Yavlinsky's swan song: I'm going to live in London! Grigory Alekseevich Yavlinsky. Biographical information Who is Grigory Yavlinsky
Grigory Alekseevich Yavlinsky
Deputy Chairman of the Committee for Operational Management of the National Economy of the USSR August 24, 1991 - October 2, 1991
Party: CPSU (1985-1991), Yabloko (1993-present)
Education: Moscow Institute National economy them. G.V. Plekhanov
Academic degree: Doctor of Economic Sciences
Religion: Orthodoxy
Birth: April 10, 1952
Lvov, Ukrainian SSR, USSR
Grigory Alekseevich Yavlinsky(April 10, 1952, Lvov, Ukrainian SSR, USSR) - Soviet and Russian political figure, economist, leader of the electoral bloc " Yavlinsky- Boldyrev - Lukin" (since 1993), founder public association(since 1995) and the political party "Yabloko" (since 2001), head of the mentioned organizations in 1993-2008. Head of the Yabloko faction in the State Duma of Russia of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd convocations. Candidate for President of Russia in 1996 and 2000. Doctor of Economic Sciences.
Parents, childhood and youth of Grigory Yavlinsky
Father of Grigory Yavlinsky- Alexey Grigorievich Yavlinsky(1919(?)-1981, exact date of birth unknown). The passport listed the year 1919, but the brothers said that he could have been born in 1912, or 1917, or 1919...
During the Civil War he lost his parents, and in the 1930s he was brought up in the commune-colony of Anton Semyonovich Makarenko in Kharkov.
Member of the Great Patriotic War. In the active army since February 1942. He was the commander of the battery of the artillery regiment of the 333rd Guards Mountain Rifle Order of the Battle Red Banner of the Turkestan Division. He fought in the North Caucasus, as part of the 52nd Separate Primorsky Army, he took part in the Kerch landing, liberated Crimea, Ukraine, and Czechoslovakia. He ended the war as a senior lieutenant in the city of Vysoke Tatra (Czechoslovakia).
He was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree, the Order of the Red Star, and the medal “For Military Merit.”
In 1947, he married and settled in Lvov, where he graduated in absentia from the history department of Lvov pedagogical institute and the Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
He worked in the system of children's correctional labor and educational institutions.
Mother of Grigory Yavlinsky- Vera Naumovna, born in 1924 in Kharkov. By nationality - Jewish. Immediately after the war, she moved with her family to Lviv from Tashkent, where the family lived in evacuation. Graduated with honors from the Faculty of Chemistry of Lviv University. She taught chemistry at the institute. Parents of Grigory Yavlinsky buried in Lvov.
A choice of children's hobbies Grigory Yavlinsky were largely influenced by my father's memories of great attention to physical culture and sports in the commune named after. Dzerzhinsky, where boxing, in particular, was held in high esteem. These classes significantly helped the graduates of the commune both in subsequent labor activity, and during the hard times of war.
From 1964 to 1969 Grigory Yavlinsky I was involved in amateur boxing. Twice he became the champion of Ukraine in boxing among juniors in the second welterweight.
After graduating from the evening school for working youth, in 1969 he entered the Moscow Institute of National Economy. G.V. Plekhanov to the Faculty of General Economics, majoring in labor economics.
In 1973 Grigory Yavlinsky Graduated from the institute, in 1976 - graduate school.
In addition to the Russian language Grigory Yavlinsky He also speaks English and Ukrainian.
Labor activity of Grigory Yavlinsky in the USSR
1976-1977 - All-Union scientific- Research institute management of the coal industry (VNIIUugol).
Since 1980 Grigory Yavlinsky- Head of the heavy industry sector of the Labor Research Institute of the State Committee for Labor and Social Issues.
Since 1984 Grigory Yavlinsky- deputy head of the consolidated department, then head of department social development and population of the State Committee for Labor and Social Issues.
From 1985 to August 20, 1991 Grigory Yavlinsky was a member of the CPSU.
Since 1989 Grigory Yavlinsky- Head of the Consolidated Economic Department of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Since 2005 Grigory Yavlinsky- Professor at the National Research University - Higher School of Economics (in Russia).
Participation of Grigory Yavlinsky in the development of economic reforms (1990)
Together with Mikhail Zadornov and Alexei Mikhailov, they are working on a project to reform the USSR economy “400 days of trust”. Later, this program, called “500 days,” was proposed to Boris Yeltsin, then Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, as a program for reforming the Russian economy. An agreement is reached between the leadership of Russia and the USSR to develop joint measures to carry out economic reforms in the USSR on the basis of the “500 days” program, and a working group to develop programs is created. The group is led by academician Stanislav Shatalin and Grigory Yavlinsky.
Grigory Yavlinsky appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and Chairman of the State Commission for Economic Reform. By September 1, 1990, Grigory Alekseevich Yavlinsky’s “500 days” program and 20 draft laws for it were prepared, approved by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR and submitted for consideration to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
At the same time, on behalf of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Nikolai Ryzhkov, an alternative project was being developed - “Main Directions of Development”. Ryzhkov stated that if he is not accepted, he will resign. As a compromise, Mikhail Gorbachev proposed combining the two programs into a single program of the President of the USSR.
October 17, 1990 Grigory Yavlinsky resigns and, together with his team, who also left the government, creates and heads the research institute Center for Economic and Political Research "EPIcenter".
Grigory Yavlinsky in 1991
Epicenter together with scientists Harvard University(USA), with the political support of USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev, are developing a program for integrating the Soviet economy into the world economic system (“Consent for a Chance”). The program was not implemented.
During the August 1991 coup Yavlinsky located in the White House - the building of the Supreme Council of Russia.
On August 24, 1991, after the failure of the putsch, a Committee for the development and implementation of economic reform, headed by Ivan Silaev, was created for the operational management of the national economy of the USSR. Mikhail Gorbachev appoints Grigory Yavlinsky, Arkady Volsky and Yuri Luzhkov as deputy chairmen of the Committee with the rank of vice-premiers. From October to December 1991 Grigory Yavlinsky also serves on the Political Advisory Committee under the President of the USSR.
Headed by Grigory Yavlinsky The working group is preparing the “Agreement on Economic Cooperation between the Republics of the USSR.” The purpose of the Treaty is to preserve the single economic space and market of the USSR, regardless of what political form relations between the republics take. The agreement was initialed on October 18, 1991 in Alma-Ata by representatives of 10 republics, but Boris Yeltsin opposed the new supra-union entity, hoping that Russia alone would be able to move more quickly to the market.
Yeltsin proposed Yavlinsky the post of prime minister, but Yavlinsky never became prime minister. The day after the conclusion of the Belovezhskaya Accords Grigory Yavlinsky together with his team, he left the government as a sign of disagreement with Yeltsin’s actions, which were destroying not only political but also economic ties with the former Soviet republics, which undermined the possibility of reforming the Russian economy. The Committee for the Development and Implementation of Economic Reform ceased to exist.
Grigory Yavlinsky in 1992
In the spring of 1992 the team Yavlinsky presents its alternative to the reforms carried out by the Gaidar government.
May-November 1992 - Epicenter and the administration of the Nizhny Novgorod region are working on a program of regional reforms.
June 22, 1992 with the participation Yavlinsky a public Council on Foreign and Defense Policy was created (still exists).
After President Yeltsin's decree dissolving the Supreme Council in September 1993 and the Supreme Council's retaliatory attempts to remove the president from power, Grigory Yavlinsky, considering the decisions of the President and the actions of the Supreme Council illegal, invited the conflicting parties to abandon decisions made and call simultaneous early presidential and parliamentary elections.
September 28 Grigory Yavlinsky, realizing that a compromise is no longer realistic, calls on the Supreme Council to surrender firearms, and the presidential team to hold simultaneous elections in February-March 1994.
After the seizure of the Moscow City Hall building by supporters of the Supreme Council and the storming of Ostankino on October 3, 1993 Grigory Yavlinsky condemned Yegor Gaidar's call for unarmed Muscovites to come out to defend the Moscow City Council building and demanded a decisive suppression of the armed rebellion.
Grigory Yavlinsky participated in the elections to the State Duma of the first convocation as the leader of the Yabloko electoral bloc - the bloc received 7.86% of the votes and 27 seats in the State Duma.
Chechnya, the position of Grigory Yavlinsky
In November 1994, after an unsuccessful attempt to storm Grozny and capture Russian tank crews, Grigory Yavlinsky together with his Yabloko colleagues, he went to Chechnya and tried to negotiate with Dzhokhar Dudayev, offering himself as a hostage in exchange for prisoners.
Grigory Yavlinsky and his supporters took a sharp anti-war position, opposing themselves to the majority of State Duma deputies and the executive branch. Later Grigory Yavlinsky and Yabloko advocated the impeachment of President Yeltsin in connection with the outbreak of the war in Chechnya.
The Yabloko Party, the role of Grigory Yavlinsky
From 1993 to 2008 Grigory Yavlinsky was the leader - first of the Yabloko electoral bloc, then of the Yabloko public association, then of the Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko. Currently he is a member of the political committee of the party. From 1993 to 2003, the party was represented by a faction in the State Duma. In 2003, she failed to overcome the 5% barrier in the parliamentary elections, receiving 4.3% of the vote. In 2007, Yabloko received 1.6%.
In June 2008 Grigory Yavlinsky left the post of chairman of the Yabloko party.
In 1996 Grigory Yavlinsky was nominated as a candidate for the post of President of the Russian Federation by the democratic opposition, gaining 7.4% (fourth place after Yeltsin, Zyuganov and Lebed), in 2000 - 5.8% (third place after Putin and Zyuganov).
Family of Grigory Yavlinsky
Grigory Yavlinsky married, has two sons.
Wife of Grigory Yavlinsky- Elena Anatolyevna (nee Smotryaeva), engineer-economist, worked at the Institute of Coal Engineering (Research Institute "Giprouglemash") before the "perestroika" layoffs.
Native Jr. son of Grigory Yavlinsky, Alexey (born in 1981), defended his PhD thesis, works as a research engineer creating computer systems.
Adopted eldest son from his wife’s first marriage, Mikhail Yavlinsky(born in 1971), graduated from the physics department of Moscow State University, department of theoretical physics and specialty “nuclear physics”, works as a journalist. In the spring of 1996, when the presidential election campaign began, Mikhail Yavlinsky became a victim of political blackmail.
He was kidnapped by unknown criminals, whose identities were never established. Grigory Yavlinsky received the package. The severed finger of the son’s right hand was wrapped in a note: “If you don’t leave politics, we will cut off your son’s head.”
Immediately after this, Mikhail was released. Doctors performed a successful reconstructive operation. It was after this, sons Grigory Yavlinsky moved to London for safety reasons.
Grigory Alekseevich Yavlinsky
Biography. Details.
http://www.yavlinsky.ru/dossier/biography/index.phtml
"Connection of knowledge
Eloquence and Valor"
V. Shakespeare "Hamlet"
Surname
According to family legend, the surname comes from the name of the Epiphany Cathedral in Moscow (Elokhovskaya Church), in which one of Grigory Yavlinsky’s ancestors served. The “cousin” branch of the family bears the surname Yavlensky.
Family
Father - Alexey Grigorievich Yavlinsky.
The exact date of birth is unknown. The passport indicates the year 1919, but Alexei Grigorievich’s brothers said that he could have been born in 1912 or 1917. An open date of birth is not uncommon for that time: wars, revolutions. Alexey, like many children then, was left without parents, homeless - the older brothers themselves were small and could not feed the younger ones.
In the early 30s, Alexei Yavlinsky was brought up in the commune-colony of Anton Semenovich Makarenko named after Dzerzhinsky in Kharkov. The famous teacher doubted that Alexei would be any good: as he said, he was “too freedom-loving and spoiled.”
In 1937-38, when almost all the boys dreamed of being pilots or tank crews, Alexey Grigorievich went to study at the Bataysk flight school. But his character made itself felt: for participating in a fight that lasted several days, Alexey was expelled from the school.
In 1939 he was drafted into the army (he served in Andijan in Central Asia).
Alexey Grigorievich ended up in the active army in February 1942 - he was sent to North Caucasus to the artillery troops. Soon he became the commander of the battery of the artillery regiment 333 of the Guards Mountain Rifle Order of the Red Banner of the Turkestan Division.
As part of the 52nd Separate Primorsky Army, he participated in the Kerch landing, liberating Crimea, Ukraine, and Czechoslovakia. A street in the Czech city of Olomouc was named in his honor - Alexei Grigorievich’s battery was the first to enter the city liberated from German troops. He finished the war in the Tatra Mountains (Czechoslovakia) as a senior lieutenant.
He was awarded military awards: the Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree, the Order of the Red Star, and the medal “For Military Merit.”
After the war, Alexey Grigorievich married in 1947 and settled in Lvov, graduating in absentia from the history department of the Lvov Pedagogical Institute and the Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
In 1947-61 he worked as a teacher, senior teacher, and head of a children's labor educational colony. In 1961, he was appointed head of the Children's reception center for street children. It seems that he turned out to be the only pupil of Makarenko who literally followed the teacher’s example: he was engaged not just in raising children, but in street children and so-called “difficult” teenagers.
In 1980, by decision of the Central Committee of Ukraine, children's institutions were transferred to the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The teachers, whom Yavlinsky Sr. carefully collected, were replaced by soldiers with machine guns, VOKhRA. Alexey Grigorievich was categorically against such changes. After another “hot” conversation with the Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine he died of a heart attack (August 27, 1981).
You can read in detail about the importance of Alexei Grigorievich for Grigory Yavlinsky in the collection of his interviews, “Several Interviews on Personal Issues.”
GA's mother is Vera Naumovna, born in 1924 in Kharkov. Immediately after the war, her family moved to Lviv from Tashkent, where they lived in evacuation. Vera Naumovna graduated with honors from the Faculty of Chemistry of Lviv University and taught chemistry at the Forestry Institute all her life.
GA's parents are buried in Lvov.
Father's brothers: Mikhail Grigorievich - pilot, died during the war. Semyon Grigorievich realized another boyhood dream - he became a scout. At the end of his life he taught English language at a Moscow university. During the war, Leonid Grigorievich worked as a driver, in particular, on the Road of Life, passing on the ice of Lake Ladoga, maintaining contact with the dying besieged Leningrad. After the war he worked at a shoe factory.
Second cousin - Nathan Yavlinsky (1912-1962), one of the creators of Tokamak - a plasma installation for a controlled thermonuclear fusion reaction. Tokamak is used in industrial and military developments. Crashed in a plane crash.
Lviv - Moscow
Grigory Yavlinsky was born on April 10, 1952 in Ukraine, in Lvov. Five years later his brother Mikhail was born.
“We didn’t live in poverty, but buying a toy was an event. Or if you tear your pants. I just didn’t know what pineapples, bananas, tangerines were,” recalled Grigory Alekseevich. (Also read the stories of his mother, brothers, and Lviv friends about his childhood.)
In the children's company, GA was the ringleader. More than once he took part in wall-to-wall fights.
In 1964, he began to seriously engage in boxing in the Dynamo sports society. He was a two-time Ukrainian junior boxing champion in the second welterweight division in 1967 and 1968. But in 1969, the coach decided that it was time to choose, “boxing or everything else,” and GA left serious boxing.
At that time, Yavlinsky already knew for sure that he wanted to become an economist. (ABOUT school years GA, whom his friends called “Garik,” his classmates say).
In the ninth grade, the GA decided that after graduating from school I needed to go to a good Moscow university. This required excellent knowledge in specialized subjects. To buy time for additional classes, GA decided to move to an evening school for working youth. At the same time, he gets a job.
He worked for a short time at the Lviv Post Office as a forwarder, at a leather goods factory, and “donkey” as an electrician at the Lviv glass company “Rainbow”. (Colleague Mikhailo Andreiko talks about “everyday work.”) Taking a vacation in the summer of 1969, he went to Moscow and entered the Institute of National Economy. Plekhanov (in common parlance - Pleshka) to the Faculty of General Economics, majoring in labor economics.
Pleshka - Council of Ministers
During my student years, in addition to studying, something else happened - marriage, caring for a small child. From the exotic: Yavlinsky ran twice in the joke competition, which was organized every year by Pleshka students.
In 1973, GA graduated from the institute, and in 1976, he completed graduate school, becoming a candidate of economic sciences. Dissertation topic: "Improving the division of labor of workers in the chemical industry."
In 1976-77, GA worked as a senior engineer, then as a senior researcher at the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Coal Industry Management (VNIIUugol). He traveled all over the country, worked for a long time in Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk. He was involved in standardizing the work of employees and engineers of mines and open-pit mines, developed the first (and last) qualification reference book in the USSR (for the first time, job rates and the scope of tasks of each employee, safety standards for various jobs, etc. were normalized)
In 1980, the GA was appointed head of the heavy industry sector of the Labor Research Institute of the State Committee for Labor and Social Issues.
In 1980-82, he dealt with the problems of improving the economic mechanism of the USSR. After delivering a scientific report on this topic at the academic council (1982), all copies (including those sent out) of the report’s abstracts were confiscated, and the GA was “imprisoned” in a tuberculosis hospital. Semyon Levin, the famous designer, the same one who came up with the NTV brand name - the green “pea”, talks about life there.
Since 1984, the GA has been working in the State Labor Committee: as deputy head of the consolidated department, then as head of the department of social development and population.
In the summer of 1989, Leonid Abalkin, who had just become Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers and headed the commission on economic reform, invited him to the post of head of the Consolidated Economic Department of the State Commission of the USSR Council of Ministers for Economic Reform (known as the “Abalkin Commission”).
Deputy Prime Minister of Russia - Deputy Prime Minister of the USSR
Ideology economic development, defended by Yavlinsky, did not receive support from Prime Minister Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov, and was not included in the final version of the government program.
In the winter and spring of 1990, Yavlinsky, together with Alexei Mikhailov and Mikhail Zadornov (then a junior researcher at the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences), worked on a project to reform the USSR economy, called “400 days of trust.” It contained a day-by-day program for the sequence of government actions for the corresponding period.
The program fell into the hands of Mikhail Bocharov, a deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, and under the name “500 days” was proposed by B.N. Yeltsin, then Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, as a program for reforming the Russian economy (and not the USSR, like the Yavlinsky group).
At Yavlinsky's initiative, an agreement was reached between the two conflicting parties - Gorbachev and Yeltsin - to develop joint measures to carry out economic reforms in the USSR on the basis of the "500 days" program, and a Working Group was created to develop programs.
The preparation of the document was entrusted by B. Yeltsin to a group of economists led by Academician Stanislav Shatalin and by M. Gorbachev to the group of Grigory Yavlinsky. The program was approved on September 11, 1990 by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.
Yavlinsky was appointed to the post of Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and Chairman of the State Commission for Economic Reform (Zadornov and Mikhailov became members of the commission with the rank of deputy ministers).
Academician Sergei Aleksashenko, Leonid Grigoriev, Mikhail Zadornov, Vladimir Mashits, Alexey Mikhailov, Nikolai Petrakov, Boris Fedorov, Stanislav Shatalin, Evgeniy Yasin, Tatyana Yarygina, and representatives of the Union Republics took part in the work.
By September 1, 1990, the “500 Days” Program and 20 draft laws for it were prepared, approved by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and submitted for consideration to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
The program caused resistance from the Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, Ryzhkov.
The atmosphere of the work of two competing teams is characterized by the story of one of the participants in Gorbachev’s working meetings. USSR Finance Minister Valentin Pavlov tried to hide real budget indicators. From under the table (so that Gorbachev would not see) Yavlinsky showed Pavlov a piece of paper on which he wrote in large letters: “This smells like the Nuremberg Trials!”
Ryzhkov proposed an alternative project, “Main Directions of Development,” to the Supreme Council and threatened with his resignation. By that time, the political position taken by Gorbachev had also changed. Equal membership of all republics, as envisaged in the “500 days”, rather than vertical subordination to the Center, seemed not to strengthen the union treaty, but to attack it.
In the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Gorbachev advocated the unification of the Yavlinsky-Shatalin and Abalkin-Ryzhkov programs, which, in the opinion of both sides, was absolutely impossible.
From the compromise between “500 days” and “Main Directions” the program of the President of the USSR was born. In addition, the union and Russian government did not fulfill their obligations, although the majority of the leaders of the republics of the USSR supported the “500 days”, some republics accepted it as a basis in their Supreme Councils, and the center began to receive work plans coordinated with the main course of the program.
At a joint meeting of the House of Representatives and the House of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on October 17, 1990, Yavlinsky resigned. He stated that the transition to market system will be completed anyway, however, “entry into the market in this case will not be through stabilization, but through increasing inflation.” (See also G.A. Yavlinsky’s letter to the deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR with a request for resignation.)
In addition to working on “500 Days,” in three and a half months, Yavlinsky’s team prepared the first law on privatization (the law “On the procedure for citizens to acquire property from the state,” subsequently greatly deteriorated by the Supreme Council) and the entire package of accompanying resolutions; a new, time-appropriate government structure was developed (in particular, with provisions for new committees: Antimonopoly, for the management of state property, etc.); The technical side of the resolution “On Joint Stock Companies”, which was in force until recently, was developed.
At the end of 1990, Yavlinsky created (together with the team that began to form around him since his time at the Ministry of Labor) a non-state research organization EPICentr: Economic and Political Research Center. Yavlinsky is its permanent chairman. Subsequently, the work of the center became the most important component of the activities of the faction, and then the Yabloko party. In the 90s, the Epicenter rented premises on the 27th floor of the former CMEA building - overlooking the White House.
In April 1991, the US State Department officially invited Yavlinsky to a meeting of the G7 Council of Experts with participant status. His speech at the G7 became the basis for the creation of a program for integrating the Soviet economy into the world economic system, “Consent for a Chance.” The work is being carried out by the Epicenter together with scientists from Harvard University (USA) with the political support of USSR President M. Gorbachev. (Here - Mikhail Leontyev about the “Consent for a Chance” program and the program itself).
The project was ready in July 1991 and made public at the next G7 meeting in London. But soon Gorbachev refused to implement it under pressure from Prime Minister V.S. Pavlov, V. Medvedev, member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, secretary for ideology and V.A. Kryuchkov, chairman of the KGB.
During the coup in August 1991, Yavlinsky was in the White House. On the evening of September 21, arrests of GKC members took place.
To ensure civilian control, public witnesses were involved in arrests. famous people. Yavlinsky, in particular, was asked to join the group that went to arrest the USSR Minister of Internal Affairs in 1990-91, Boris Karlovich Pugo. Contrary to rumors circulating in the left-wing press, he shot himself before they came for him. His son talks about this.
After the August 1991 putsch, the government collapsed, and operational management of the national economy of the USSR was transferred on August 24 to a specially created Committee with the same name - KOUNH CCCH, headed by Ivan Silaev. Yavlinsky (along with the President of the Scientific-Industrial Union of the USSR Arkady Volsky and the Vice-Mayor of Moscow Yuri Luzhkov) was appointed by the decree of the President of the USSR M. Gorbachev as Deputy Chairman of the Committee with the rank of Deputy Prime Minister. From October to December 1991, he was also a member of the Political Advisory Committee to the President of the USSR.
The working group headed by him prepared the “Agreement on Economic Cooperation between the Republics of the USSR” and 26 annexes to it.
The purpose of the Treaty was to preserve the single economic space and market of the USSR, regardless of the future political union of the republics.
The agreement and annexes envisaged the creation of an International Economic Committee to regulate relations between the republics, a Banking Union, Arbitration, the preservation of a single currency, the labor market and labor movement, the implementation of a single monetary policy, etc. See the assessment of the “Treaty” in the interview with Yuri Luzhkov here.
The agreement was initialed on October 18, 1991 in Alma-Ata by representatives of 10 republics and ratified by Russia in the Kremlin. However, Yeltsin was against strengthening the new supra-union entity, since it called into question his authority. His advisers said that without “ballast” in the form of less developed republics, Russia would quickly jump into the market.
Nevertheless, in November Yeltsin offered the post of prime minister to Yavlinsky. The president's condition was to sever economic ties with the republics. Yavlinsky could not agree with this approach and put forward his own conditions: preservation economic union, key economic positions in the government should be kicked out and entered into the government as a team. E. Gaidar was appointed Deputy Prime Minister.
The day after the conclusion of the Belovezhskaya Agreements, Yavlinsky and his comrades (M.M. Zadornov, A.Yu. Mikhailov, T.V. Yarygina, V.N. Kushchenko) left the government, and the Committee ceased to exist.
In September 1991, with Gorbachev's written permission, Yavlinsky spoke sensational statement about the size of the USSR's gold reserves, which turned out to be extremely small. (A story about this from Vladimir Raevsky, Minister of Finance of the USSR from August 1991 to February 1992).
Democratic alternative
In the spring of 1992, Yavlinsky's team presented for the first time a democratic alternative to Gaidar's reforms, based on serious economic analysis. (Work "Diagnosis", Moscow, 1992.)
From May to November 1992, Yavlinsky's Epicenter worked out a program of regional reforms with the administration of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The main measures to stabilize the economy were the first regional issue of regional loan bonds, which solved the problem of lack of cash (and was fully paid), the release of producers from non-production costs, and the introduction of the information system “Operational tracking of social indicators”. Yavlinsky believes that as a result of three months of work, he was able to create the basis for the formation of a market infrastructure and make a number of proposals regarding the “new federalism” in Russia (“to look for solutions not from the top down, but from the bottom up”). The results of the work are described in the book “Nizhny Novgorod Prologue” published by the Epicenter in 1993.
He was a member of the Public Council on Foreign and Defense Policy established on June 22, 1992.(co-chairman of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs A. Volsky, along with deputies of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR E. Ambartsumov, S. Yushenkov, etc.).
Member of the Editorial Council of Novaya Daily Gazeta, the predecessor of Novaya Gazeta.
In 1993, Yavlinsky began developing a privatization project in Moscow “not according to Chubais” - “Moscow Privatization”, approved in early 1995.
After Yeltsin’s decree on the dissolution of parliament in September 1993 and the retaliatory attempts of the Supreme Council to remove the president from power, Yavlinsky, considering the decisions of the President and the actions of the Supreme Council illegal, proposed a compromise option that provided for simultaneous early elections of the president and parliament (the procedure for organizing them was also proposed) , refusal of criminal and extrajudicial prosecution of political opponents, etc.
However, on September 28, 1993, he was forced to admit that a compromise was no longer realistic and that what should be sought from parliament was mainly the surrender of firearms, and from the presidential team - the organization of simultaneous elections and their postponement to a later date (February-March 1994 of the year).
After the seizure of the mayor's office and the storming of Ostankino on October 3, 1993, he condemned E. Gaidar's call for unarmed citizens to come to defend the Moscow City Council building and demanded a decisive suppression of the armed rebellion.
Participated in the 1993 State Duma elections as the leader of the Yabloko electoral bloc - the bloc received 7.86% of the votes and 27 seats in the State Duma.
In November 1994, after the famous “campaign” against Grozny and the capture of a group of Russian tank crews, Yavlinsky, together with his Yabloko colleagues, went to Chechnya and offered himself as a hostage in exchange for prisoners.
In January 1995, the Yabloko association was formed, and Yavlinsky was elected chairman. Yavlinsky participated in the 1995 election campaign as the leader of Yabloko - the association received 6.89% of the votes and 46 seats in the State Duma.
In 1996, Yavlinsky was nominated as a candidate for the post of President of the Russian Federation from the democratic opposition, gaining 7.4%
Yavlinsky is married. He has two sons.
Wife - Elena Anatolyevna. Grigory Yavlinsky met her at the institute. She is an engineer-economist, worked at the Institute of Coal Engineering (Research Institute "Giprouglemash") before the "perestroika" layoffs.
The eldest son, Mikhail (born in 1971), graduated from the physics department of Moscow State University in the department of theoretical physics. Works as a journalist.
The younger one, Alexey (born in 1981), defended his Ph.D. thesis and works as a research engineer creating computer systems.
material prepared by Evgenia Dillendorf
Grigory Alekseevich Yavlinsky is a Russian politician, Doctor of Economics, founder of the opposition party Yabloko. He ran for president several times (1996, 2000 and 2018; registration for the 2012 elections was denied).Family
Grigory Yavlinsky was born on April 10, 1952 in the Ukrainian city of Lvov. His father, Alexey Yavlinsky (born 1919), lost his parents during the Civil War, grew up in a labor colony near the village of Kovalevka, Poltava region, and in 1942 went to the front. The battery under his command was the first to enter the Czech city of Olomouc. For his front-line exploits, Gregory’s father was awarded the Order of the Red Star, the Medal “For Military Merit” and the Order of the Patriotic War, II degree. 
In 1947, Alexey met his future wife Vera Naumovna (born 1924). She was a native of Kharkov, during the war years she lived in evacuation in Tashkent, and at the end of the war she moved to Lvov. The wedding took place a month after they met. The couple remained in Lvov: Alexey graduated from the history department of a local pedagogical university, then from the Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, worked with street children; Vera graduated from the Chemistry Faculty of Lviv University and began teaching chemistry at the Forestry University.
The family did not live richly, but the parents tried their best to give Gregory and his 5-year-younger brother Mikhail the best. And if new toys and clothes appeared in the house infrequently, and Grisha saw many fruits only in pictures, then the brothers could always count on quality education and relaxation during the holidays.
As a result, Grigory studied with only A's (he had only one B in his report card - according to Ukrainian language), spent a lot of time reading Russian classics, and began learning English at the age of 6. Yavlinsky was also distinguished by his talent for music - as a child he played the piano. Grisha went to Lviv school No. 3 in first grade, and later transferred to a special school with in-depth study of the English language.
Youth years
Grigory grew up as a rather thin and shy young man. To overcome his inhibitions, in 1964 he enrolled in a boxing section and quickly proved himself to be a promising athlete. The coaches noted his iron will and lack of the slightest self-pity. In 1967 and 1968, Yavlinsky won the championship title among junior boxers in the 2nd welterweight. After that, the guy was faced with the question: to fight his way into professional boxing with his gloves or to quit. He chose the second, by that time he was seriously interested in economics. 
As the politician himself noted, the starting point was an episode from childhood. He walked down the street, clutching in his hand 6 rubles that his mother gave him for a soccer ball. In the sports store it turned out that the ball costs 8 rubles 30 kopecks. The upset boy began to rack his brain: why exactly 8.30? Why does a bicycle cost 27 rubles, and a loaf costs 12 kopecks? Who sets prices for things?
Later I learned that the question of price in all economic theories and systems is the most important one. And the one who knows the answer to it becomes either a great scientist or a great financier.
. The purposeful young man was inspired by the idea of entering the Moscow Institute of National Economy named after Plekhanov - the famous “Pleshka”, where a resident of the province could not even think of enrolling without money and connections. 
Grigory graduated from 10th grade at an evening school for working youth: he himself argued that the family needed money, his critics believe that the passing score for applicants to universities with work experience was lower. There was also a version that Yavlinsky was forced to leave secondary school because of the scandal - supposedly he was used to resolving conflicts not with words, but with fists. One way or another, he got a job as an electrician at a local glass factory, and in 1969 he entered the Faculty of Labor Economics of the Institute. Plekhanov.
Students
The young man did not feel like a provincial; he easily joined the team of Moscow youth. Studying was easy for Gregory, because he had a good knowledge base in economic disciplines. But alcohol and tobacco, even at leisure student years were not on his list of interests.Among the best students, Gregory visited Czechoslovakia, although the trip had unfavorable consequences. Together with the group, he went to the bathhouse, where a scandal broke out between him and the Komsomol organizer: Grisha argued that, given the amount of blood shed for socialism, soviet people deserve much more a decent life, the opponent replied: “A hundred times more people could have been killed for socialism.” The student defended his position not only with his fists, but also with a washing basin. The Komsomol organizer remained alive, but filed complaints to all possible authorities. Paradoxically, the story ended with a recommendation to include Yavlinsky in the ranks of the CPSU.
Together with his classmates, Yavlinsky was engaged in “samizdat” - illegally publishing the student newspaper “We”. However, he was stopped from immersing himself in the political environment by an affair with his classmate Elena. In 1973, Grigory graduated from the university with honors and continued his education in graduate school. The topic of his Ph.D. thesis, which he successfully defended in 1976, was “Improving the division of labor of workers in the chemical industry.”
Labor activity
After graduating from graduate school, Yavlinsky began climbing the career ladder from the position of senior engineer at the All-Union Research Institute of Coal Industry Management (then promoted to senior researcher). His duties included compiling manuals with instructions for every position, from ordinary miner to mine manager. 
In those years, Yavlinsky had to travel a lot around the country. He visited all the mining towns, and everywhere he saw the same picture: empty shelves in stores, lack of comfortable housing, lack of transport, complete disregard for labor standards, dirt and devastation all around. Since then, the question “How can we make sure that people live and work normally?” stuck firmly in his head.
One day, a young specialist and his colleagues fell under a rubble and stood waist-deep in icy water for 10 hours. They were rescued, but of the five people, three died in the hospital.
In the early 80s, Yavlinsky moved to the Labor Research Institute of the State Committee for Labor and Social Issues, and was the head of the heavy industry sector. For two years he studied ways to improve the economic mechanism in the country, and in 1982 he sent out a report to fellow scientists summarizing the results of his work. The conclusion was this: we must either return to Stalin’s times, or provide industry with economic freedom.Three days after the mailing, Yavlinsky was called to the carpet before the investigator. The questioning visits continued every day, from May to November. On November 10 – the day of Brezhnev’s death – the investigator said: “You don’t have to come again.” But the misadventures did not end there: a medical examination suddenly revealed that Yavlinsky had acute tuberculosis. Despite certificates from other doctors proving that he was healthy, Grigory was sent to a dispensary (according to the recollections of his friends, the conditions there were comparable to prison) for 9 months, and in his absence someone entered his apartment and burned all his scientific research. .
After his release, Yavlinsky continued to work for the State Labor Committee. Over the next five years, he “grew” to the position of head of the department of social development and population. In August 1989, Leonid Abalkin, who taught under Grigory at the Plekhanov Institute and had just been elected deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers, invited Yavlinsky to his commission dealing with economic reforms.
Economic reforms
The “500 days” program (originally called “400 days of trust”) was developed by Yavlinsky, Mikhail Zadornov and Alexei Mikhailov and provided for the rapid transfer of the country’s economy to a market economy. Boris Yeltsin (at that time Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR) got acquainted with the document, who ordered the creation working group for further development of the program.In July 1990, Yavlinsky was appointed deputy prime minister and head of the state commission for economic reforms.
Grigory Yavlinsky: briefly about the “500 days” program
On September 1, 1990, the program was presented to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. However, due to disagreements with the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR Nikolai Ryzhkov, who was working on an alternative economic reform program, Grigory Yavlinsky resigned. Together with like-minded people, he created the Center for Economic and Political Research "EPIcenter" and became its permanent chairman.
In 1991, Yavlinsky continued to cooperate with the authorities: he dealt with issues of macroeconomics at the request of Mikhail Gorbachev, his candidacy was considered by Yeltsin for the post of prime minister, but the choice fell on Yegor Gaidar. When Yeltsin signed the Belovezhskaya Agreement in December 1991, which severed political and economic relations with the former republics of the USSR, Yavlinsky left the government in protest.
Epicenter continued to develop an alternative to Gaidar's reforms. In particular, Yavlinsky proposed eliminating the huge monetary overhang (money that ended up in the hands of citizens due to the lack of ways to spend it) through the privatization of small private property.
In May 1992, Yavlinsky tested a program of regional economic reforms in the Nizhny Novgorod region. At the same time, he joined the editorial staff of Novaya Daily Gazeta (the future Novaya Gazeta).
In 1993, the economist began creating a privatization program in Moscow. He proposed to carry out the privatization of state property through auctions: 10% of the proceeds were proposed to be given to the city budget, and 90% to be used for the development of the purchased enterprise. The management of the purchased enterprise would be carried out under a contract, and if the investor failed, Moscow would have to declare the enterprise bankrupt, appoint a new manager and, after reorganization, put it up for auction again. The main principles that Yavlinsky adhered to in his program: healthy competition, a strict system of anti-monopoly measures and protection of private property. In 1995, the Moscow government accepted Yavlinsky’s program, but revised the author’s version beyond recognition.
Yabloko Party
During the political crisis of 1993, Yavlinsky called on the president and parliament to compromise, but then abandoned this idea and condemned an armed rebellion.Grigory Yavlinsky during the 1991 coup
In the fall, Grigory Yavlinsky announced the creation of the Yabloko electoral bloc, which stood apart from both the democrats and the communists. As stated in the faction's manifesto, they stood for democratic values, but criticized the ways in which the government achieved them.
Members of the party, whose leadership also included Yuri Boldyrev and Vladimir Lukin (“Yabloko” is an abbreviation of the surnames Yavlinsky, Boldyrev, Lukin), took an active part in the development of new economic laws of the country and participated in the investigation of the events of October 1993.
Yabloko members presented their election program “There is another way of development.” The document covered the following issues:
- There are no institutions of rights and freedoms in the country, citizens are not involved in political life, there is a high threat of becoming a country of “failed democracy.”
- Monopolies must be destroyed immediately, conditions must be created in the country for the development of competition and land reform must begin.
- In the field of social policy, it is necessary to place emphasis on preschool medicine and secondary education.
- To create a federal state and eliminate separatist sentiments, it is important to pay attention to the development of the local government system.
- The main thesis of the party is not to lie to voters.
The faction put at the forefront:
- Maximum zoom Russian legislation to the European one with the hope of joining the European Union within two decades.
- Put the Russian economy on the rails of liberalism (simple economic legislation, low taxes, open competition), which was supposed to give impetus to the development of small and medium-sized businesses.
- To transform Russia into a democratic rule-of-law state that respects all constitutional rights and freedoms of the ordinary citizen.
Yavlinsky actively expressed his position regarding the situation in Chechnya: he advocated the withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya and allowing the residents of the republic to independently determine their future fate. During the Second Chechen campaign Grigory Yavlinsky once again expressed his opposition to the conduct of hostilities.
Grigory Yavlinsky talks about his program (1995)
During the hostage-taking at the Dubrovka Theater Center (Nord-Ost) in 2002, Yavlinsky was one of the few politicians with whom the terrorists were willing to negotiate - the reason for this was his critical attitude in the military campaign in Chechnya. Yavlinsky managed to remove eight children from the captured center.
In 2008, Yavlinsky ceased to be the head of Yabloko - his place was taken by the head of the Moscow branch of the party, Sergei Mitrokhin. However, Yavlinsky is still a member of the party's political committee.
Presidential elections
In 1996, Grigory Yavlinsky ran for president for the first time. The elections seemed to Russians to be a battle between the “democrat” Yeltsin and the “communist” Zyuganov. Yavlinsky acted as a “third force”. The slogan under which the Yabloko leader went to the elections sounded like “Choose normal person" Later, General Alexander Lebed and ophthalmologist Stanislav Fedorov appeared on the list of candidates. 
Yavlinsky's election video, full version
When in 1999 Yeltsin named Vladimir Putin as a candidate for prime minister, it was discussed at a State Duma meeting. Yavlinsky opposed it - the politician believed that a person from the KGB had no place in power. Within Yabloko, the votes were divided: 40% voted for Putin’s candidacy, 17% were against, the rest either did not participate in the vote or abstained. Yavlinsky himself voted in favor of Vladimir Vladimirovich, asking permission from the remaining members of the faction.
On December 31, 1999, Yeltsin announced his resignation, and Vladimir Putin became acting president. On January 19, Yavlinsky was nominated for president. The slogan of Gregory’s second campaign: “For a Russia without dictators and oligarchs.” The politician outlined his ideas in the work “Breakthrough Strategy.”
From the first days of the election race, Yavlinsky refused to cooperate with Putin. The leader of Yabloko accused him of starting a war in Chechnya, infringing on the free press, and the risk of creating a brutal authoritarian regime. “Putin is a statist, I am a liberal and a democrat,” the politician noted. According to the results of the elections on March 26, 2000, Yavlinsky took third place with 5.8% of the vote. Vladimir Putin scored 50.94% and won.
In 2011, during the elections of the State Duma of the sixth convocation, Yavlinsky headed the lists of the Yabloko party. According to the voting results, the faction received 3.34% of the votes, Yavlinsky noted that about 20% of voters voted for Yabloko. Yabloko observers identified numerous violations at polling stations, which was one of the reasons for thousands of rallies throughout Russia. People who took to the streets demanded that the “Putin group” be removed from power.
In December 2011, Yavlinsky was nominated as a presidential candidate during the Yabloko congress. The politician called on like-minded people for a legal and non-violent change of power, advocated for the organization of new, fair parliamentary elections, reform of the judicial system, restoration of the elected governorship, and the elimination of total control over the press.
During the period of registration of candidates for the presidential elections, the CEC refused to Yavlinsky: out of 2.08 million signatures, 1.93 million were recognized as reliable. The percentage of falsified or unconfirmed signatures was 2.74% (with the allowed five percent threshold), but the CEC’s decision was final. Yavlinsky called this event politically determined; Among the protesters on Bolotnaya Square on February 4, 2012, there were many who demanded the reinstatement of Yavlinsky as a candidate.
Grigory Yavlinsky in the studio of Vladimir Pozner (November 2017)
Personal life of Grigory Yavlinsky
Elena Anatolyevna Smotryaeva (b. 1951), according to information from open sources, worked as a laboratory assistant at the Plekhanov Institute, where she met her future husband. 
In 1971, their son Mikhail was born (a theoretical physicist by training, a graduate of Moscow State University, and works as a journalist for the BBC). In 1981, the youngest son Alexey (programmer, specialist in the field of Big Data) was born.
In the spring of 1996, when a prominent Russian politician participated in the presidential campaign that was gaining momentum, a terrible disaster befell the family. The criminals, whose identity was never established, kidnapped Mikhail Yavlinsky. The kidnappers got in touch, giving Yavlinsky Sr. a stern ultimatum: political career or the life of a son. Attached to the letter were severed phalanges of fingers...
Grigory Yavlinsky about his sons
After this threat, the criminals immediately released the young man. Surgeons managed to restore his hand (although Mikhail could no longer play his favorite piano), but for safety reasons, the sons of Grigory Yavlinsky moved to the UK.
Grigory Yavlinsky now
In 2018, Grigory Yavlinsky nominated himself for the presidential election. The voters were presented with the “Road to the Future” program, the theses of which can be briefly summarized as follows:- End the conflict with Ukraine by recognizing the illegality of Russia’s annexation of Crimea, withdrawing Russian troops from Donbass and ceasing to cultivate hatred of Ukraine in the state media.
- Gradually withdraw troops from Syria.
- Establish diplomatic relations with Europe and the United States and not interfere in the political life of other countries.
- Begin the “sanitization” of domestic political and social life.
- Introduce a package of economic reforms aimed at supporting private property, small and medium-sized businesses, and providing citizens with income from the export of natural resources.
In addition to Grigory Yavlinsky, Pavel Grudinin (candidate from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation instead of Gennady Zyuganov), Ksenia Sobchak (“candidate against everyone”), Vladimir Zhirinovsky (LDPR), Alexey Navalny (the Central Election Commission refused to register his candidacy because of the “case”) expressed a desire to participate in the presidential elections Kirovles").
Yavlinsky Grigory Alekseevich works as a politician and economist, since 1992 he has been Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. Nationality: Jewish origin. The biography of Grigory Yavlinsky is full of happy and not so happy events. In 1993 he became the leader of the Yabloko party. To this day he is one of the main factions in the State Duma. He took part in the Russian presidential elections in 1996 and 2000. In 2012, he also applied to participate, but was denied for certain reasons (the Central Election Commission gave a negative response to the application). Yavlinsky's friend, his assistant, and also the leader of Moskovsky regional office Yabloko Sergei Mitrokhin said that they refused to participate on illegal grounds. And in 2018 it is planned to go to the end, and the 2018 elections are his goal. impressive.
Family
Father in Civil War 1917-1918 I was left alone (my parents died), and for some time I wandered wherever I had to. In 1930 he studied at the Commune-Colony of the OGPU F. E. Dzerzhinsky. At the next stage of his life, he went to study at a flight school, and then the army was waiting for him. WWII participant since 1942. He served as a private in the North Caucasus in the 56th Army. Yavlinsky's father is considered the liberator of Ukraine and Czechoslovakia. In 1944, he took command of the battery; under his command the Czech city of Olomouc was liberated. The Second World War ended and he was given a lieutenant, received the Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree, and the Order of the Red Star.
The mother was born in 1924 in Kharkov. When the Second World War ended, she and her family went to live in Lviv. Here I entered the University of Chemistry and graduated with excellent marks. Afterwards I went to work as a chemistry teacher. She died in 97.
Gregory was born in 1952. In 1957, a brother appeared when he grew up and chose not to go to Russia and still lives in Lvov and has his own business.
Wife and kids
Grigory is officially registered in marriage with Elena Anatolyevna and they have two children.
The wife is an engineer-economist by profession. She previously worked at the Institute of Coal Engineering.
1981 was marked by the birth of his youngest son (Alexey), now he is a research engineer creating complex computer programs. Not long ago, I successfully defended my dissertation.
1971 is blessed with the birth of his eldest son (Mikhail), he is adopted by Gregory. He graduated from the Physics and Mathematics Moscow State University, and is now successfully mastering the profession of journalist. In 1996, a tragedy occurred against the backdrop of the presidential elections. Someone wanted Yavlinsky to leave politics and, using blackmail, they decided to carry out their plan, kidnapped his son Mikhail and sent him a severed finger, indicating that now the finger was cut off, and then they would cut off his head if the demands were not met. Source Sta-Sta. ru.
After the incident, Mikhail was released. Surgery was performed and the finger was restored. Yavlinsky was afraid for the lives of his sons and sent them to London for their safety.
Apple
In the fall of 1993, Yavlinsky's ratings began to grow more and more, and he decides to create his own team (party) and it could confront other parties in State Duma. Thus, the Yabloko party appeared. The party's slogans are: “Freedom at any cost,” “Democracy,” “Against a policy for which all means are good.”
After the creation of the party, all its participants planned to gain the largest number of votes, but they lost and Vladimir Zhirinovsky emerged as the winner, and Yavlinsky’s party took second place. As a result, Yabloko is in sixth place in the Duma.
Yavlinsky's presidential candidate believes
That the Russian economy is exhausted and difficult to form. Now in Russia 15% of citizens live well, 85% do not see any prospects at all. Especially young people today do not know why study if there is nowhere to get a job. Young people do not understand how to realize themselves, but they are the future of Russia, young promising people will lead Russia out of poverty.
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