher of RAMT A.E. tells about how to make the first meeting with the theater meaningful and memorable. Lisitsina.
What age of a child is favorable for systematic communication with the theater? The "age of the theater" comes when the need for transformation and imitation is manifested, when the child's ability to perceive theatrical conventions has already been trained in the process. Simply put, as soon as your child has started playing "princess" or "princes" and mother's hats, scarves, "heels" are used, you should think about visiting the theater.
In front of you is a theater poster. What to choose for the first trip? Of course, it is better if it is a children's performance of a traditional, academic theater. In Moscow, for example, there are few such theaters, but they still exist. Stop your choice at the Russian Academic Youth Theater (RAMT), which has been staging performances for children for over 80 years. Today's playbill for young preschoolers has two performances - "Dunno Traveler" (N. Nosov) and "Dream with Continuation" (S. Mikhalkov) based on the tale of the Nutcracker.
If you're lucky, you can get to the "Spectator Initiation Celebration", which takes place 3 times a year during the school holidays. As a rule, in the autumn and spring holidays there are two, and in the winter - three or four such holidays. Then a special exhibition exposition is set up for children - "Magicians creating a fairy tale". On it, small guides (children from the audience) talk about the creators of the performance, show the scenery, lighting installations, costumes, make-up, props. And in the auditorium, just before the start of the performance, the leading artists of the theater play the interlude "Initiation into the Spectators". Such holidays are left in children vivid impressions for many years and provide an opportunity to touch the secret of the creation of the performance.
If you did not manage to attend the holiday, there is another opportunity to make your visit to the theater unforgettable. The theater has spectator clubs for children and teenagers. The smallest spectators come to the "Family Club". At the end of the performance, the kids, together with their parents, have the opportunity to take a picture (and then receive photos by mail) on the stage with the artists in the scenery, and after a short rest and tea drinking, the theater teacher unobtrusively, in a playful way, will help you and the children understand your impressions and pay attention to the main thing in the play. Children will be happy to draw the brightest and most memorable images of the performance for the artists. Such a first visit to the theater will not be forgotten!
But, perhaps, you did not manage to get either to the holiday or to the "Family Club". How to get your computerized, TV child interested in theater? What questions to ask to arouse interest and imagination?
The most common parenting question is: "Did you like the performance?". As a rule, children unequivocally answer: "Yes-ah-ah!". And this answer no longer requires discussion. But a topic for conversation can be found after any performance.
The very first question that the director asks himself when starting work is: "What will I stage this performance about? About friendship, love, loneliness, justice?" Ask this question to the child, and immediately there will be a reason for the conversation. I will allow myself to give you a small list of questions that are universal, suitable for any performance, hoping that you yourself will choose the right direction for the conversation.
- What is the name of the play? What is the name of the main character in the play? What are the names of the main character's friends and does he have enemies? Who would you like to be friends with?
- What act of the main character did you like (did not like)? Who was sorry?
- What would you do in a similar case?
- What was the hero (anti-hero) like at the beginning of the performance and what did he become by the end? Did the clothes of the characters in the play change?(This can be associated with the characters of the characters and their change.)
- Who, besides the actors, is involved in the play?(Look at the program, select, for example, an artist.)
- What colors in the costumes and scenery of the performance do you remember, and why are they like that?
- Did colors affect your mood? And the music? How did they influence?
- Do you think the name of the performance is correct, or could it be called something else? How? Which of your friends would you recommend to watch it?
You can talk about all this on the way home. During this time, the performance will "ripen" in the soul of the child. And at home, all your impressions can be translated into drawings with paints, pencils, crayons. Invite your child to draw the hero he likes and at the same time remember what clothes he was wearing and what color. Or maybe you will try to come up with a poster for this performance together? Or do you want to make a gift to your favorite hero with your own hands? And what? After all, it can be transferred to the theater. And how proud your baby will be!
Many parents have another question: do you need to prepare your child to watch the play, do you need to read or re-read the fairy tale you are going to see? If this is for ballet, then, yes, it is necessary, there is a special "language" here - the language of dance. A dramatic performance, for example, in our theater can be watched without any preparation. In conclusion, I want to remind you that a child is a tireless researcher not only in life, but also in the theater. And if he asks you a thousand "why" and "how" questions, then he wants to study theater theater.
Vladimir OMELYANOVICH, journalist
1. What is left in memory
In my life, unlucky, it turned out that my memory turned out to be tenacious. This helped me a lot. And, oddly enough, it hurts a lot. From memory, I kind of continue to live in a dark past. And I can't get away from it. The gray present, as it were, I try not to notice, to bypass. Although it doesn't work well. And I'm afraid of a bright future. This fear lies in the memory of the past. And it can imperceptibly become the future.
So. I tear out two bright, somewhat similar pictures from my childhood memory. First. I am six or seven years old. An occupation. Poverty. Salt, matches, soap - no. The father is no more. We carry everything we can carry. There are potatoes and corn. We are not dying. Grandmother earned a little pig with her hired labor. To create a holiday at least once a year. What a pig was for her can be judged at least by the fact that when it was necessary to turn it into food, she sobbed, and they took her away, saying that this prevents the boar from dying.
And then one day the occupier showed up. The neighbors sent him to us. He demanded a pig. Grandmother fell at his feet and began to hug his boots, watering them with her tears. It hurt me then to see my grandmother crying. Today the memory hurts. Or what is called the soul. As a result, the invader could not stand the sobs, kicked with his boot and ... retreated.
Picture two. Hungry
1946 I am 10 years old. Grandma is no more. She just froze outside. From hunger and cold. The situation is the same as during the occupation. Only there are no potatoes or corn. But you have to pay taxes, donate eggs, milk, meat. Old people remember this. But there is nothing. Absolutely.
Due date for tax payment and delivery
tax in kind expired long ago. The secretary of the village council arrives. For some reason, in our village, it was mostly Russians who were appointed to lead. Or maybe not for some reason. This one had a cliché to have, because he was constantly cursing.
Entering our hut, he began to fumble what can be described in terms of tax. Nothing was found. Now the mother was crying. And then for the first time I heard the phrase: "Moscow does not believe in tears." That is, long before the director's film Menshov. Although I'm not proud of it.
The actions of the aforementioned Imat aroused in me then an insistent desire for revenge. I hatched the idea of setting fire to a large stack of straw in a collective farm field. It would have turned out to be such an enchanting winding. But over time, my rebellious soul calmed down, although to this day I can’t figure out who hurt me O A greater spiritual wound is a western occupier or an eastern brother.
These two bright and at the same time dark pictures of childhood, like a dream of reason, give rise to a monstrous picture of today. If the biblical Ham, who saw the naked father of Noah, brought his brothers to laugh, then the current Ham threw his naked mother at the feet of his brothers for reproach. After all, if Kyiv is the mother of Russian cities, then Ukraine is the mother of all Russians. And now Ham, in his ugliness, enjoys how his mother is raped en masse by his brothers, in a Horde impulse, with an orgasmic cry “Russia, Russia!!!” and wearing St. George ribbons on their bloody chests as a symbol of the great victory. Victory over mother.
Realizing that the allegory is scary, I apologize to the children. Although they will bear the sin of their unreasonable parents even without this picture.
And in conclusion, I will express my own feeling. Our country, or our territory, as you like, has never experienced a greater shame, collective, public shame. I deliberately separate the territory from the country, the people living on it. For they, we deserve this shame.
(To be continued)
Memory is perhaps the most controversial topic of discussion among scientists and psychologists. When does a person's memory appear, the ability to memorize the people around us, objects, poems, numbers? .. What is a child's memory, when and how is memory formed in children? Is it possible to influence it and how to do it right?
The most mysterious and controversial issue in wide circles of scientists, psychologists and doctors is the question of memory. Probably, each of us would be interested to know at what age a person begins to remember certain events, recognize people he has seen before, or remember sounds he has heard. What is a child's memory, when and how does it form, is it worth it to influence these processes and how to reasonably approach the development of a child's memory, we will discuss today.
Most authoritative scientists argue that memory is inherent in a person from the moment of his birth. Moreover, there are hypotheses that the child at the subconscious level remembers his intrauterine life. So how does this actually happen?
When a child overcomes the nine-month mark of his existence, his consciousness undergoes certain changes - the child's brain acquires the minimum size required for the basic work of the intellect. This value, or rather the volume, is 750-800 cubic meters. see. With a smaller volume, the human brain is not able to carry out mental operations.
When a child is born, the volume of his brain is no more than 360-400 cubic meters. cm. This is a relatively small indicator, since the volume of the brain of an adult is about 1400-1600 cubic meters. cm.
That is why it is worth discussing the issue of memory formation in babies starting from 9 months. Why this happens, and why not earlier than 9 - can be verified experimentally. Watch your 6 month old baby. If you hide the toy he was playing with from him and change it discreetly, the child will not look for the previous one. After 9 months, the reaction will be completely different - the baby will definitely go in search of a hidden toy, perhaps even accompanying this process with crying and screams of indignation. On such a simple experiment, it is easy to make sure that a certain image of a toy is formed in a child precisely after 9 months. Awareness of reality becomes stronger, and memory begins to develop faster and more efficiently every day.
The difference between the brain of a seven-year-old child and the brain of an adult is only 10%. However, children, despite such a small difference, have a different type of thinking from adults. For a better understanding of the processes of remembering information by kids, remember the Little Prince Saint-Exupery, who everywhere carries with him a portrait of a boa constrictor that swallowed an elephant. But the adults in this picture stubbornly see the hat, which is why main character forced to adapt to this strange adult world.
To understand the features of children's memory, as an example, we can cite the hero of Saint-Exupery's book "The Little Prince". Its protagonist carries around with him a drawing, in his opinion, depicting a boa constrictor that swallowed an elephant. However, none of the adults sees this, with one voice they all claim that the picture shows a hat. And then the hero, for the sake of adults, ceases to insist on his own, and disappointedly adjusts to their adult world.
Therefore, the work of the child's brain is more focused on perception than on reflection. Syncretism is inherent in children's memory, the child perceives the world in full, linking objects, images and actions together. Impressions are more vivid, the emotional component comes to the fore, which allows children's memory to develop into a long-term one. As a rule, it is easier for an adult to recall some bright event from childhood than to remember the day before yesterday.
What do children remember?
Parents should not forget that the memory of the child is inextricably linked with the emotions that he experiences. And he remembers rather his state in this or that event, rather than the facts accompanying it.As far as learning and rational use of children's memory is concerned, remember: your task is to make this process fun for the child. Any classes should be held in a playful way, especially for preschool children. Try not to overstrain the child with reading, alternate types of work. There are a number of exercises for training memory, but the main thing here is not to overdo it.
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