Dictionary of ecology for students. Dictionary of environmental terms, material on the surrounding world on the topic
To the conditions environment, as well as any new characteristics they developed in the process (for example, a cactus spine is a leaf that has adapted to an arid climate by reducing its surface area to reduce evaporation).
Biome. One of the largest ecosystems that form the overall ecosystem. Each of them is characterized by a climatic community and a special climate in a given region.
Renewable Energy. Natural energy sources such as wind and water.
Deforestation. Mass clearing forests for fuel or for timber, as well as for clearing land for new arable land or cities.
Genetic Engineering. Changing the genetic code to create organisms useful to humans. Genes carry information about the basic properties of the organism.
Natural selection. The theory of evolution put forward by Charles Darwin. She argues that within each species, those organisms that were able to better adapt to environmental conditions than others have a greater chance of surviving and reproducing. Therefore, changes that allow them to adapt to new conditions are passed on to subsequent generations, which ensures the evolutionary development of the species as a whole.
Pollution. The entry of foreign substances into the soil and natural cycles, as well as the presence of artificial chemicals or excessive concentration natural minerals in the soil, which causes great harm to it.
Protective coloration (mimicry). The use of special colors by plants or animals, allowing them to either be less noticeable against the background of the environment, or to disguise themselves as other plants or animals.
Intensive farming. Application the latest methods to maximize yields, such as using chemical fertilizers, insecticides and other chemicals, and growing the same crops in the same fields every year. These methods greatly damage soils and alter natural cycles.
Irrigation. Irrigation of land, mainly through canals. With ill-conceived irrigation methods, the content in the top layer of soil may increase, and the land will become infertile.
Sources. All types of green plants that produce food from primary substances through the process of photosynthesis. They are the basis for all food chains.
Disappearance. The extinction of animal and plant species and, as a consequence, their complete disappearance from the face of the Earth.
Acid rain. Rain and snow contain toxic chemicals that fall into the air due to pollution from industrial and automobile gases. Such rains kill many animals and plants, especially trees and algae, and also cause serious damage to buildings and human health.
Climate. The set of weather conditions (wind, humidity) characteristic of a given region.
Climate Community. A community of species that remains essentially unchanged until major climatic or environmental change occurs in the area (see also Succession).
Integrated heat and power plants. Highly efficient power plants being built in cities. Use hot water, generated during the production of electricity, for heating nearby houses, schools, etc.
Marginal (border) lands. Land suitable only for grazing and not suitable for agriculture.
Desert Advance. The process by which virgin soils (usually used as pasture by local residents) are rendered infertile due to poor management and over-intensive practices. Agriculture or as a result of climate change.
Necrophages. Organisms that feed on dead organisms and break them down into mineral compounds. Niche, ecological. The place that a given organism occupies in its ecosystem. It includes the features of its nutrition and interaction with other organisms.
Ozone layer. A layer in the atmosphere containing ozone gas, which blocks the sun's very harmful ultraviolet radiation. However, some industrial gases gradually destroy it.
Organic matter. Substances that are or have been part of the body. Contain carbon.
Greenhouse effect. Occurs when reflected heat from the sun is trapped by gases from the atmosphere and heats it. Human activity, the result of which is an increase in the release of gases into the atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide), threatens a general increase in temperature on Earth.
A series of living organisms in which each previous species serves as food for the next. in this case, it is transmitted from one level (see Trophic levels) to another. All food chains in a single ecosystem are combined into a single food web.
Consumers. Organisms that feed on other organisms.
Continuity. A sequence of natural changes in a given habitat in which one community replaces another until a new climatic community is formed.
Crop rotation. A farming principle in which different, specially selected crops are grown in a new field each year, in a cycle of four to five years. This helps control crop yields and avoid soil depletion.
Community. The collection of plants and animals in a given habitat.
Habitat. A defined area in which a community of plants and animals lives.
Territory. The area that one or more organisms occupy and defend from the invasion of rivals (most often organisms of the same species).
Trophic levels. Different links in a food chain corresponding to organisms that obtain food and energy from the same sources.
Photosynthesis. The process by which plants use solar energy to produce food (carbohydrates) from water and carbon dioxide.
Chlorofluorocarbons. Chlorine-based compounds used in aerosols, refrigerator freezers and in the production of polystyrene, which scientists believe are the main cause of ozone depletion.
Evolution. A long process of change in living organisms, lasting millions of years.
Environmentally friendly technologies. The use of methods that do not conflict with natural cycles and do not disturb the ecological balance in a given region (there are environmentally friendly technologies in forestry, agriculture, etc.).
Organic farming. Agricultural practices that take into account natural cycles - for example, using only organic fertilizers(manure), natural pest control, and crop rotation.
Ecologically clean technologies . Equipment, mechanisms and methods that are available to those who need them (for example, hand tools instead of tractors where it is not possible to get machine oil and spare parts).
Ecosystem. A self-sufficient system consisting of a community of plants and animals in their surrounding habitat, which are inextricably linked by metabolism and energy.
Soil erosion. The process of destruction and death of fertile topsoil - mainly due to rain and wind, but also due to intensive farming, deforestation and insufficient artificial irrigation. Lands become barren as a result of erosion.
Lahdenpokhya
2017
Dictionary environmental terms
A
ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT (from Greek A – negative particle andbiotikos – vital, living) – a set of inorganic conditions (factors) for the habitat of organisms.
AUTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS, AUTOTROPHES (Greek autos - myself, trophe – nutrition) – organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones using solar energy (phototrophs) or chemical bonds (chemotrophs); Autotrophs include plants and some bacteria.
AUTOCHTHON(S) - living organisms that arose and initially evolved in a given place.
AGROCENOSIS (from Greek agros– field and koinos– general) – a community of organisms living on agricultural lands occupied by crops or plantings of cultivated plants.
ADAPTATION (lat. A dapto – adjusting) – adaptation of the body to different conditions existence in the environment.
ALLELOPATHY (Greek allelon - each other, mutually,pathos – suffering) – the influence of living organisms together different types on each other through the release of waste products.
ALLOCHTHON(S) - living organisms that are found in a given area, but arose outside of it.
ANTIGENS – substances foreign to the body that cause the formation of antibodies in the blood and other tissues.
ANTIBODIES – proteins of the immunoglobulin group, formed in the body of humans and warm-blooded animals in response to antigens entering it and neutralizing its harmful effects.
ANTHROPOCENTRISM (from Greek antbropos - Human, kentron – center) – the view that man is the center of the Universe and the ultimate goal of the entire universe.
AREA (lat. A rea – area, space) – part earth's surface(territory or water area) within which a given species is distributed and undergoes the full cycle of its developmenttaxon : species, genus, family.
B
BACTERIOPHAGE - a virus that infects microorganisms.
BACTERI(O)CID – a chemical substance of organic origin that kills bacteria. Inorganic synthesized substances (corrosive sublimate, formalin etc.) with the same effect are called antiseptics.
BENTHAL - the bottom of a reservoir, populated by organisms living on the ground or in its thickness.
BENTHOS - a set of organisms living at the bottom of a reservoir
BIOGAS – a mixture of gases formed during the decomposition of waste (manure, straw) or organic household waste cellulose anaerobic organisms with the participation of methane fermentation bacteria (approximate composition: methane - 55-65%, carbon dioxide - 35-45%, impurities of nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide).
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES – biogeochemical circulation of substances, exchange of matter and energy between various componentsbiosphere , caused by the vital activity of organisms and having a cyclical nature. All biogeochemical cycles are interconnected and constitute dynamic basis existence of life. Flows of solar energy and the activity of living matter serve as the driving forces of biogeochemical cycles, which leads to the movement chemical elements.
BIOGEOCENOSIS – an evolutionarily established, relatively spatially limited, natural system of functionally interconnected living organisms and their surrounding abiotic environment, characterized by a certain energy state, type and rate of metabolism and information. B. is an elementary ecosystem and geosystem.
BIOINDICATOR – a group of individuals, by the presence, condition and behavior of which changes in the environment are judged, including the presence and concentration of pollutants.
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS – periodically repeating changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena.
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY – the diversity of living organisms, as well as ecosystems and ecological processes of which they are links. Can be divided into three categories: genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.
BIOM – (from Greek. bios - life and lat. O ma - ending, totality) - a set of different groups of organisms and their habitats in a certain landscape-geographical zone, for example, in the tundra, coniferous forests, arid zone. For example, the tropical rainforest biome.
BIOMASS - the total mass of individuals of a species, group of species or community of organisms, usually expressed in units of mass of dry or wet matter, referred to units of area or volume of any habitat (kg/ha, g/m 3, kg/m3, etc.)
BIOSPHERE (from Greek bios - life; sphaire – ball) – the shell of the Earth, in which the combined activity of living organisms manifests itself as a geochemical factor on a planetary scale. B. is the largest ecosystem on Earth - an area of systemic interactionalive And inert substance on the planet. Includes the lower part of the atmosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere of the Earth, inhabited by living organisms.
BIOTA(Greek biote – life) - a historically established set of living organisms, united by a common area of distribution, living on some large territory, isolated by any (for example, biogeographical) barriers. Unlike a biocenosis, the biota includes species that may not have ecological connections with each other.
BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT – a set of living organisms that influence other organisms through their vital activity.
BIOTOPE - a space occupied by a biocenosis that is relatively homogeneous in terms of abiotic environmental factors.
BIOFILTER (biological filter) - a structure for biological wastewater treatment, built on the principle of gradual passage of the purified masses either through the thickness of the filter material covered with an active microbiological film, or through the space occupied by an artificially created community of purifying organisms, for example. reeds.
BIOCHOR – a set of similar biotopes. Biochores are combined into biocycles.
BIOCENOSIS (Greek bios - life and koinos – general) – a community of producers, consumers and decomposers that are part of one biogeocenosis and inhabit one biotope. Part of the ecosystem
BIOCYCLE - a large division of the biosphere, a set of biochores: sea, land and inland waters.
BOGARA - lands in areas of irrigated agriculture, on which agricultural plants are cultivated without watering.
BONITET – an economically significant, usually comparative natural characteristic (soil richness, wood yield per 1 hectare, ease of extraction of mineral raw materials, etc.) of an economically valuable group of objects or lands that distinguishes them from other similar formations.
SOIL BUFFERING – the ability of the soil to maintain an acid reaction (pH). Acquired special significance in connection with acid precipitation.
IN
VALENCE ECOLOGICAL - the degree of endurance, or a characteristic of the ability of living organisms to exist in a variety of environmental conditions.
VERMICIDE – a means for destroying worms.
DEMOGRAPHIC EXPLOSION – a sharp increase in population associated with changes in socio-economic or general environmental living conditions (including the level of healthcare).
WATER IS CLEAR – water that does not contain contaminants. From a sanitary point of view, V.ch. – does not cause deterioration in human health.
G
Heterotrophic organisms, heterotrophs (Greek heteros- different, different, trohpe- nutrition) - organisms that use ready-made organic substances for nutrition. They live off autotrophs.
Physical inactivity (Greek hypo - at the bottom, dynamics – strength) disruption of body functions when motor activity is limited (musculoskeletal system, blood circulation, nutrition, digestion).
Global(from lat. globe – ball) – covering the whole Earth, planetary.
HOMEOSTASIS(IS) – a state of internal dynamic equilibrium of a natural system, supported by the regular renewal of its main structures, material and energy composition and constant functional self-regulation of its components.
HOMEOTHERM(S) – the ability of animals (birds and most mammals) to maintain a constant body temperature regardless of the ambient temperature.
D
Degradation(fr. degradation – stage) – gradual deterioration, loss of original qualities.
DISINFECTION – destruction of pathogens infectious diseases humans and domestic animals in the external environment using physical, chemical and biological methods.
Demography(from Greek demos - people, grapho – I am writing) – the science of population and the patterns of its development.
Detritus(from lat. detritus - abraded) - small organic particles (remains of decomposed animals, plants and fungi, along with the bacteria they contain), settled to the bottom of a reservoir or suspended in the water column.
Detritivores (from lat. detritus - worn out and Greek.phagos - devouring) - aquatic and land animals that feed on detritus along with the microorganisms it contains.
DEFLATION – blowing and grinding of rocks with mineral particles carried by the wind, transfer of weathering products.
DIVERGENCE (from Latin divergence) - the process of divergence of characteristics in initially close groups of organisms during evolution.
DOMINANT - a species that is quantitatively dominant in a given community, as a rule, in comparison with similar forms or, in any case, included in one level of the ecological pyramid or tier of vegetation.
AND
Living matter – the totality of all living organisms, expressed numerically in elementary chemical composition, weight, energy; associated with the environment by the biogenic flow of atoms, respiration, nutrition and reproduction.
Z
ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION – pollution resulting from economic activity of people.
SOIL SALINIZATION – an increase in the content of easily soluble salts in the soil (sodium carbonate, chlorides and sulfates), due to the salinity of soil-forming rocks, the introduction of salts from soil and surface waters, but more often caused by irrational irrigation. Soils are considered saline when they contain more than 0.25% salts in the solid residue (for gypsum-free soils).
WASTE DISPOSAL – placing them underground, in geological workings (abandoned coal mines, salt mines, sometimes specially created cavities) or the deepest depressions of the seabed without the possibility of reverse extraction.
"GREEN REVOLUTION" - a significant increase in the third quarter of the 20th century in the production of grain crops (wheat, rice, corn) based on the success of selection.
ZOOPLANKTON - a set of animals that live (usually free-floating) in the water column of sea and freshwater bodies of water and are able to withstand transport by currents. Z. is an integral part of plankton. Z., although very rarefied, is found almost to the maximum depths of the World Ocean.
ZOOFAG – an organism that feeds on animals, a carnivorous species.
AND
Immunity(from lat. immunitas – getting rid of something) – the body’s immunity to infectious agents and foreign substances.
INTRODUCTION – intentional or accidental transfer of individuals of any living species outside the range.
IONOSPHERE – a layer of the atmosphere (lower I. - from 50 - 80 to 400 - 500 km, upper I. - up to several thousand km), characterized by a significant amount of positively ionized molecules and atoms of atmospheric gases and free electrons. I. plays an important role in the propagation of short-range radio waves on earth; aurora and ionospheric signals are observed in it. magnetic storms, reflecting on the state of terrestrial organisms.
TO
CARCINOGEN – a substance or physical agent that promotes the development of malignant neoplasms or their occurrence.
QUARANTINE - a system of measures that ensures the prevention of the spread of infectious diseases and the penetration of unwanted species of organisms into places where they do not yet live.
SOIL ACIDITY – concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution (active, or actual, acidity) and in the soil absorption complex (potential acidity).
CLIMAX – the “final” phase of biogeocenotic succession, or the “final” successional stage of development of biogeocenoses for given living conditions (including anthropogenic ones, for example, “fire climax”).
CLONE - 1) a group of individuals in unisexual organisms that reproduce by division, budding, fragmentation, etc., consisting of the offspring of one individual; 2) genetically homogeneous vegetative offspring of one individual.
COMMENSALISM – permanent or temporary cohabitation of individuals of different species, in which one of the partners feeds on leftover food or waste products of the other without causing harm to him.
COMPOST – fertilizer obtained as a result of microbial decomposition of organic substances, including from municipal waste.
CONVERGENCE – the emergence of similar species and biotic communities of different origins external signs as a result of a similar lifestyle and adaptation to similar environmental conditions (for example, the body shape of a shark and a dolphin, the appearance of deciduous forests in the northern parts of Eurasia and North America).
COMPETITION – rivalry, competition, any antagonistic relationship between individuals of the same or different species, determined by the desire to better and more quickly achieve some goal in comparison with other members of the community; one of the manifestations of the struggle for existence; There are intraspecific, interspecific, direct, and indirect K.
PRIMARY CONSUMER (FIRST ORDER) - an organism that feeds on plant foods.
SECONDARY CONSUMER (SECOND ORDER) - an organism that feeds on animal food.
COPROPHAGE – an organism that feeds on the droppings of other animals (for example, dung beetles).
RED BOOK – list of rare and endangered organisms; an annotated list of species and subspecies indicating the current and past distribution, numbers and reasons for its decline, characteristics of reproduction, measures already taken and necessary measures to protect the species. There are international, national (on a state scale), and local variants of cosmos, as well as separate cosmos of plants, animals, and other systematic groups.
SURVIVAL CURVE - a graph showing the number of individuals of a species surviving over a certain period of time. It is constructed by plotting on the abscissa of time in years or as a percentage of average (deviation of the recorded age from the average life expectancy) or absolute life expectancy, and on the ordinate axis - the number of surviving individuals per 1 thousand births.
A crisis(from Greek crisis – decision, turning point, outcome) – difficult, difficult situation.
CRYOPHILE - an organism that lives in melt water on the surface of ice or snow, as well as in water that permeates sea ice. Massive growth of algae stains snow (eg “red snow”) or ice.
CRYOFIT – cold-resistant plant of dry habitats.
CRYPTOFIT – perennial herbaceous plant, whose terrestrial organs die off during an unfavorable growing season, and renewal buds are formed on rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and lie deep in the ground (geophytes) or under water (hydrophytes).
ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERION – a sign on the basis of which the assessment, definition or classification of environmental systems, processes and phenomena is made. K.e. May beenvironmentally friendly (preservation of the integrity of the ecosystem, living species, its habitat),anthropoecological (impact on a person, on his population) andeconomic (up to the impact on the entire “society-nature” system).
XENOBIOTIC (from Greek xenos – alien) - any substance foreign to a given organism or their community (pesticides, household chemicals, etc., pollutants) that can cause disruption of biotic processes, including disease and death of living organisms.
XEROPHILE - an organism adapted to life in conditions of lack of water, and therefore lives in places with low humidity (animals - lizards, turtles, etc.).
XEROPHYTE – a xerophilic plant that can withstand temporary wilting with a loss of 50% of moisture or can live in arid areas. There are different categories of K. Real K. - wormwood, gray speedwell, etc.
Culture(from lat. cultus - cultivation, processing) is a method of adaptation and organization of human life, a set of industrial, social and spiritual achievements of mankind.
CUMULATION - 1) increase, collection, concentration of the active principle (for example, an increase in the concentration of pesticides in the food chain);
2) summation of the effect of a drug or poison introduced into the body with a sharp increase in effect or the appearance of new signs, often unfavorable (med.).
L
LANDSCAPE – a natural system homogeneous in terms of development conditions, the main category of territorial division geographic envelope. A natural geographical complex in which all the main components: relief, climate, water, soil, vegetation and animal world– are in complex interaction and interdependence, forming a single inextricable system that is homogeneous in terms of development conditions. Based on the nature of the impact on humans, landscapes are divided into topophilic (attractive) and topophobic (irritating).
Limiting factor – a limiter for the course of a process or the existence of an organism.
LITHOSPHERE – the upper solid shell of the Earth, composed of rocks and their derivatives of volcanic origin, sedimentary biogenic compounds, and weathering products. Gradually passes with depth into spheres with lower strength of matter. Includes the Earth's crust and upper mantle. The thickness of the ocean is 50–200 km, including the earth’s crust – up to 75 km on continents, 10 km under the ocean floor.
Local(lat. localis – local) – relating to a limited area.
M
MESOSPHERE – a layer of the atmosphere lying above the stratosphere, within 50–80 km above the earth’s surface, and is replaced by the thermosphere: characterized by a decrease in temperature with height (from approximately 0 o up to –90 o C).
MELANISM - the phenomenon of dark coloration of animals, depending on the presence of pigments (melanins) in their integument. Industrial M. is the emergence of dark forms of butterflies (more than 70 species) as a result of natural selection of melanists in habitats contaminated with soot.
HABITAT OF THE SPECIES - a spatially limited set of conditions of the abiotic and biotic environment, ensuring the entire development cycle of individuals, a population or a species as a whole - a place (territory, water area) with certain conditions where it is found this type alive (cf. Station).
Meteosensitivity (Greek meteora – atmospheric phenomena) – the body’s sensitivity to weather changes.
MYCORRHIZA – a symbiotic habitation of fungi on the roots and tissues of plant roots, ensuring that the symbionts receive part of the nutrients from each other.
MICROCOSM - 1) ecosystem, a microecosystem extremely limited in extent (often meant artificial). Widely used for modeling large ecosystems; 2) a figurative expression to designate the “world” of an individual grain of sand, drop, atoll, etc. (literally “miniature world”).
MINERALIZATION - 1) the process of decomposition of organic compounds to carbon dioxide, water and simple salts, occurring with or without the participationdecomposers ; 2) concentration of salts in waters; expressed in mg/l, g/l, g/m 3 and % 0 ; with increasing climate dryness, as a rule, it increases: for example, water in the river. Pechora has M. 40 mg/l, and in the river. Emba – 164 mg/l.
MONITORING(from English monitor – warning) – observation, assessment and forecast of the state of various environmental parameters. It is customary to divide M. into basic, or background, M. global, M. regional and M. impact, as well as by methods of conducting and objects of observation (aviation, space, surrounding a person environment).
MUSEUM-RESERVE – a group of specially protected cultural sites among nature and within populated areas. Including historical, architectural and natural monuments. (Valaam, Solovetsky, etc.), memorial-natural M.-Z. (for example, Gorki Leninskie) and purely architectural M.-Z. inside cities or specially created (Kizhi, Malye Karely, etc.).
Mutagenesis(lat. mutatio - change, genes - giving birth ) – the process of occurrence of hereditary changes – mutations – in the body.
MUTUALISM - 1) a form of symbiosis in which each of the cohabitants receives relatively equal benefit: 2) a form of coexistence of organisms in which the partners or one of them cannot (cannot) exist without each other (without a cohabitant). For example, termites and some microorganisms of their intestines that convert wood cellulose into digestible substances; The human stomach and intestines are home to 400–500 species of microorganisms, many of which humans cannot do without.
N
NEISTON - a collection of living creatures living near the surface of the water, on the border between the water and air environments (that is, the surface film up to 5 cm deep into the water). Sometimes the population of only the surface film is distinguished - hyponeuston.
NECRophagus – an organism that feeds on dead animals (lit. carrion eater).
ECOLOGICAL NICHE – the place of a species in nature, including not only the position of the species in space, but its functional role in the community (for example, trophic status) and its position relative to the abiotic conditions of existence (temperature, humidity, etc.). If habitat is like the “address” of an organism, then AD. – this is his “profession”.
NOOSPHERE(from Greek n ö os – mind and spbaire -ball) – lit. “thinking shell”, the sphere of the mind, the highest stage of the evolution of the biosphere, associated with the emergence and development of humanity in it. The formation of the noosphere assumes that human activity in various spheres is based on a comprehensive scientific knowledge natural and social activities, that the political unity of humanity will be achieved, wars will be excluded from the life of society, and the basis of the cultures of all peoples inhabiting the Earth will be made up of eco-humanistic values and ideals.
EMISSION RATE – the total gaseous and/or liquid waste allowed by the enterprise to be discharged into the environment. Volume N.v. is determined on the basis that the accumulation of harmful emissions from all enterprises in a given region does not create concentrations of pollutants in it that exceed the maximum permissible concentration.
PRODUCTION RATE - 1) a limit for the removal of individuals from the population, establishing the number and age-sex composition of animals with the expectation of maintaining the natural density and structure of populations or changing them to an economically feasible level; 2) a certain limitation on the production of a given type of animal or group of animals (for example, ducks by an individual hunter in one day, etc.).
RESOURCE WITHDRAWAL RATE – scientifically based limit of extracted natural resources(mineral values, forests, populations of terrestrial and marine animals, invertebrates, biomass of mushrooms, berries), ensuring their self-healing or rational gradual use. NORMSANITARY AND HYGIENIC – a qualitative and quantitative indicator, the observance of which guarantees safe or optimal conditions for human existence (for example, the standard of living space per family member, the standard of water quality, air quality, etc.). Synonym: hygienic standard.
ABOUT
DISCONTINUATION – comprehensive measures aimed at: 1) suppressing the focus of an infectious or natural focal disease (medical); 2) destruction of formed or artificially distributed poisons (sanitary); 3) destruction of quarantine species of plants and animals (agricultural); 4) sterilization of instruments, materials, premises.
OZONE SCREEN - a layer of the atmosphere within the stratosphere, lying at altitudes of 7-8 km. At the poles, 17-18 km. At the equator and up to 50 km (with the highest ozone density at altitudes of 20-22 km) above the surface of the planet and characterized by an increased concentration of ozone molecules (10 times higher than at the Earth’s surface), which absorb ultraviolet radiation, which is fatal to organisms.
ORGANISM (from lat. organizo- arrange, give a slender appearance) - here: a living being, an individual with a systemic structure.
WASTE – types of raw materials unsuitable for the production of these products, their unused residues or substances arising during technological processes (solid, liquid and gaseous) and energy that cannot be recycled in the production in question (including in agriculture and construction).
BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION – neutralization of waste using biological objects (passing through thickets of aquatic plants, activated sludge, sawdust, etc.).
P
NATIONAL PARK – a vast territory, including specially protected natural (not subject to human impact) landscapes or parts thereof, intended in addition to the main task of conservation natural complexes intact primarily for recreational purposes. It has a special administrative department that carries out land use throughout the park or its protected area. Territory of P. n. zoned.
Greenhouse effect – the effect of heating the surface layer of air due to the absorption of thermal radiation from the earth’s surface by the atmosphere. It intensifies with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, ozone, freons, etc.) and water vapor in the atmosphere. Leads to climate warming.
PASTEURIZATION – destruction of organisms by prolonged heating at a temperature not exceeding 100 O C, and with radiation P. - the destruction of organisms by gamma radiation.
BIOMASS PYRAMID – the relationship between producers, consumers (first and second order) and decomposers in the ecosystem, expressed in their mass (number - Elton’s number pyramid, enclosed energy - energy pyramid) and depicted in the form of a graphical model (such models are calledecological pyramids).
PLANKTON – a set of organisms passively floating in the water column (algae, protozoa, some crustaceans (krill), mollusks, etc.), incapable of independent movement over significant distances. A distinction is made between phytoplankton and zooplankton, lake P. - limnoplankton, and river P. - potamoplankton. Synonym: bioseston.
PLAYSTONE - inhabitants (usually passively floating or semi-submerged) of a relatively thin (usually up to 15 m deep) surface layer of water in the ocean or continental body of water with special conditions environments formed as a result of direct interaction between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. Examples:sargassum algae, duckweed and other organisms.
FLOOD - a relatively long and significant increase in the water content of the river, which usually repeats annually in the same season of the year, causing a rise in its level, which, as a rule, is accompanied by the release of water from the channel and flooding of the floodplain.
GREEN SOUNDPROOF STRIP – a strip of tree and shrub vegetation separating the noise source (highway, railway, roadway from the street, etc.) from residential, administrative or industrial buildings. A hedge 15 - 20 m wide in summer reduces noise by at least 10 dB, i.e. 10 times.
FOREST PROTECTIVE BAND – forest and non-forest areas allocated on the lands of the state forest fund adjacent to roads; designed to protect roads from snow and sand drifts, mudflows, avalanches, landslides, landslides, wind and water erosion, to reduce noise levels, perform sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic functions, to protect moving vehicles from unfavorable roads for at least 50 m on each side roads, along highways – 25 m (GOST 17.5.3.02 - 79).
IRRIGATION FIELDS – areas intended for biological treatment of wastewater and usually used for agricultural or forestry purposes.
FILTER FIELDS – territories intended (usually specially constructed) for biological treatment of wastewater from pollutants and, as a rule, not used for other purposes.
Population(from lat. populus - people, population) - a collection of individuals of the same species that have a common gene pool and occupy a certain territory. Contacts between individuals within the same population are more frequent than between individuals of different populations.
BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (BOD) – an indicator of water pollution, characterized by the amount of oxygen that, over a set period of time (usually 5 days, BOD 5 ) went to the oxidation of chemical pollutants contained in a unit volume of water.
NATURE MANAGEMENT – a set of all forms of exploitation of natural resource potential and measures for its conservation. P. includes: a) extraction and processing of natural resources, their renewal or reproduction; b) use and protection natural conditions living environment and c) preservation (maintenance), reproduction (restoration) and rational change in the ecological balance (equilibrium, quasi-stationary state) of natural systems, which serves as the basis for preserving the natural resource potential of society's development;
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY (from lat. producere– produce create) – rate of biomass accumulation, i.e. biomass produced by a population or community per unit area per unit time; total or gross primary productivity must also include energy and biogenic volatiles (gases, aerosols).
SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY - biomass, as well as energy and biogenic volatile substances produced by all consumers per unit area per unit of time, or the rate of accumulation of consumer biomass.
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY - biomass (above and underground organs), as well as energy and biogenic volatiles produced by producers per unit area per unit time, or the rate of photosynthesis.
PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY GROSS (FULL, TOTAL) – the total amount of organic matter produced during photosynthesis, including energy spent on plant respiration and volatile nutrients (phytoncides and so on.).
PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY NET – the rate of accumulation of organic matter in plants, minus the part used during respiration and the release of nutrients. P. p. h. is also called observed photosynthesis or pure assimilation.
PRODUCER(S) – (from lat. producentis - producing, creating) autotrophs and chemotrophs, producing organic matter from inorganic compounds. The main producers in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are green plants.
Prokaryotes(from lat. pro – redistribution, earlier, instead of and Greek.k ä ryon - core ) - organisms whose cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus (all bacteria, including archaebacteria and cyanobacteria).
R
Dynamic equilibrium - the balance of the system, maintained through the constant renewal of its components and structure.
RADIATION – flow of corpuscular (alpha, beta, gamma rays, neutron flow) and/or electromagnetic energy.
IONIZING RADIATION – natural radiation (e.g. cosmic rays), which lead to ionization (formation of ions and free electrons) of electrically neutral atoms and molecules. R. and. has a destructive effect on living matter and is the source of a wide range of changes in living organisms (causes new mutations, radiation sickness, etc.).
VEGETATION RUDERAL – plant groups formed in garbage and landfills.
Regional (from lat. regionalis – regional ) – relating to a specific territory.
Decomposers(from lat. redycentis - returning) - organisms (bacteria and fungi) that feed on dead organic matter and subject it to mineralization, that is, destruction to inorganic compounds, which are then used by producers.
RECREATION – restoration of health and ability to work through rest outside the home – in the lap of nature or during a tourist trip involving visiting places of interest, including national parks, architectural and historical monuments, museums.
RECLAMATION – artificial restoration of soil fertility and vegetation cover after technogenic disturbance of nature (open-pit mining, etc.).
RELIC – a species or community formerly in geological history widespread, but now occupying small areas. Based on the time of previous dominance or widespread distribution, rivers of a certain geological dating are distinguished:Tertiary, Pleistocene etc. Examples: blueberries are a forest plant in the Arctic; muskrat - Neogene R. in the Volga and Ural basins;
REPELLENT - a substance that repels animals. In nature - one of the agentsallelopathy, on the farm - one ofpesticides. Distinguish olfactory and deodorizing R. (neutralizing odors attractive to animals). R. use ch. arr. to protect people and animals from attacks by blood-sucking insects, prevent transmissible diseases, protection from arthropods that spoil furniture, clothing, as well as to protect valuable vegetation (natural and cultural) from animals.
REPRODUCTION – reproduction of individuals. The value of the population R.(pure R.) is determined by the sum of the products of the survival rate characteristic of of this age individuals, on the birth rate specific to this age (the number of offspring per female).
Fertility - the birth of new individuals of any organism, regardless of whether they are born, hatch from eggs, sprout from seeds, or appear as a result of division. Fertility varies depending on the size and age of individuals in the population, as well as environmental conditions.
WITH
SAPROBILITY – the degree of saturation of water with decomposing organic substances. Established by the species composition of saprobiont organisms in aquatic communities.
SAPROPEL - sediment formed at the bottom of continental bodies of water and consisting of the remains of plant and animal organisms mixed with mineral sediments brought by water and wind, transformed under anaerobic conditions. Before this transformation there is detritus. Used as fertilizer.
SAPROPHYTE (Saprotrophs) (from Greek.sapr ö s - rotten and tropb ē- nutrition) - heterotrophic organisms that use for nutrition organic compounds dead bodies or excretions (excrement) of animals.
RESET MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE (substances into a water body) (MPS) - the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum permissible for disposal in the established mode at a given point per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards in checkpoint. MAC is established taking into account the maximum permissible concentration of substances in places of water use, assimilative capacity water body and optimal distribution of the mass of discharged substances between water users discharging wastewater.
environmental certification – activities to confirm the compliance of the certified object with the requirements of legislative and regulatory acts in the field of natural resource management and environmental protection.
SYMBIOSIS - the joint life of two or more individuals of different systematic groups, during which both partners (symbionts) or one of them receive advantages in relations with external environment(C. algae, fungus and microorganisms in the body of the lichen).
Mortality – death of individuals in a population in a given period or the number of deaths per unit of time.
SMOG – a combination of field particles and fog droplets (from the English “smoke" - smoke, soot and "fog" - thick fog). There are London smog (a mixture of smoke and fog, which occurs when the atmosphere is polluted with soot or smoke containing sulfur dioxide) and Los Angeles smog (photochemical smog caused by air pollution from vehicle exhaust gases containing nitrogen oxides; it occurs in clear sunny weather with low air humidity , ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are formed.
Medium resistance – the whole set of factors (including unfavourable conditions, lack of food and water, predation and disease) aimed at reducing the population size, preventing its growth and spread. The opposite in effect to biotic potential.
Habitat – a set of specific abiotic and biotic conditions in which a given individual, population or species lives.
STATION – habitat of the population.
Stenobiont – an organism that is unable to tolerate significant fluctuations in environmental factors, or with a narrow environmental valence.
STERILIZATION – complete destruction of microorganisms (temperature 100 O C, chemicals, filtration) in food products intended for long-term storage, and on items used for special purposes, e.g. medical instruments (sanitary).
DRAIN POLLUTANT – wastewater containing impurities in quantities exceeding the maximum permissible concentration.
STORM DRAIN – arising as a result of intense rainfall (showers).
In the troposphere, the temperature drops by an average of 0.6 o at 100 m.
Stress(lat. stress - tension) is a state of tension that occurs in humans and animals under the influence of strong influences.
SUCCULENT – a drought-resistant plant of dry habitats with succulent, fleshy above-ground organs (trunks, stems, leaves) in which moisture is stored. There are stem plants (cacti, cactus spurges), which accumulate water in the stems, and leaf plants (agaves, aloe), which accumulate moisture in the leaves.
SUCCESSION(from lat. successio – succession) – a sequential change of biocenosis, successively arising in the same territory (biotope) under the influence of natural factors (including internal contradictions development of the biocenoses themselves) or human impact; Nowadays, as a rule, it is observed as a result of a complex interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors. The end result of S. is more slowly developing climax or nodal communities.
T
TECHNOLOGY (from Greek tecbn ë - art, skill, skill and logos - teaching) - a set of rules and skills used in the manufacture of any type of tool or substance.
TOXIC SUBSTANCES (from Greek toxicon - poison) – poisonous substances.
TOLERANCE (lat. tolerance - patience) is the body’s ability to tolerate the adverse effects of one or another environmental factor.
TROPHIC CHAIN (food chain, food chain) 1) relationships between organisms through which the transformation of matter and energy occurs; 2) groups of individuals (bacteria, fungi, plants and animals), connected to each other by the “food-consumer” relationship.
TROPHIC LEVEL - a set of organisms united by a type of nutrition. Organisms of different trophic chains, but receiving food through an equal number of links in the trophic chain, are at the same trophic level.
U
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – such development in the global “society-nature” system that ensures satisfaction of the needs of people of the present time without compromising the fundamental parameters biosphere and does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It implies support by society for the development of the natural environment.
F
FACTORY CONNECTIONS – a type of biocenotic relationship when a species uses excretory products and dead remains of other species for its constructions (fabrications)
PHYTOPLANKTON (from Greek pbyton - plant, planktos - wandering) - a set of organisms that inhabit the water column of continental and marine reservoirs and are not able to resist transport by currents.
X
TAILINGS DUMP – closed or semi-closed (semi-closedness occurs when creating an earthen or similar dam through which liquid is partially infiltrated) pool for storing liquid tailings. Tails – waste (usually meant liquid or gaseous) arising from the enrichment of minerals or others. technological processes. “Fox tails” are emissions containing chlorine.
Chemosynthesis(from Greek cb ë meia – chemistry, syntbesis - compound) – a type of bacterial nutrition based on the absorption of CO 2 due to the oxidation of inorganic compounds.
CHEMOTROPH - an organism that synthesizes organic matter from inorganic matter due to the oxidation of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other substances found in water, soil and subsoil.
E
ECOLOGICAL NICHE – the totality of all environmental factors within which the existence of a species in nature is possible. This concept is usually used when studying the relationships of ecologically similar species belonging to the same trophic level.
Ecological pyramid – graphical representation of the relationship between different trophic levels. The base of the pyramid is the level producers. There can be three types: pyramid of numbers, pyramid of energy.
Environmental audit (environmentalaudit) - a systematic, documented process of reviewing objectively obtained and evaluated audit data to determine whether certain types of audit criteria are met or not met environmental activities, events, conditions, administrative management systems or information about these objects, as well as communicating to the client the results obtained during this process.
Ecology(from Greek oikos – house and logos - word, doctrine) is a science that studies the relationships of living organisms with each other and the environment.
Ecosystem(from Greek oikos – house and systema – combination, association) - a set of co-living organisms and the conditions of their existence, which are in a natural relationship with each other and form a system of interdependent biological and abiotic phenomena and processes.
Ecotop – a habitat for a community of living organisms, including a set of abiotic components of the environment.
EXAMINATION OF THE PROJECT – establishing the compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and determining the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental assessment in order to prevent possible adverse impacts of this activity on the environment and the associated social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental assessment.
Extreme conditions (lat. extremum - extreme) – extreme, hazardous conditions environments to which the body does not have proper adaptations.
Endemic(from Greek endemos - local) is a local species that lives only in a given region and does not live in others.
EROSION – destruction of rocks, soils or any other surfaces, violating their integrity and changing them physical and chemical properties, usually accompanied by the transfer of particles from one place to another..
Eukaryotes(from Greek ë u- good, completely and k ä ryon – nucleus) – organisms whose cells contain formed nuclei (all higher animals and plants, as well as unicellular and multicellular algae, fungi and protozoa).
I
Tiering– division of a plant community (or terrestrial ecosystem) into horizons, layers, tiers, canopies or other structural or functional strata. There are above-ground and underground tiers.
The science of relationships between living organisms and environmental conditions. Basic methods of science: observation, experiment, modeling, counting the number of individuals, etc. The term “ecology” was introduced by the German zoologist E. Haeckel (1866)
HABITAT- this is what surrounds the body. Main habitats: aquatic, ground-aquatic, ground-air, soil.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS- this is everything that has a direct or indirect effect on organisms.
ABIOTIC FACTORS- factors of inanimate nature - light, temperature, pressure, climate, water and air currents, composition of water, soil, air, etc.
BIOTIC FACTORS- factors of living nature, i.e. influence of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, viruses.
ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS- this is human influence (hunting, fishing, protection, extermination, pollution, plowing, logging, etc.).
BIOCENOSIS (COMMUNITY)- these are all species that live together in a certain territory and are interconnected (for example, the biocenosis of a lake, taiga forest, etc.).
BIOGEOCENOSIS (ECOSYSTEM) is a complex self-regulating system in which there is a relationship between living organisms and their living conditions ( biogeocenosis = biocenosis + environmental conditions).
BIOTIC CONNECTIONS- This Various types relationships between living organisms.
PREDATION (-+)- a type of relationship when one organism eats another. There are predator-hunters (wolf, tiger, lion, etc.) and predator-gatherers (insectivores, herbivores). There are carnivorous plants (sundew, Venus flytrap, bladderwort, etc.)
COMPETITION (--) relations of rivalry, competition. Competition is most intense within a species and between related species, since they have common needs for food and living conditions. Examples: fox-wolf, owl - eagle owl, pine - birch, pike - perch, carp - crucian carp, etc.
NEUTRALISM (OO)- relationships when there are no direct connections between species (wolves and grasshoppers, moose and squirrels, bees and hares)
COMMENSALISM (O+)- a relationship where one species benefits from another without harming it. There are several varieties: lodgement (the use of burrows and nests of other animals by insects as a home), freeloading (feeding of jackals, hyenas, vultures with the remains of food from predatory animals), communion (feeding in different parts of the same resource, for example, pine needle and bark beetles, soil inhabitants consuming different plant residues)
AMENSALISM (O-)- relationships when one species is oppressed, and another species is indifferent (for example, herbs growing under a spruce)
SYMBIOSIS (++)- mutually beneficial relationships between species. When joint life is obligatory for both species, this is mutualism (symbiosis of birch roots and boletus mycelium, mushrooms and algae in the body of a lichen); if it is optional, then it is protocooperation (for example, meadow plants and their pollinators).
BIOLOGICAL OPTIMUM- this is the presence of all favorable conditions for the life of the organism.
PHOTOPERIODISM- this is the adaptability of organisms to changes in the length of daylight hours, i.e. to seasonal changes (spring and autumn molting, hibernation, seasonal flights and migrations, leaf fall, breeding season, nesting, mating games).
ANABIOSIS- this is the ability of organisms to tolerate unfavorable conditions in a state in which metabolism decreases and all visible manifestations of life are absent (for example, the state of cysts in protozoa, spores in bacteria, winter and summer hibernation of animals)
ACCLIMATIZATION- physiological adaptation to endure heat or cold.
WINTERING- hibernation in winter.
DIAPAUSE- stop in development during unfavorable periods of the year.
ECOLOGICAL SURVIVAL STRATEGY- the desire of organisms to survive.
FOOD CHAINS (TROPHIC CHAINS)- these are sequential connections of organisms, when the organisms of the previous link are food for the next one.
PASTURE CHAINS (grazing chains)- food chains in which the first link is green plants (grass---caterpillar---tit----falcon)
DETRITAL CHAINS (decomposition chains)- food chains that begin with dead organic matter (leaf litter -> earthworm -> tit -> falcon)
TROPHIC LEVEL- all species that consume similar food (for example, all herbivores form one trophic level; carnivores form another level)
BENTHOS- all inhabitants of the bottom part of the reservoir (crabs, bivalves, sea anemones, octopuses, coral polyps, etc.)
PLANKTON- microscopic algae and animals living in the water column. Consists of phyto- and zooplankton.
NEKTON- large inhabitants of the water column (fish, squid, dolphins, whales, etc.)
PERIPHYTON- organisms attached to aquatic plants or underwater rocks (crustaceans, bivalves, sea acorns, ascidians)
PLAYSTONE- a collection of aquatic organisms floating on the surface of the water or in a semi-submerged state.
RULE OF THE ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID- when moving from one level of nutrition to another, the biomass, number of individuals and amount of energy decreases several times (about 10 times). The reason for this pattern is that organisms spend 90% of food energy on vital processes (energy of “breathing”) , and only 10% goes to body growth and only this part goes to the next link in the food chain.
TOLERANCE- the ability of organisms to withstand changes in environmental conditions. Organisms with high tolerance can withstand changes in conditions over a wide range, and they are therefore more likely to survive, while those with low tolerance can only live in certain conditions.
BIONT- inhabitant of the environment (aquatic organism - inhabitant aquatic environment, geobiont (edaphobiont, pedofauna) - soil environment, stenobiont - an organism that requires strictly defined conditions, i.e. with low tolerance; eurybiont - an organism capable of living in different conditions, etc.)
LIFE FORM OF AN ORGANISM- type of adaptation of organisms to environmental conditions. For example, life forms in plants: trees, herbs, shrubs, vines, succulents, etc.; in animals by method of movement - flying, jumping, crawling, burrowing, running, swimming, attached, by habitat - waterfowl, forest, steppe, soil, etc.
TIERS- plant adaptability, allowing more complete use of environmental resources: light, heat, moisture, nutrients soil. Layering can be horizontal or vertical (in the soil).
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF THE ECOSYSTEM- these are three groups of organisms in any ecosystem that carry out the main processes in the ecosystem: producers, consumers, decomposers. Thanks to them, a flow of substances and energy occurs in the ecosystem through food chains, which forms the basis of the circulation of substances and the self-reproduction of the ecosystem.
PRODUCERS- these are producers of organic matter (autotrophs), i.e. plants, chemosynthetic bacteria and blue-green algae.
CONSUMERS- these are consumers of organic matter, i.e. herbivores, carnivores, omnivores. Consumers are of the 1st order (herbivorous insect, bird, etc.), 2nd order (insectivores, piscivores or predators), 3rd order (predators).
REDUCENTS- these are destroyers of organic matter (rotting and fermentation bacteria, mold fungi, soil mites, worms, carnivorous insects, animals that feed on the secretions of other animals, etc.).
ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY- this is the ability of an ecosystem to withstand various impacts, maintain relative constancy in the number of species and maintain basic processes in balance. Sustainability directly depends on the number of species! The greater the species diversity, the more stable ecosystem! The reason for this pattern: the more species there are in an ecosystem, the more opportunities organisms have to have alternative types of food, and the greater the chance of survival - if there is a shortage of one food, it is possible to eat another food. Therefore, biodiversity in nature is very important, because... This is an important condition for ecological balance throughout nature, in the biosphere.
SELF-REGULATION OF ECOSYSTEM- the property of an ecosystem to maintain the number of individuals in populations at a relatively constant level. Self-regulation occurs due to the presence in the ecosystem of direct, reverse and indirect connections between organisms. For example, an increase in the number of plants leads to an increase in the number of herbivores, and this leads to an increase in the number of predators (direct connections). But an increase in the number of predators will lead over time to a decrease in the number of herbivores, and an increase in the number of herbivores will lead to a decrease in the number of plants (feedback). Predators influence plant numbers through herbivores (indirect connection).
ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITY- this is the interconnectedness of organisms in an ecosystem, which does not allow them to exist without each other and ensures the flow of all processes in the ecosystem (flow of substances and energy through food chains, self-regulation, circulation of substances).
OPENNESS OF THE ECOSYSTEM- is that an ecosystem can only exist when there is an influx of energy from outside! (the openness of any system lies in the fact that it needs an influx of energy and nutrients from the outside)
SUCCESSION- this is a sequential change over time of some ecosystems by others in a certain territory in the course of their self-development. For example, a swamp may form on the site of a small lake due to gradual shallowing and drying out; in place of the swamp there is a meadow; in place of a forest there is a meadow, in place of a lifeless volcanic island a forest can grow in centuries, etc. During succession, processes always move towards achieving equilibrium in the ecosystem - climax!
CLIMAX- a state in an ecosystem when it is in equilibrium without outside intervention.
PRIMARY SUCCESSION- the process of development of various ecosystems in lifeless areas (on sand dunes, on volcanic islands, on the site of rocky mountains). This succession is the longest, because It takes time for the soil to form first. Sequence of processes:
“Pioneers”, the first settlers - blue-green algae and lichens - settle in lifeless places. When they die, they form a thin layer of soil on which mosses can first settle. Then, as the soil layer increases, grass, shrubs, and trees can grow.
SECONDARY SUCCESSION is the development of one ecosystem in the place of another. Causes of secondary successions: climate change (gradual swamping of the area due to a humid climate), natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, etc.), human activities (deforestation, pollution, plowing, mining, etc. .), pest or disease infestation. Note: if during secondary succession the soil layer has disappeared (due to soil erosion), the processes will follow the type of primary succession.
AGROCENOSIS (agroecosystems, artificial ecosystems)- ecosystems created by man (fields, gardens, aquarium, vegetable gardens, ponds, forest plantations, parks, etc.) Signs of agrocenoses: a small number of species; short power circuits; open cycle of substances (since some of the substances are carried out with the harvest and require the application of fertilizers to the soil); instability; processes are regulated by humans; In addition to solar energy, machine energy, human labor, etc. are used.
RESERVES- specially protected natural areas, where all types of human economic activity are prohibited. Allowed only Scientific research, observations.
RESERVES- these are specially protected natural areas in which, during a certain period of the year, certain types of human economic activity are allowed that do not cause severe harm.
BIOSPHERE- this is a special shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms. The boundaries of the biosphere are determined in the atmosphere by the action of UV rays (up to the ozone layer, i.e. at an altitude of 20-25 km), in the hydrosphere by the action of high pressure and the absence of light and lack of oxygen (at a depth of 11 km), in the lithosphere by high pressure and temperature, lack of oxygen (at a depth of up to 3 km). The doctrine of the biosphere was created by V.I. Vernadsky, but the term “biosphere” was introduced by E. Suess (1873).
NOOSPHERE (“sphere of the mind”)- a new state of the biosphere, when its existence depends on reasonable human economic activity. The term was introduced by V.I. Vernadsky.
BIOMASS (living matter of the biosphere)- the mass of all living organisms. There are land biomass, ocean biomass, plant biomass, animal biomass, soil biomass, etc. The distribution of biomass is different: in the biosphere, land biomass predominates, on land, plant biomass predominates (since the accumulation of biomass in plants predominates), in the World Ocean, animal biomass predominates (since organic substances produced by plants (phytoplankton and algae) do not accumulate in them, and are immediately consumed by animals). From the equator to the poles, biomass decreases.
FUNCTIONS OF LIVING MATTER- these are the functions of living organisms on a planetary scale. There are 5 main biogeochemical functions:
- Gas- living organisms, thanks to the processes of photosynthesis and respiration, and azotobacteria, due to their participation in the nitrogen cycle, maintain a certain composition of the atmosphere.
- Concentration- Living organisms are capable of accumulating certain chemicals. Thanks to this, sedimentary rocks (chalk, lime from the calcareous shells of mollusks and protozoa; silica - from the shells of radiolarians), iron and sulfur ores (the result of the vital activity of sulfur and iron bacteria), peat (from sphagnum deposits), deposits coal(from the remains of ancient pteridophytes), etc. For example, carbon accumulates more in the body of plants, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus accumulate in animals.
- Redox- thanks to metabolism in living organisms, some substances are formed (reduced), while others decompose (oxidize). For example, during photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrates, and during respiration, they are oxidized to carbon dioxide.
- Destructive- living organisms, participating in the destruction of dead organic matter to inorganic substances, contribute to the formation of soil and the biological cycle of substances in nature, and this is the basis for the stable existence of the biosphere.
- Biochemical- Various biochemical reactions constantly occur in living organisms.
BIOLOGICAL CYCLE OF SUBSTANCES IN THE BIOSPHERE- these are global processes of transformation of substances in nature, occurring as a result of the movement of chemicals through trophic chains. This process is the basis for the stable existence of the biosphere, i.e. of all life on Earth.
SOIL EROSION- the process of destruction of the fertile soil layer. Water erosion - washing away, wind erosion - weathering of the fertile layer. Reasons: lack of plants, improper irrigation, improper plowing and soil treatment, etc.
RESISTANCE- resistance of organisms to anything.
URBANIZATION is the growth and development of cities, an increase in the share of the urban population.
AGGLOMERATION- cluster around big city nearby settlements.
MEGAPOLIS- large urban agglomerations with a population of more than 1 million people (Bombay, Cairo, NY, Tokyo, Shanghai, Moscow, Beijing).
RESIDENTIAL ZONE (RESIDENTIAL ZONE)- area where residential and administrative buildings, cultural and educational facilities are located.
DEACTIVATION- removal of radioactive contamination from the surface of objects, structures, etc.
MEDIUM CAPACITY- the extent of the ability of the natural or natural-anthropogenic environment to provide normal life activity to a certain number of organisms or communities without noticeable disruption of the environment itself.
IMMIGRATION- the process of natural penetration and settlement of living organisms in places where they did not previously live.
INTRODUCTION- the process of artificially introducing species into places where they did not previously live (for example, the North American muskrat and mink in Siberia)
MELIORATION- a set of measures to improve the water and climate regimes of agroecosystems. There are hydromelioration (irrigation, drainage), agroforestry (creation of forest belts, consolidation of ravines, fight against erosion, landslides, etc.)
HEAVY METALS- metal with a density of more than 8 thousand kg/cubic. m. (lead, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, antimony, tin, bismuth, mercury, copper, nickel.)
CLEANING OF DRAINS- elimination of harmful impurities from wastewater different ways: mechanical (settling, sedimentation, filtration, flotation), physicochemical (coagulation, neutralization, chlorination, ozonation), biological (biofiltration, passage through aeration tanks).
PNEUMOCONIOSIS- a group of occupational diseases caused by inhalation of dusty air (sclerotic changes occur in the lungs): silicosis - when inhaling quartz, sand, mica; silicatosis - when inhaling silicate dust (talc, kaolin, etc.); anthracosis - when inhaling coal dust, aluminosis - aluminum dust; siderosilicosis - iron and quartz dust; anthrasilicosis - coal and quartz dust.
FUNGICIDES- chemicals for combating fungal diseases of cultivated plants.
INSECTICIDES- chemicals for insect control.
HERBICIDES- chemicals for weed control.
EUTROFICATION- “blooming” of a reservoir due to the rapid proliferation of algae in it as a result of pollution with mineral fertilizers.
EREMOPHYTES (psammophytes)- desert plants
EREMOPHILES- desert animals
RHEOPHYTES- plants of fast-flowing rivers or the surf of the sea (often have a ribbon-like shape).
EPHEMEROIDS- perennial organisms with a very short development period; they spend most of the year in a state of rest. For example, snowdrops, some insects (mayflies).
PATIENTS- plants that win the struggle for existence due to their endurance (a kind of “camels” of the plant world)
DEFLATION- the process of wind erosion (weathering of the fertile part of the soil)
SCIENCES AND THEIR OBJECT OF STUDY:
AUTECOLOGY (factorial ecology)- studies the ecology of individual individuals.
DEMECOLOGY- ecology of small groups (populations)
SYNECOLOGY (biocenology)- ecology of communities
GLOBAL ECOLOGY- ecology of the entire planet.
BIOSPHEROLOGY- ecology of the biosphere.
GEOECOLOGY- landscape (geographic) ecology.
SOCIAL ECOLOGY- deals with issues of environmental law, education, culture, medical ecology, environmental forecasting, industrial ecology, urban ecology, etc.
SYSTEMATIC ECOLOGY- ecology of various groups of organisms (fungi, plants, animals, etc.)
ETHOLOGY- the science that studies animal behavior.
ARACHNOLOGY- studies spiders
ALGOLOGY- studies algae
BRYOLOGY- studies mosses
LICHENOLOGY- studies lichens
MYCOLOGY- studies mushrooms
ORNITHOLOGY- studies birds
PROTOZOOLOGY- studies protozoa
ENTOMOLOGY- studies insects
PHENOLOGY- observation of seasonal changes in nature
DENDROLOGY- studies trees
DEMOGRAPHY- studies changes in the number of people, gender and age structure in urban countries, etc.
Information taken from publicly available sources
Abiotic factors– a set of conditions in the inorganic environment that affect organisms.
Autotrophs- organisms that take the chemical elements they need for life from the inert matter surrounding them and do not require ready-made organic compounds of another organism to build their body. The main source of energy used by autotrophs is the sun.
Anabiosis– (from Greek - revival) the ability of organisms to survive unfavorable times (changes in environmental temperature, lack of moisture, etc.). Rotifers can tolerate complete drying out, as do nematodes and tardigrades. Vronsky, dictionary, S. 26.
Anaerobic environment– oxygen-free environment.
Anaerobes– (from Greek means life without air) organisms that can live and develop in an oxygen-free environment. Pasteur L. introduced this term into science.
Acidophytes– plants that prefer acidic soils or waters (pH from 6.7 to 3.0).
Adaptation- the process and result of adaptation of organisms to living conditions. A distinction is made between species (genotypic) adaptation, which occurs over a number of generations and is associated with the process of speciation, and individual (phenotypic) adaptation - acclimation, which occurs within individual development organism and does not affect its genotype.
Acclimatization– adaptation of organisms to changes in climatic and geographical conditions of existence.
Acclimation– individual (physiological, phenotypic) adaptation.
Autecology– a branch of ecology that studies the relationship of individuals (organisms) with the environment.
Anthropogenic factors– factors arising as a result of human activity.
Artificial environment– an artificially created or transformed part of the environment, including buildings, premises, machines and household items, air-conditioned microclimate, electromagnetic fields, noise, etc.
Environmental safety— the degree of protection of a territorial complex, ecosystem, and people from possible environmental damage, determined by the magnitude of environmental risk.
Biogeocenosis– the concept was formulated by V.N. Sukachev. in 1940. This is a specific homogeneous structure on which living (biocenosis) and inert (biotope) components interact, united by metabolism and energy into a single natural complex.
Biocenosis is a system of interconnected consortia. Plants usually occupy a central place in it.
Biotope– inorganic substrate.
Biobone substance- is created simultaneously by living organisms and inert processes, representing systems of dynamic equilibrium of both (soil, crust, natural waters, the properties of which depend on the activity of living matter on Earth).
Biosphere- a kind of shell of the earth, containing the entire totality of living organisms and that part of the planet’s substance that is in continuous exchange with these organisms.
Biota– a set of species of organisms of any large territory, for example, tundra biota, etc.
Biotic (biological) cycle– circulation of substances between plants, animals and organisms.
Biotic factors– the totality of the influence of the life activity of some organisms on others.
Biocenosis- an interconnected set of all living beings inhabiting a more or less homogeneous area of land or body of water, characterized by certain relationships between organisms and adaptability to environmental conditions.
Gross (total) productivity– accumulation of organic matter, including losses for own needs (respiration, etc.) and mass consumed by heterotrophs.
Secondary productivity– rate of accumulation of organic matter by consumers.
Heterotrophs(from Greek - nutrition) - organisms that feed on organic substances that produce autotrophs. These include all animals, including humans, fungi and most microorganisms. In the food chain of the ecosystem, they form a group of consumers.
Diagonal survival curve (type two)– in species whose mortality remains approximately constant throughout life.
Dominant species– species that predominate in numbers in the ecosystem.
Living matter– according to V.I. Vernadsky, this is the totality of all living organisms of the modern biosphere.
Law of constancy of the amount of living matter in the biosphere (): the amount of living matter (biomass of all organisms) of the biosphere for a given geological epoch is constant.
Law of the minimum (J. Liebig): the vitality of an organism is determined by the weakest link in the chain of its environmental needs. J. Liebig formulated this law as follows: “The substance at its minimum controls the harvest and determines the size and stability of the latter over time.”
Law of tolerance (W. Shelford): The flourishing of an organism is limited to zones of maximum and minimum of certain environmental factors. Between them is the optimum zone. Each species is characterized by its tolerance - the ability to tolerate deviations of environmental factors from optimal ones.
Laws of ecology (B. Commoner): 1. Everything is connected to everything; 2. Everything has to go somewhere; 3. Nature knows best; 4. Nothing comes for free.
Calciphiles– calcephytes, plants that live on soils rich in lime
Quantitative compensation (law)- the law allows you not to fear death modern civilization for geographical and environmental reasons. This law was proposed in 1936 by A.L. Chizhevsky.
Consortiums- a group of heterogeneous organisms that settle on the body or in the body of an individual of a species, a central member of the consortium, capable of creating a certain environment around itself.
Xerophytes- plants adapted to life in dry areas.
Consumers– heterotrophic organisms, mainly animals that feed on other organisms or particles of organic matter.
Inert substance- a set of those substances in which living organisms do not participate in the formation.
Mesophytes– plants occupying an intermediate position between hygrophytes and xerophytes; they are moderately demanding of habitat moisture.
Wet dust collectors– nozzle scrubbers and naib. Effect. Venturi scrubbers (the main acting forces are inertia and Brownian motion).
Violence is a form of coercion on the part of one group of people (on the part of one person) in relation to another group (another person) in order to acquire or maintain certain benefits and privileges.
Nonviolence- a principle based on the recognition of the value of all living things, man and his life, the denial of coercion as a way of human interaction with the world, with nature, with other people, this is a way of solving problems and conflicts.
Nitrophytes– plants that prefer soils rich in nitrogen compounds.
Noosphere- the sphere of the mind. Hypothetical stage of development of the biosphere, when intelligent activity human development will become the main determining factor in its sustainable development.
Oscillations– fluctuations in the number of organisms and communities caused by biotic factors.
Decomposers– heterotrophic organisms (bacteria, fungi) that obtain energy by decomposing dead tissue or by absorbing dissolved organic matter released spontaneously or extracted by saprophytes from plants and other organisms.
Saprotrophs– organisms that feed on dead organic matter or animal excrement. These include bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and saprophytes.
Synecology– a branch of ecology that studies the relationships between communities and ecosystems.
Wednesday- a part of nature that surrounds living organisms and has a direct or indirect impact on them.
Stenobiotes– ecologically low-tolerant species.
succession– sequential replacement of one biocenosis by another.
Secondary succession– restoration of an ecosystem that once already existed in a given territory.
Sciophytes– shade-loving plants (yew, fir, spruce, beech, hornbeam) in forests temperate zone. Scrubbers are a device for washing gases with liquid in order to extract individual components from them. Dry dust collectors– these are inertial systems, which include centrifugal dust removal systems (cyclones), rotary, vortex, radial dust collectors, in which the forces of gravity and inertia occur. Naib. effective Rotary dust collectors are considered.
Thermophiles (heat-loving organisms)- organisms adapted to live in constant conditions high temperatures(hot springs, self-heating substrates - manure, wet hay).
Fluctuations in numbers– fluctuations in the number of organisms, seasonal and annual, caused by abiotic factors, recurring.
Phytocenosis – broadleaf forests in 5-6 tiers, have a vertical tiered structure.
Photoperiodism– the body’s reaction to the daily rhythm of solar energy (light), i.e. on the ratio of light and dark periods of the day.
Chemosynthetic organisms– autotrophic microorganisms that assimilate organic compounds by chemosynthesis. These include sulfur bacteria (oxidize hydrogen sulfide, obtaining nutrients for organisms in rift zones of the ocean), nitrifying bacteria (convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites), iron bacteria, hydrogen bacteria, etc. These organisms play a significant role in the biogeochemical cycles of chemical elements in the biosphere.
Edifiers (builders)– without which species cannot live (plants - spruce, pine, cedar, feather grass, and rarely the animal marmot).
Exponential growth in numbers– growth in the number of individuals under unchanging conditions.
Ecological niche– the position of the species that it occupies in common system biocenosis, the complex of its biocenotic connections and requirements for abiotic environmental factors.
Ecology(from Greek - house, dwelling and science) is a science that studies the conditions of existence of living organisms and the relationship between organisms and the environment.
Ecology is a special general scientific approach to the study of problems of interaction between organisms, biosystems and the environment (ecological approach).
Ecology– a comprehensive science that synthesizes data from natural and social sciences about nature and the interaction between it and society.
Ecological culture- a way of socio-natural human existence, expressing the unity of man and nature, unfolding in man’s mastery of objects and processes of nature, which have become the means of life for man, which is realized by him in historical and individual development.
Ecosystem– any community of living beings and its habitat, united into a single functional whole, arising on the basis of interdependence and cause-and-effect relationships that exist between individual environmental components.
Loading...
