Basic environmental terms. Ecology
Lahdenpokhya
2017
Glossary of environmental terms
A
ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT (from Greek A – negative particle andbiotikos – vital, living) – a set of inorganic conditions (factors) for the habitat of organisms.
AUTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS, AUTOTROPHES (Greek autos - myself, trophe – nutrition) – organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones using solar energy (phototrophs) or chemical bonds (chemotrophs); Autotrophs include plants and some bacteria.
AUTOCHTHON(S) - living organisms that arose and initially evolved in a given place.
AGROCENOSIS (from Greek agros– field and koinos– general) – a community of organisms living on agricultural lands occupied by crops or plantings of cultivated plants.
ADAPTATION (lat. A dapto - adapt) - adaptation of the body to various conditions of existence in the environment.
ALLELOPATHY (Greek allelon - each other, mutually,pathos – suffering) – the influence of living organisms together different types on each other through the release of waste products.
ALLOCHTHON(S) - living organisms that are found in a given area, but arose outside of it.
ANTIGENS – substances foreign to the body that cause the formation of antibodies in the blood and other tissues.
ANTIBODIES – proteins of the immunoglobulin group, formed in the body of humans and warm-blooded animals in response to antigens entering it and neutralizing its harmful effects.
ANTHROPOCENTRISM (from Greek antbropos - Human, kentron – center) – the view that man is the center of the Universe and the ultimate goal of the entire universe.
AREA (lat. A rea – area, space) – part of the earth’s surface (territory or water area), within which a given species is distributed and goes through the full cycle of its developmenttaxon : species, genus, family.
B
BACTERIOPHAGE - a virus that infects microorganisms.
BACTERI(O)CID – a chemical substance of organic origin that kills bacteria. Inorganic synthesized substances (corrosive sublimate, formalin etc.) with the same effect are called antiseptics.
BENTHAL - the bottom of a reservoir, populated by organisms living on the ground or in its thickness.
BENTHOS - a set of organisms living at the bottom of a reservoir
BIOGAS – a mixture of gases formed during the decomposition of waste (manure, straw) or organic household waste cellulose anaerobic organisms with the participation of methane fermentation bacteria (approximate composition: methane - 55-65%, carbon dioxide - 35-45%, impurities of nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide).
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES – biogeochemical circulation of substances, exchange of matter and energy between various componentsbiosphere , caused by the vital activity of organisms and having a cyclical nature. All biogeochemical cycles are interconnected and constitute dynamic basis existence of life. Flows of solar energy and the activity of living matter serve as the driving forces of biogeochemical cycles, which leads to the movement chemical elements.
BIOGEOCENOSIS – an evolutionarily established, relatively spatially limited, natural system of functionally interconnected living organisms and their surrounding abiotic environment, characterized by a certain energy state, type and rate of metabolism and information. B. is an elementary ecosystem and geosystem.
BIOINDICATOR – a group of individuals, by the presence, condition and behavior of which changes in the environment are judged, including the presence and concentration of pollutants.
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS – periodically repeating changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena.
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY – the diversity of living organisms, as well as ecosystems and ecological processes of which they are links. Can be divided into three categories: genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.
BIOM – (from Greek. bios - life and lat. O ma - ending, totality) - a set of different groups of organisms and their habitats in a certain landscape-geographical zone, for example, in the tundra, coniferous forests, arid zone. For example, the wet biome tropical forests.
BIOMASS - the total mass of individuals of a species, group of species or community of organisms, usually expressed in units of mass of dry or wet matter, referred to units of area or volume of any habitat (kg/ha, g/m 3, kg/m3, etc.)
BIOSPHERE (from Greek bios - life; sphaire – ball) – the shell of the Earth, in which the combined activity of living organisms manifests itself as a geochemical factor on a planetary scale. B. is the largest ecosystem on Earth - an area of systemic interactionalive And inert matter on the planet. Includes the lower part of the atmosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere of the Earth, inhabited by living organisms.
BIOTA(Greek biote – life) is a historically established set of living organisms, united by a common area of distribution, living in some large territory, isolated by any (for example, biogeographical) barriers. Unlike a biocenosis, the biota includes species that may not have ecological connections with each other.
BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT – a set of living organisms that influence other organisms through their vital activity.
BIOTOPE - a space occupied by a biocenosis that is relatively homogeneous in terms of abiotic environmental factors.
BIOFILTER (biological filter) - a structure for biological wastewater treatment, built on the principle of gradual passage of the purified masses either through the thickness of the filter material covered with an active microbiological film, or through the space occupied by an artificially created community of purifying organisms, for example. reeds.
BIOCHOR – a set of similar biotopes. Biochores are combined into biocycles.
BIOCENOSIS (Greek bios - life and koinos – general) – a community of producers, consumers and decomposers that are part of one biogeocenosis and inhabit one biotope. Part of the ecosystem
BIOCYCLE - a large division of the biosphere, a set of biochores: sea, land and inland waters.
BOGARA - lands in areas of irrigated agriculture, on which agricultural plants are cultivated without watering.
BONITET – an economically significant, usually comparative natural characteristic (soil richness, wood yield per 1 hectare, ease of extraction of mineral raw materials, etc.) of an economically valuable group of objects or lands that distinguishes them from other similar formations.
SOIL BUFFERING – the ability of the soil to maintain an acid reaction (pH). Acquired special significance in connection with acid precipitation.
IN
VALENCE ECOLOGICAL - the degree of endurance, or a characteristic of the ability of living organisms to exist in a variety of environmental conditions.
VERMICIDE – a means for destroying worms.
DEMOGRAPHIC EXPLOSION – a sharp increase in population associated with changes in socio-economic or general environmental living conditions (including the level of healthcare).
WATER IS CLEAR – water that does not contain contaminants. From a sanitary point of view, V.ch. – does not cause deterioration in human health.
G
Heterotrophic organisms, heterotrophs (Greek heteros- different, different, trohpe- nutrition) - organisms that use ready-made organic substances for nutrition. They live off autotrophs.
Physical inactivity (Greek hypo - at the bottom, dynamics – strength) disruption of body functions when motor activity is limited (musculoskeletal system, blood circulation, nutrition, digestion).
Global(from lat. globe – ball) – covering the whole Earth, planetary.
HOMEOSTASIS(IS) – a state of internal dynamic equilibrium of a natural system, supported by the regular renewal of its main structures, material and energy composition and constant functional self-regulation of its components.
HOMEOTHERM(S) – the ability of animals (birds and most mammals) to maintain a constant body temperature regardless of temperature environment.
D
Degradation(fr. degradation – stage) – gradual deterioration, loss of original qualities.
DISINFECTION – destruction of pathogens infectious diseases humans and domestic animals in the external environment using physical, chemical and biological methods.
Demography(from Greek demos - people, grapho – I am writing) – the science of population and the patterns of its development.
Detritus(from lat. detritus - abraded) - small organic particles (remains of decomposed animals, plants and fungi, along with the bacteria they contain), settled to the bottom of a reservoir or suspended in the water column.
Detritivores (from lat. detritus - worn out and Greek.phagos - devouring) - aquatic and land animals that feed on detritus along with the microorganisms it contains.
DEFLATION – blowing and grinding of rocks with mineral particles carried by the wind, transfer of weathering products.
DIVERGENCE (from Latin divergence) - the process of divergence of characteristics in initially close groups of organisms during evolution.
DOMINANT - a species that is quantitatively dominant in a given community, as a rule, in comparison with similar forms or, in any case, included in one level of the ecological pyramid or tier of vegetation.
AND
Living matter – the totality of all living organisms, expressed numerically in elementary chemical composition, weight, energy; associated with the environment by the biogenic flow of atoms, respiration, nutrition and reproduction.
Z
ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION – pollution resulting from economic activity of people.
SOIL SALINIZATION – an increase in the content of easily soluble salts in the soil (sodium carbonate, chlorides and sulfates), due to the salinity of soil-forming rocks, the introduction of salts from soil and surface waters, but more often caused by irrational irrigation. Soils are considered saline when they contain more than 0.25% salts in the solid residue (for gypsum-free soils).
WASTE DISPOSAL – placing them underground, in geological workings (abandoned coal mines, salt mines, sometimes specially created cavities) or the deepest depressions of the seabed without the possibility of reverse extraction.
"GREEN REVOLUTION" - a significant increase in the third quarter of the 20th century in the production of grain crops (wheat, rice, corn) based on the success of selection.
ZOOPLANKTON - a set of animals that live (usually free-floating) in the water column of sea and freshwater bodies of water and are able to withstand transport by currents. Z. is an integral part of plankton. Z., although very rarefied, is found almost to the maximum depths of the World Ocean.
ZOOFAG – an organism that feeds on animals, a carnivorous species.
AND
Immunity(from lat. immunitas – getting rid of something) – the body’s immunity to infectious agents and foreign substances.
INTRODUCTION – intentional or accidental transfer of individuals of any living species outside the range.
IONOSPHERE – a layer of the atmosphere (lower I. - from 50 - 80 to 400 - 500 km, upper I. - up to several thousand km), characterized by a significant amount of positively ionized molecules and atoms of atmospheric gases and free electrons. I. plays an important role in the propagation of short-range radio waves on earth; aurora and ionospheric signals are observed in it. magnetic storms, reflecting on the state of terrestrial organisms.
TO
CARCINOGEN – a substance or physical agent that promotes the development of malignant neoplasms or their occurrence.
QUARANTINE - a system of measures that ensures the prevention of the spread of infectious diseases and the penetration of unwanted species of organisms into places where they do not yet live.
SOIL ACIDITY – concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution (active, or actual, acidity) and in the soil absorption complex (potential acidity).
CLIMAX – the “final” phase of biogeocenotic succession, or the “final” successional stage of development of biogeocenoses for given living conditions (including anthropogenic ones, for example, “fire climax”).
CLONE - 1) a group of individuals in unisexual organisms that reproduce by division, budding, fragmentation, etc., consisting of the offspring of one individual; 2) genetically homogeneous vegetative offspring of one individual.
COMMENSALISM – permanent or temporary cohabitation of individuals of different species, in which one of the partners feeds on leftover food or waste products of the other without causing harm to him.
COMPOST – fertilizer obtained as a result of microbial decomposition of organic substances, including from municipal waste.
CONVERGENCE – the emergence of similar species and biotic communities of different origins external signs as a result of a similar lifestyle and adaptation to similar environmental conditions (for example, the body shape of a shark and a dolphin, the appearance of deciduous forests in the northern parts of Eurasia and North America).
COMPETITION – rivalry, competition, any antagonistic relationship between individuals of the same or different species, determined by the desire to better and more quickly achieve some goal in comparison with other members of the community; one of the manifestations of the struggle for existence; There are intraspecific, interspecific, direct, and indirect K.
PRIMARY CONSUMER (FIRST ORDER) - an organism that feeds on plant foods.
SECONDARY CONSUMER (SECOND ORDER) - an organism that feeds on animal food.
COPROPHAGE – an organism that feeds on the droppings of other animals (for example, dung beetles).
RED BOOK – list of rare and endangered organisms; an annotated list of species and subspecies indicating the current and past distribution, numbers and reasons for its decline, characteristics of reproduction, measures already taken and necessary measures to protect the species. There are international, national (on a state scale), and local variants of cosmos, as well as separate cosmos of plants, animals, and other systematic groups.
SURVIVAL CURVE - a graph showing the number of individuals of a species surviving over a certain period of time. It is constructed by plotting on the abscissa of time in years or as a percentage of average (deviation of the recorded age from the average life expectancy) or absolute life expectancy, and on the ordinate axis - the number of surviving individuals per 1 thousand births.
A crisis(from Greek crisis – decision, turning point, outcome) – difficult, difficult situation.
CRYOPHILE - an organism that lives in melt water on the surface of ice or snow, as well as in water that permeates sea ice. Massive growth of algae stains snow (eg “red snow”) or ice.
CRYOFIT – cold-resistant plant of dry habitats.
CRYPTOFIT – perennial herbaceous plant, whose terrestrial organs die off during an unfavorable growing season, and renewal buds are formed on rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and lie deep in the ground (geophytes) or under water (hydrophytes).
ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERION – a sign on the basis of which the assessment, definition or classification of environmental systems, processes and phenomena is made. K.e. May beenvironmentally friendly (preservation of the integrity of the ecosystem, living species, its habitat),anthropoecological (impact on a person, on his population) andeconomic (up to the impact on the entire “society-nature” system).
XENOBIOTIC (from Greek xenos – alien) - any substance foreign to a given organism or their community (pesticides, household chemicals, etc., pollutants) that can cause disruption of biotic processes, including disease and death of living organisms.
XEROPHILE - an organism adapted to life in conditions of lack of water, and therefore lives in places with low humidity (animals - lizards, turtles, etc.).
XEROPHYTE – a xerophilic plant that can withstand temporary wilting with a loss of 50% of moisture or can live in arid areas. There are different categories of K. Real K. - wormwood, gray speedwell, etc.
Culture(from lat. cultus - cultivation, processing) is a method of adaptation and organization of human life, a set of industrial, social and spiritual achievements of mankind.
CUMULATION - 1) increase, collection, concentration of the active principle (for example, an increase in the concentration of pesticides in the food chain);
2) summation of the effect of a drug or poison introduced into the body with a sharp increase in effect or the appearance of new signs, often unfavorable (med.).
L
LANDSCAPE – a natural system homogeneous in terms of development conditions, the main category of territorial division geographic envelope. A natural geographical complex in which all the main components: relief, climate, water, soil, vegetation and animal world– are in complex interaction and interdependence, forming a single inextricable system that is homogeneous in terms of development conditions. Based on the nature of the impact on humans, landscapes are divided into topophilic (attractive) and topophobic (irritating).
Limiting factor – a limiter for the course of a process or the existence of an organism.
LITHOSPHERE – the upper solid shell of the Earth, composed of rocks and their derivatives of volcanic origin, sedimentary biogenic compounds, and weathering products. Gradually passes with depth into spheres with lower strength of matter. Includes the Earth's crust and upper mantle. The thickness of the ocean is 50–200 km, including the earth’s crust – up to 75 km on continents, 10 km under the ocean floor.
Local(lat. localis – local) – relating to a limited area.
M
MESOSPHERE – a layer of the atmosphere lying above the stratosphere, within 50–80 km above the earth’s surface, and is replaced by the thermosphere: characterized by a decrease in temperature with height (from approximately 0 o up to –90 o C).
MELANISM - the phenomenon of dark coloration of animals, depending on the presence of pigments (melanins) in their integument. Industrial M. is the emergence of dark forms of butterflies (more than 70 species) as a result of natural selection of melanists in habitats contaminated with soot.
HABITAT OF THE SPECIES - a spatially limited set of conditions of the abiotic and biotic environment, ensuring the entire development cycle of individuals, a population or a species as a whole - a place (territory, water area) with certain conditions where it is found this type alive (cf. Station).
Meteosensitivity (Greek meteora – atmospheric phenomena) – the body’s sensitivity to weather changes.
MYCORRHIZA – a symbiotic habitation of fungi on the roots and tissues of plant roots, ensuring that the symbionts receive part of the nutrients from each other.
MICROCOSM - 1) ecosystem, a microecosystem extremely limited in extent (often meant artificial). Widely used for modeling large ecosystems; 2) a figurative expression to designate the “world” of an individual grain of sand, drop, atoll, etc. (literally “miniature world”).
MINERALIZATION - 1) the process of decomposition of organic compounds to carbon dioxide, water and simple salts, occurring with or without the participationdecomposers ; 2) concentration of salts in waters; expressed in mg/l, g/l, g/m 3 and % 0 ; with increasing climate dryness, as a rule, it increases: for example, water in the river. Pechora has M. 40 mg/l, and in the river. Emba – 164 mg/l.
MONITORING(from English monitor – warning) – observation, assessment and forecast of the state of various environmental parameters. It is customary to divide M. into basic, or background, M. global, M. regional and M. impact, as well as by methods of conducting and objects of observation (aviation, space, surrounding a person environment).
MUSEUM-RESERVE – a group of specially protected cultural sites among nature and within populated areas. Including historical, architectural and natural monuments. (Valaam, Solovetsky, etc.), memorial-natural M.-Z. (for example, Gorki Leninskie) and purely architectural M.-Z. inside cities or specially created (Kizhi, Malye Karely, etc.).
Mutagenesis(lat. mutatio - change, genes - giving birth ) – the process of occurrence of hereditary changes – mutations – in the body.
MUTUALISM - 1) a form of symbiosis in which each of the cohabitants receives relatively equal benefit: 2) a form of coexistence of organisms in which the partners or one of them cannot (cannot) exist without each other (without a cohabitant). For example, termites and some microorganisms of their intestines that convert wood cellulose into digestible substances; The human stomach and intestines are home to 400–500 species of microorganisms, many of which humans cannot do without.
N
NEISTON - a collection of living creatures living near the surface of the water, on the border between the water and air environments (that is, the surface film up to 5 cm deep into the water). Sometimes the population of only the surface film is distinguished - hyponeuston.
NECRophagus – an organism that feeds on dead animals (lit. carrion eater).
ECOLOGICAL NICHE – the place of a species in nature, including not only the position of the species in space, but its functional role in the community (for example, trophic status) and its position relative to the abiotic conditions of existence (temperature, humidity, etc.). If habitat is like the “address” of an organism, then AD. – this is his “profession”.
NOOSPHERE(from Greek n ö os – mind and spbaire -ball) – lit. “thinking shell”, the sphere of the mind, the highest stage of the evolution of the biosphere, associated with the emergence and development of humanity in it. The formation of the noosphere assumes that human activity in various spheres is based on a comprehensive scientific knowledge natural and social activities, that the political unity of humanity will be achieved, wars will be excluded from the life of society, and the basis of the cultures of all peoples inhabiting the Earth will be made up of eco-humanistic values and ideals.
EMISSION RATE – the total gaseous and/or liquid waste allowed by the enterprise to be discharged into the environment. Volume N.v. is determined on the basis that the accumulation of harmful emissions from all enterprises in a given region does not create concentrations of pollutants in it that exceed the maximum permissible concentration.
PRODUCTION RATE - 1) a limit for the removal of individuals from the population, establishing the number and age-sex composition of animals with the expectation of maintaining the natural density and structure of populations or changing them to an economically feasible level; 2) a certain limitation on the production of a given type of animal or group of animals (for example, ducks by an individual hunter in one day, etc.).
RESOURCE WITHDRAWAL RATE – scientifically based limit of extracted natural resources(mineral values, forests, populations of terrestrial and marine animals, invertebrates, biomass of mushrooms, berries), ensuring their self-healing or rational gradual use. NORMSANITARY AND HYGIENIC – a qualitative and quantitative indicator, the observance of which guarantees safe or optimal conditions for human existence (for example, the standard of living space per family member, the standard of water quality, air quality, etc.). Synonym: hygienic standard.
ABOUT
DISCONTINUATION – comprehensive measures aimed at: 1) suppressing the focus of an infectious or natural focal disease (medical); 2) destruction of formed or artificially distributed poisons (sanitary); 3) destruction of quarantine species of plants and animals (agricultural); 4) sterilization of instruments, materials, premises.
OZONE SCREEN - a layer of the atmosphere within the stratosphere, lying at altitudes of 7-8 km. At the poles, 17-18 km. At the equator and up to 50 km (with the highest ozone density at altitudes of 20-22 km) above the surface of the planet and characterized by an increased concentration of ozone molecules (10 times higher than at the Earth’s surface), which absorb ultraviolet radiation, which is fatal to organisms.
ORGANISM (from lat. organizo- arrange, give a slender appearance) - here: a living being, an individual with a systemic structure.
WASTE – types of raw materials unsuitable for the production of these products, their unused residues or substances arising during technological processes (solid, liquid and gaseous) and energy that cannot be recycled in the production in question (including in agriculture and construction).
BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION – neutralization of waste using biological objects (passing through thickets of aquatic plants, activated sludge, sawdust, etc.).
P
NATIONAL PARK – a vast territory, including specially protected natural (not subject to human impact) landscapes or parts thereof, intended, in addition to the main task of preserving natural complexes intact, primarily for recreational purposes. It has a special administrative department that carries out land use throughout the park or its protected area. Territory of P. n. zoned.
Greenhouse effect – the effect of heating the surface layer of air due to the absorption of thermal radiation from the earth’s surface by the atmosphere. It intensifies with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, ozone, freons, etc.) and water vapor in the atmosphere. Leads to climate warming.
PASTEURIZATION – destruction of organisms by prolonged heating at a temperature not exceeding 100 O C, and with radiation P. - the destruction of organisms by gamma radiation.
BIOMASS PYRAMID – the relationship between producers, consumers (first and second order) and decomposers in the ecosystem, expressed in their mass (number - Elton’s number pyramid, enclosed energy - energy pyramid) and depicted in the form of a graphical model (such models are calledecological pyramids).
PLANKTON – a set of organisms passively floating in the water column (algae, protozoa, some crustaceans (krill), mollusks, etc.), incapable of independent movement over significant distances. A distinction is made between phytoplankton and zooplankton, lake P. - limnoplankton, and river P. - potamoplankton. Synonym: bioseston.
PLAYSTONE - inhabitants (usually passively floating or semi-submerged) of a relatively thin (usually up to 15 m deep) surface layer of water in the ocean or continental body of water with special conditions environments formed as a result of direct interaction between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. Examples:sargassum algae, duckweed and other organisms.
FLOOD - a relatively long and significant increase in the water content of the river, which usually repeats annually in the same season of the year, causing a rise in its level, which, as a rule, is accompanied by the release of water from the channel and flooding of the floodplain.
GREEN SOUNDPROOF STRIP – a strip of tree and shrub vegetation separating the noise source (highway, railway, roadway from the street, etc.) from residential, administrative or industrial buildings. A hedge 15 - 20 m wide in summer reduces noise by at least 10 dB, i.e. 10 times.
FOREST PROTECTIVE BAND – forest and non-forest areas allocated on the lands of the state forest fund adjacent to roads; designed to protect roads from snow and sand drifts, mudflows, avalanches, landslides, landslides, wind and water erosion, to reduce noise levels, perform sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic functions, to protect moving vehicles from unfavorable roads for at least 50 m on each side roads, along highways – 25 m (GOST 17.5.3.02 - 79).
IRRIGATION FIELDS – areas intended for biological treatment of wastewater and usually used for agricultural or forestry purposes.
FILTER FIELDS – territories intended (usually specially constructed) for biological treatment of wastewater from pollutants and, as a rule, not used for other purposes.
Population(from lat. populus - people, population) - a collection of individuals of the same species that have a common gene pool and occupy a certain territory. Contacts between individuals within the same population are more frequent than between individuals of different populations.
BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (BOD) – an indicator of water pollution, characterized by the amount of oxygen that, over a set period of time (usually 5 days, BOD 5 ) went to the oxidation of chemical pollutants contained in a unit volume of water.
NATURE MANAGEMENT – a set of all forms of exploitation of natural resource potential and measures for its conservation. P. includes: a) extraction and processing of natural resources, their renewal or reproduction; b) use and protection of natural conditions of the living environment and c) conservation (maintenance), reproduction (restoration) and rational change in the ecological balance (equilibrium, quasi-stationary state) of natural systems, which serves as the basis for preserving the natural resource potential of society's development;
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY (from lat. producere– produce create) – rate of biomass accumulation, i.e. biomass produced by a population or community per unit area per unit time; total or gross primary productivity must also include energy and biogenic volatiles (gases, aerosols).
SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY - biomass, as well as energy and biogenic volatile substances produced by all consumers per unit area per unit of time, or the rate of accumulation of consumer biomass.
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY - biomass (above and underground organs), as well as energy and biogenic volatiles produced by producers per unit area per unit time, or the rate of photosynthesis.
PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY GROSS (FULL, TOTAL) – the total amount of organic matter produced during photosynthesis, including energy spent on plant respiration and volatile nutrients (phytoncides and so on.).
PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY NET – the rate of accumulation of organic matter in plants, minus the part used during respiration and the release of nutrients. P. p. h. is also called observed photosynthesis or pure assimilation.
PRODUCER(S) – (from lat. producentis - producing, creating) autotrophs and chemotrophs, producing organic matter from inorganic compounds. The main producers in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are green plants.
Prokaryotes(from lat. pro – redistribution, earlier, instead of and Greek.k ä ryon - core ) - organisms whose cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus (all bacteria, including archaebacteria and cyanobacteria).
R
Dynamic equilibrium - the balance of the system, maintained through the constant renewal of its components and structure.
RADIATION – flow of corpuscular (alpha, beta, gamma rays, neutron flow) and/or electromagnetic energy.
IONIZING RADIATION – natural radiation (e.g. cosmic rays), which lead to ionization (formation of ions and free electrons) of electrically neutral atoms and molecules. R. and. has a destructive effect on living matter and is the source of a wide range of changes in living organisms (causes new mutations, radiation sickness, etc.).
VEGETATION RUDERAL – plant groups formed in garbage and landfills.
Regional (from lat. regionalis – regional ) – relating to a specific territory.
Decomposers(from lat. redycentis - returning) - organisms (bacteria and fungi) that feed on dead organic matter and subject it to mineralization, that is, destruction to inorganic compounds, which are then used by producers.
RECREATION – restoration of health and ability to work through rest outside the home – in the lap of nature or during a tourist trip involving visiting places of interest, including national parks, architectural and historical monuments, museums.
RECLAMATION – artificial restoration of soil fertility and vegetation cover after technogenic disturbance of nature (open-pit mining, etc.).
RELIC – a species or community formerly in geological history widespread, but now occupying small areas. Based on the time of previous dominance or widespread distribution, rivers of a certain geological dating are distinguished:Tertiary, Pleistocene etc. Examples: blueberries are a forest plant in the Arctic; muskrat - Neogene R. in the Volga and Ural basins;
REPELLENT - a substance that repels animals. In nature - one of the agentsallelopathy, on the farm - one ofpesticides. Distinguish olfactory and deodorizing R. (neutralizing odors attractive to animals). R. use ch. arr. to protect people and animals from attacks by blood-sucking insects, prevent transmissible diseases, protection from arthropods that spoil furniture, clothing, as well as to protect valuable vegetation (natural and cultural) from animals.
REPRODUCTION – reproduction of individuals. The value of the population R.(pure R.) is determined by the sum of the products of the survival rate characteristic of of this age individuals, on the birth rate specific to this age (the number of offspring per female).
Fertility - the birth of new individuals of any organism, regardless of whether they are born, hatch from eggs, sprout from seeds, or appear as a result of division. Fertility varies depending on the size and age of individuals in the population, as well as environmental conditions.
WITH
SAPROBILITY – the degree of saturation of water with decomposing organic substances. Established by the species composition of saprobiont organisms in aquatic communities.
SAPROPEL - sediment formed at the bottom of continental bodies of water and consisting of the remains of plant and animal organisms mixed with mineral sediments brought by water and wind, transformed under anaerobic conditions. Before this transformation there is detritus. Used as fertilizer.
SAPROPHYTE (Saprotrophs) (from Greek.sapr ö s - rotten and tropb ē- nutrition) - heterotrophic organisms that use for nutrition organic compounds dead bodies or excretions (excrement) of animals.
RESET MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE (substances into a water body) (MPS) - the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum permissible for disposal in the established mode at a given point per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at the control point. MAC is established taking into account the maximum permissible concentration of substances in places of water use, assimilative capacity water body and optimal distribution of the mass of discharged substances between water users discharging wastewater.
environmental certification – activities to confirm the compliance of the certified object with the requirements of legislative and regulatory acts in the field of natural resource management and environmental protection.
SYMBIOSIS - the joint life of two or more individuals of different systematic groups, during which both partners (symbionts) or one of them receive advantages in relations with the external environment (C. algae, fungi and microorganisms in the body of the lichen).
Mortality – death of individuals in a population in a given period or the number of deaths per unit of time.
SMOG – a combination of field particles and fog droplets (from the English “smoke" - smoke, soot and "fog" - thick fog). There are London smog (a mixture of smoke and fog, which occurs when the atmosphere is polluted with soot or smoke containing sulfur dioxide) and Los Angeles smog (photochemical smog caused by air pollution from vehicle exhaust gases containing nitrogen oxides; it occurs in clear sunny weather with low air humidity , ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are formed.
Medium resistance – the whole set of factors (including unfavourable conditions, lack of food and water, predation and disease) aimed at reducing the population size, preventing its growth and spread. The opposite in effect to biotic potential.
Habitat – a set of specific abiotic and biotic conditions in which a given individual, population or species lives.
STATION – habitat of the population.
Stenobiont – an organism that is unable to tolerate significant fluctuations in environmental factors, or with a narrow environmental valency.
STERILIZATION – complete destruction of microorganisms (temperature 100 O C, chemicals, filtration) in food products intended for long-term storage, and on items used for special purposes, e.g. medical instruments (sanitary).
DRAIN POLLUTANT – wastewater containing impurities in quantities exceeding the maximum permissible concentration.
STORM DRAIN – arising as a result of intense rainfall (showers).
In the troposphere, the temperature drops by an average of 0.6 o at 100 m.
Stress(lat. stress - tension) is a state of tension that occurs in humans and animals under the influence of strong influences.
SUCCULENT – a drought-resistant plant of dry habitats with succulent, fleshy above-ground organs (trunks, stems, leaves) in which moisture is stored. There are stem plants (cacti, cactus spurges), which accumulate water in the stems, and leaf plants (agaves, aloe), which accumulate moisture in the leaves.
SUCCESSION(from lat. successio – succession) – a sequential change of biocenosis, successively arising in the same territory (biotope) under the influence of natural factors (including internal contradictions development of the biocenoses themselves) or human impact; Nowadays, as a rule, it is observed as a result of a complex interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors. The end result of S. is more slowly developing climax or nodal communities.
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TECHNOLOGY (from Greek tecbn ë - art, skill, skill and logos - teaching) - a set of rules and skills used in the manufacture of any type of tool or substance.
TOXIC SUBSTANCES (from Greek toxicon - poison) – poisonous substances.
TOLERANCE (lat. tolerance - patience) is the body’s ability to tolerate the adverse effects of one or another environmental factor.
TROPHIC CHAIN (food chain, food chain) 1) relationships between organisms through which the transformation of matter and energy occurs; 2) groups of individuals (bacteria, fungi, plants and animals), connected to each other by the “food-consumer” relationship.
TROPHIC LEVEL - a set of organisms united by a type of nutrition. Organisms of different trophic chains, but receiving food through an equal number of links in trophic chain, are at the same trophic level.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – such development in the global “society-nature” system that ensures satisfaction of the needs of people of the present time without compromising the fundamental parameters biosphere and does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It implies support by society for the development of the natural environment.
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FACTORY CONNECTIONS – a type of biocenotic relationship when a species uses excretory products and dead remains of other species for its constructions (fabrications)
PHYTOPLANKTON (from Greek pbyton - plant, planktos - wandering) - a set of organisms that inhabit the water column of continental and marine reservoirs and are not able to resist transport by currents.
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TAILINGS DUMP – closed or semi-closed (semi-closedness occurs when creating an earthen or similar dam through which liquid is partially infiltrated) pool for storing liquid tailings. Tails – waste (usually meant liquid or gaseous) arising from the enrichment of minerals or others. technological processes. “Fox tails” are emissions containing chlorine.
Chemosynthesis(from Greek cb ë meia – chemistry, syntbesis - compound) – a type of bacterial nutrition based on the absorption of CO 2 due to the oxidation of inorganic compounds.
CHEMOTROPH - an organism that synthesizes organic matter from inorganic matter due to the oxidation of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other substances found in water, soil and subsoil.
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ECOLOGICAL NICHE – the totality of all environmental factors within which the existence of a species in nature is possible. This concept is usually used when studying the relationships of ecologically similar species belonging to the same trophic level.
Ecological pyramid – graphical representation of the relationship between different trophic levels. The base of the pyramid is the level producers. There can be three types: pyramid of numbers, pyramid of energy.
Environmental audit (environmentalaudit) - a systematic, documented process of reviewing objectively obtained and evaluated audit data to determine whether certain types of audit criteria are met or not met environmental activities, events, conditions, administrative management systems or information about these objects, as well as communicating to the client the results obtained during this process.
Ecology(from Greek oikos – house and logos - word, doctrine) is a science that studies the relationships of living organisms with each other and the environment.
Ecosystem(from Greek oikos – house and systema – combination, association) - a set of co-living organisms and the conditions of their existence, which are in a natural relationship with each other and form a system of interdependent biological and abiotic phenomena and processes.
Ecotop – a habitat for a community of living organisms, including a set of abiotic components of the environment.
EXAMINATION OF THE PROJECT – establishing the compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and determining the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental assessment in order to prevent possible adverse impacts of this activity on the environment and the associated social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental assessment.
Extreme conditions (lat. extremum - extreme) – extreme, hazardous conditions environments to which the body does not have proper adaptations.
Endemic(from Greek endemos - local) is a local species that lives only in a given region and does not live in others.
EROSION – destruction of rocks, soils or any other surfaces, violating their integrity and changing them physical and chemical properties, usually accompanied by the transfer of particles from one place to another..
Eukaryotes(from Greek ë u- good, completely and k ä ryon – nucleus) – organisms whose cells contain formed nuclei (all higher animals and plants, as well as unicellular and multicellular algae, fungi and protozoa).
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Tiering– division of a plant community (or terrestrial ecosystem) into horizons, layers, tiers, canopies or other structural or functional strata. There are above-ground and underground tiers.
Abiotic factors– a set of conditions in the inorganic environment that affect organisms.
Autotrophs- organisms that take the chemical elements they need for life from the inert matter surrounding them and do not require ready-made organic compounds of another organism to build their body. The main source of energy used by autotrophs is the sun.
Anabiosis– (from Greek - revival) the ability of organisms to survive unfavorable times (changes in environmental temperature, lack of moisture, etc.). Rotifers can tolerate complete drying out, as do nematodes and tardigrades. Vronsky, dictionary, S. 26.
Anaerobic environment– oxygen-free environment.
Anaerobes– (from Greek means life without air) organisms that can live and develop in an oxygen-free environment. Pasteur L. introduced this term into science.
Acidophytes– plants that prefer acidic soils or waters (pH from 6.7 to 3.0).
Adaptation- the process and result of adaptation of organisms to living conditions. A distinction is made between species (genotypic) adaptation, which occurs over a number of generations and is associated with the process of speciation, and individual (phenotypic) adaptation - acclimation, which occurs within individual development organism and does not affect its genotype.
Acclimatization– adaptation of organisms to changes in climatic and geographical conditions of existence.
Acclimation– individual (physiological, phenotypic) adaptation.
Autecology– a branch of ecology that studies the relationship of individuals (organisms) with the environment.
Anthropogenic factors– factors arising as a result of human activity.
Artificial environment– an artificially created or transformed part of the environment, including buildings, premises, machines and household items, air-conditioned microclimate, electromagnetic fields, noise, etc.
Environmental safety— the degree of protection of a territorial complex, ecosystem, and people from possible environmental damage, determined by the magnitude of environmental risk.
Biogeocenosis– the concept was formulated by V.N. Sukachev. in 1940. This is a specific homogeneous structure on which living (biocenosis) and inert (biotope) components interact, united by metabolism and energy into a single natural complex.
Biocenosis is a system of interconnected consortia. Plants usually occupy a central place in it.
Biotope– inorganic substrate.
Biobone substance- is created simultaneously by living organisms and inert processes, representing systems of dynamic equilibrium of both (soil, crust, natural waters, the properties of which depend on the activity of living matter on Earth).
Biosphere- a kind of shell of the earth, containing the entire totality of living organisms and that part of the planet’s substance that is in continuous exchange with these organisms.
Biota– a set of species of organisms of any large territory, for example, tundra biota, etc.
Biotic (biological) cycle– circulation of substances between plants, animals and organisms.
Biotic factors– the totality of the influence of the life activity of some organisms on others.
Biocenosis- an interconnected set of all living beings inhabiting a more or less homogeneous area of land or body of water, characterized by certain relationships between organisms and adaptability to environmental conditions.
Gross (total) productivity– accumulation of organic matter, including losses for own needs (respiration, etc.) and mass consumed by heterotrophs.
Secondary productivity– rate of accumulation of organic matter by consumers.
Heterotrophs(from Greek - nutrition) - organisms that feed on organic substances that produce autotrophs. These include all animals, including humans, fungi and most microorganisms. In the food chain of the ecosystem, they form a group of consumers.
Diagonal survival curve (type two)– in species whose mortality remains approximately constant throughout life.
Dominant species– species that predominate in numbers in the ecosystem.
Living matter– according to V.I. Vernadsky, this is the totality of all living organisms of the modern biosphere.
Law of constancy of the amount of living matter in the biosphere (): the amount of living matter (biomass of all organisms) of the biosphere for a given geological epoch is constant.
Law of the minimum (J. Liebig): the vitality of an organism is determined by the weakest link in the chain of its environmental needs. J. Liebig formulated this law as follows: “The substance at its minimum controls the harvest and determines the size and stability of the latter over time.”
Law of tolerance (W. Shelford): The flourishing of an organism is limited to zones of maximum and minimum of certain environmental factors. Between them is the optimum zone. Each species is characterized by its tolerance - the ability to tolerate deviations of environmental factors from optimal ones.
Laws of ecology (B. Commoner): 1. Everything is connected to everything; 2. Everything has to go somewhere; 3. Nature knows best; 4. Nothing comes for free.
Calciphiles– calcephytes, plants that live on soils rich in lime
Quantitative compensation (law)- the law allows you not to fear death modern civilization for geographical and environmental reasons. This law was proposed in 1936 by A.L. Chizhevsky.
Consortiums- a group of heterogeneous organisms that settle on the body or in the body of an individual of a species, a central member of the consortium, capable of creating a certain environment around itself.
Xerophytes- plants adapted to life in dry areas.
Consumers– heterotrophic organisms, mainly animals that feed on other organisms or particles of organic matter.
Inert substance- a set of those substances in which living organisms do not participate in the formation.
Mesophytes– plants occupying an intermediate position between hygrophytes and xerophytes; they are moderately demanding of habitat moisture.
Wet dust collectors– nozzle scrubbers and naib. Effect. Venturi scrubbers (the main acting forces are inertia and Brownian motion).
Violence is a form of coercion on the part of one group of people (on the part of one person) in relation to another group (another person) in order to acquire or maintain certain benefits and privileges.
Nonviolence- a principle based on the recognition of the value of all living things, man and his life, the denial of coercion as a way of human interaction with the world, with nature, with other people, this is a way of solving problems and conflicts.
Nitrophytes– plants that prefer soils rich in nitrogen compounds.
Noosphere- the sphere of the mind. Hypothetical stage of development of the biosphere, when intelligent activity human development will become the main determining factor in its sustainable development.
Oscillations– fluctuations in the number of organisms and communities caused by biotic factors.
Decomposers– heterotrophic organisms (bacteria, fungi) that obtain energy by decomposing dead tissue or by absorbing dissolved organic matter released spontaneously or extracted by saprophytes from plants and other organisms.
Saprotrophs– organisms that feed on dead organic matter or animal excrement. These include bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and saprophytes.
Synecology– a branch of ecology that studies the relationships between communities and ecosystems.
Wednesday- a part of nature that surrounds living organisms and has a direct or indirect impact on them.
Stenobiotes– ecologically low-tolerant species.
succession– sequential replacement of one biocenosis by another.
Secondary succession– restoration of an ecosystem that once already existed in a given territory.
Sciophytes– shade-loving plants (yew, fir, spruce, beech, hornbeam) in forests temperate zone. Scrubbers are a device for washing gases with liquid in order to extract individual components from them. Dry dust collectors– these are inertial systems, which include centrifugal dust removal systems (cyclones), rotary, vortex, radial dust collectors, in which the forces of gravity and inertia occur. Naib. effective Rotary dust collectors are considered.
Thermophiles (heat-loving organisms)– organisms adapted to living in conditions of constantly high temperatures (hot springs, self-heating substrates such as manure, wet hay).
Fluctuations in numbers– fluctuations in the number of organisms, seasonal and annual, caused by abiotic factors, recurring.
Phytocenosis – broadleaf forests in 5-6 tiers, have a vertical tiered structure.
Photoperiodism– the body’s reaction to the daily rhythm of solar energy (light), i.e. on the ratio of light and dark periods of the day.
Chemosynthetic organisms– autotrophic microorganisms that assimilate organic compounds by chemosynthesis. These include sulfur bacteria (oxidize hydrogen sulfide, obtaining nutrients for organisms in rift zones of the ocean), nitrifying bacteria (convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites), iron bacteria, hydrogen bacteria, etc. These organisms play a significant role in the biogeochemical cycles of chemical elements in the biosphere.
Edifiers (builders)– without which species cannot live (plants - spruce, pine, cedar, feather grass, and rarely the animal marmot).
Exponential growth in numbers– growth in the number of individuals under unchanging conditions.
Ecological niche– the position of the species that it occupies in common system biocenosis, the complex of its biocenotic connections and requirements for abiotic environmental factors.
Ecology(from Greek - house, dwelling and science) is a science that studies the conditions of existence of living organisms and the relationship between organisms and the environment.
Ecology is a special general scientific approach to the study of problems of interaction between organisms, biosystems and the environment (ecological approach).
Ecology– a comprehensive science that synthesizes data from natural and social sciences about nature and the interaction between it and society.
Ecological culture- a way of socio-natural human existence, expressing the unity of man and nature, unfolding in man’s mastery of objects and processes of nature, which have become the means of life for man, which is realized by him in historical and individual development.
Ecosystem– any community of living beings and its habitat, united into a single functional whole, arising on the basis of interdependence and cause-and-effect relationships that exist between individual environmental components.
Glossary of environmental terms
Abiotic factors– all components inanimate nature(light, temperature, humidity, etc.), as well as the composition of the water, air and soil environments.
Anthropogenic factor– human activity leading to changes in the habitat of living organisms.
Atmosphere – gaseous shell of the Earth.
Biology - a science that studies the living world of the Earth and examines the patterns of structure and functioning of living things.
Bionics – a scientific direction in biology and cybernetics that studies the structure and vital activity of organisms with the aim of using established patterns in the construction of technical systems similar in characteristics to living organisms and their parts.
Biological factors– interactions between different individuals in populations, between populations in natural communities.
Biosphere – the largest (global) ecosystem of the Earth, a geological shell inhabited by living organisms. It covers the Earth's surface, the upper part of the lithosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the lower part of the atmosphere - the troposphere.
Vegetative – relating to plants or organs concerned with nutrition and growth.
Volcano - fire-breathing mountains. As a result of the eruption of underwater volcanoes, new islands can form and tsunami waves can occur.
Volcanologists - scientists who study volcanoes and predict their awakening.
Hydrosphere - the shell of the Earth formed by oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers.
Rocks (or stones)– consist of two or more minerals. Can be igneous (granite, tuff, basalt), sedimentary (limestone, coal) etc.
Caterpillar - a worm-like larva of lepidoptera that develops from an egg.
Trees - tall plants with one hard, woody, bark-covered trunk, branches growing at a considerable distance from the ground.
Spruce forest – coniferous forest, which is dark, cool, and humid; the vegetation is represented by spruce trees, low-growing shrubs, and shade-tolerant grasses. Animals adapted to the changing seasons - squirrels, chipmunks, deer, hares, wild boars, moose.
Live birth - a method of reproduction of offspring in which the embryo develops from an egg, receiving nutrition from the mother’s body, and is born in a more or less formed form (as a baby free from egg membranes).
Animals – a group of living beings, usually capable of active movement; not forming, but consuming finished organic matter.
Law of Ecological Correlation– in an ecosystem, all species included in it are functionally consistent with each other, and the destruction of one species or their group always ultimately leads to the disappearance of interconnected other species of living things. When a species is completely exterminated or becomes extinct, it never disappears alone, but always together with interconnected forms.
Reserve - a space specially protected by law or customs, completely excluded from any economic activity in order to preserve natural complexes intact and protect living species.
Human health– an objective state and a subjective feeling of complete physical, mental and social comfort.
Earth - one of the planets revolving in orbit around the Sun. These planets form the solar system. The earth is a huge ball. It consists of three parts: crust, mantle and core.
Zoocenosis - a set of interconnected and interdependent species of animals that have developed in any space.
Variability – existence of organisms in various forms and variants within the species; the ability of organisms to respond to environmental factors with morphophysiological changes; characterization of the degree of change in organisms of any group during evolution.
Caviar - a collection of eggs laid into the water by fish, amphibians and other animals.
Ecological disaster– a complete and irreversible disruption in nature.
Environmental quality - correspondence natural conditions needs of living organisms. An indicator of environmental quality can include both natural factors (temperature, amount of light, etc.) and anthropogenic ones (pollution, disturbance factor, etc.)
Climate – an annually repeating weather pattern characteristic of a given area.
Cocoon - a protective formation that protects eggs or embryos (in earthworms, spiders, etc.), or pupae of many insects.
Root - a plant organ that holds the plant in the soil, absorbing water and minerals dissolved in it.
Red Book – list and description of rare and endangered animals, plants and fungi.
Ecological crisis– a temporary tense state of relationship between man and nature.
doll – the phase of insect development following the larva.
Bushes – perennial plants that do not have a main trunk; Several stems covered with bark grow from the root, the branches are located close to the ground.
Landscape – a natural system homogeneous in terms of development conditions.
Forest - a natural complex, which is dominated by trees of one or many species, growing close to each other and forming a more or less closed forest stand. Usually there are several tiers in the forest. Depending on their composition, forests are classified as coniferous, deciduous, tropical, etc.
Deciduous forest – a natural complex represented foliage plants, located in four tiers: 1 – large trees – oak, linden, ash; 2 – low-growing trees – rowan, aspen, alder; 3 – shrubs – hazel, euonymus, rosehip, honeysuckle; 4 – herbs – sorrel, fern, strawberry. Animals adapted to seasonal environmental changes - wild boars, moose, hares, birds, insects.
tropical forest – a natural complex, which is characterized by: a lot of heat (26° C) and moisture, a variety of plant species that grow, bloom and bear fruit all year round; variety of animals active throughout the year.
Temperate forests– natural complexes characterized by seasonal fluctuations in temperature and precipitation. Represented by broad-leaved and mixed forests.
Forest park - an extensive natural forest, usually not far from or within a large populated area, adapted for public recreation.
Forest-steppe – natural area temperate and subtropical zones with alternating steppe and forest areas.
Forest-tundra – natural area northern hemisphere, transitional between forest and tundra - a complex complex of woodlands, tundras, swamps and meadows.
Sheet – a plant organ whose function is photosynthesis, respiration, and evaporation of moisture.
Lithosphere - the outer hard shell of the earth, covering its firmament to depths of 50 - 200 km and consisting of two layers: the upper - sedimentary rocks and the lower - basalt.
Larva – the actively feeding phase of development of some invertebrates, amphibians, and fish that follows the egg.
Minerals – homogeneous compounds found in nature in pure form. They differ in color, hardness, shine, transparency, composition, and structure.
Model – a system of objects or signs that reproduces some essential properties of the original system. The model is used as a proxy for the system being studied. The model simplifies the structure of the original and distracts from the unimportant. It serves as a generalized reflection of the phenomenon. Models can represent material objects or be mathematical, informational (visual-figurative, logical-symbolic).
Metabolism – sequential consumption, transformation, use, accumulation and loss of substances and energy in living organisms in the process of life.
Adaptive coloring- a group of adaptations to environmental conditions, expressed in the appearance in animals, in the course of natural selection, of shape and color, making them either invisible or especially noticeable against the background of the environment.
Organ – a part of an organism that performs a specific function or group of functions.
Organism - a living being, a carrier of life, characterized by all its properties: metabolism, the ability to move, grow, reproduce, adapt to changes external environment.
food chain – a sequence of groups of organisms, each of which (food link) serves as food for the next one; a link in the food chain constitutes the level of the ecological pyramid.
Planet - a huge ball of hard rocks or gases orbiting a star.
Weather – the state of the lower layer of the atmosphere in a certain area and at a certain time.
Minerals– rocks and minerals used by humans in the national economy.
Need - the need for something necessary to maintain the vital functions of the body, this is an internal stimulator of activity.
The soil - the top fertile layer of the earth. Soil composition: clay, sand, humus (humus).
Signs of living organisms– movement, nutrition, excretion, respiration, growth, development, reproduction, death.
Nature – 1) in in a broad sense– everything that exists, the whole world in the diversity of its forms; 2) in a narrow sense – the object of study of the science of natural science.
Desert – territory in which there is no continuous vegetation; a lot of heat (35 O C), little moisture, individual species plants. Animals store water in the form of fat, many are nocturnal, and some hibernate for a long time.
Plants – autotrophic living organisms (capable of producing organic matter from inorganic).
Symbiosis – joint mutually beneficial, often obligatory coexistence of two or more species.
System - a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other and form a certain integrity, unity. The concept of a system is organically connected with the concept of integrity, subsystem, connection, structure.
Mixed forest – a natural complex represented by deciduous and coniferous trees.
solar system– The Sun and all other space objects, for example, the planets that revolve around it: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
Sun - a giant star that emits light and heat. Its diameter is 140,000 km, the temperature in the center is 16,000,000 O C, surface temperature – 5500 O C, the time it takes for sunlight to reach the Earth is 8 minutes 20 seconds.
Pinery – a coniferous forest, in which it is dry and there is a lot of light, the vegetation is mainly pine trees, single bushes, grasses, mosses. Animals adapted to the changing seasons - squirrels, chipmunks, deer, hares, wild boars, moose.
Hibernation – a period of sharp decrease in metabolic rate, allowing an animal or plant to survive unfavorable living conditions.
Habitat – all bodies and phenomena (natural and anthropogenic) with which the organism is in direct or indirect relationships. The environment includes all environmental factors.
Stage (stage) of development- a certain stage, period, stage in the development of something that has clearly distinguishable qualitative features.
Stem - vegetative organ of a plant. Its functions are mechanical, conductive, and sometimes storage.
Steppe – a treeless type of vegetation, which is characterized by: little precipitation, mainly in spring and summer, frequent droughts, sharp changes in temperature between seasons, cold winters; various herbs. Diversity of herbivores.
Succulents – perennial plants with succulent leaves or stems, easily tolerated high temperatures air, but cannot withstand dehydration.
Taiga – type of vegetation with predominance coniferous forests; there is little precipitation, mainly falling in summer; a big difference winter and summer temperatures; evergreen forests represented by coniferous trees, various mosses and lichens. Animals are adapted to harsh conditions.
Tornado - a huge whirlwind of destructive force.
Herbs - a life form of plants that has soft, succulent, herbaceous stems.
Tundra - a type of vegetation characterized by treelessness, a strong development of mosses and lichens, in places perennial grasses, low bushes and shrubs; little precipitation, Cold winter, short summer; the lower layers of the earth are permafrost; low-growing dwarf plants, mosses, lichens, mushrooms. Poor fauna, many migratory birds, many stinging insects in summer.
Turgor – elasticity of tissues and organs due to the pressure of cell contents on their elastic walls.
Hurricanes - storms during which the winds blow along a giant circle. In its center there is a windless area - the “eye” of the hurricane.
Environmental (habitat) conditions– a set of environmental factors: from cosmic – the impact of the Universe on solar system– to the direct influence of the environment on an individual (community).
Ecosystem sustainability– its ability to maintain its structure and functional characteristics when exposed to external factors.
Fauna – the existing set of all species of animals living in a given territory or water area.
Phytocenosis - a more or less stable natural grouping (community) of plant species in a relatively homogeneous area.
Flora – an established set of plant species living in a certain territory or as part of a specific plant community.
Function - specific activity of the body and its organs.
Coniferous forest – the natural complex, represented by coniferous plants, does not have a second tier – low-growing trees.
Chitin - exoskeleton of arthropods.
Predator - an animal or plant that catches and eats other animals that serve as food.
Development cycle - the totality of all phases of the individual development of an organism, as a result of which it becomes capable of giving rise to a new generation.
Feasibility– compliance of a process, phenomenon, structure of an organ or organism with the prevailing environmental conditions for better adaptation to them.
Integrity of nature– the internal unity of an object (organism, community, biosphere) as a system, which determines its essence and the possibility of normal functioning.
Human - an intelligent natural being, distinguished from other living organisms by the strong development of the brain, the ability to think, use speech as a means of communication, the vertical position of the body and movement on two legs, and the structure of the hand as an organ of labor.
Cuttings – separation from a plant of a part of its stem, root or leaf and the engraftment of this fragment with the subsequent restoration of the missing organs of the entire plant.
Cutting – a fragment of a plant, most often a part of a stem, used for cuttings.
Flower – a plant organ whose function is reproduction.
Ecological niche– the totality of all factors in the environment within which the existence of a species in nature (community, ecosystem) is possible.
Environmental monitoring– an information system whose main tasks are observation, assessment and forecast of the state of the natural environment under the influence of anthropogenic influence in order to warn about emerging critical situations that are harmful and dangerous to human health and the well-being of other living beings.
Environmental factor– any environmental condition that affects the state and properties of an organism, population, or natural community.
Ecology - a science that studies the relationships of organisms with the environment and with each other.
Human ecology– a science that studies the general laws of the relationship between the biosphere and human society, the influence of the natural environment on humans.
Ecological trail– a specially equipped and carefully studied path in places where the surrounding wildlife allows guides to convey knowledge about natural phenomena and objects, to create the prerequisites for the development of environmental thinking and environmentally appropriate behavior in nature.
Ecosystem - a single natural or natural-anthropogenic complex formed by living organisms and their habitat, in which all components are connected by metabolism. Important properties of an ecosystem are its stability and ability to self-regulate.
Oviparity - a method of reproduction by animals of offspring, in which the embryo develops in an egg under the protection of egg membranes outside the mother’s body.
Ecology(from the Greek “oikos” - dwelling, “logos” - science) - the science of the patterns of relationships between organisms, species, communities and their habitat.
External environment - all conditions of living and inanimate nature under which an organism exists and which directly or indirectly affect the condition, development and reproduction of both individual organisms and populations.
Environmental factors(from Latin “factor” - cause, condition) - individual elements of the environment that interact with the body.
Abiotic factors(from the Greek “a” - negation, “bios” - life) - elements of inanimate nature: climatic (temperature, humidity, light), soil, orographic (relief).
Biotic factors - living organisms interacting and influencing each other.
Anthropogenic factor(from the Greek "anthropos" - man) - the direct impact of a person on organisms or the impact through a change in their environment.
The optimal factor is the most favorable intensity of the environmental factor for the body (light, temperature, air, humidity, soil, etc.).
Limiting factor - environmental factor that goes beyond the limits of the body’s endurance (beyond the permissible maximum or minimum): moisture, light, temperature, food, etc.
Endurance limit - the boundary beyond which the existence of an organism is impossible ( icy desert, hot spring, upper layers of the atmosphere). For all organisms and for each species there are boundaries for each environmental factor separately.
Ecological plasticity- the degree of endurance of organisms or their communities (biocenoses) to the influence of environmental factors.
Climatic factors - abiotic environmental factors associated with the supply of solar energy, wind direction, humidity and temperature ratio.
Photoperiodism(from the Greek “photos” - light) - the need of organisms for a periodic change of a certain length of day and night.
Seasonal rhythm - the reaction of organisms to changing seasons, regulated by photoperiodism (with the onset of a short autumn day, leaves fall from the trees, animals prepare for overwintering; with the onset of a long spring day, plant regeneration begins and the vital activity of animals is restored).
The biological clock - the reaction of organisms to alternating periods of light and darkness of a certain duration during the day (rest and activity in animals, daily rhythms of movement of flowers and leaves in plants, rhythmicity of cell division, the process of photosynthesis, etc.).
Hibernation - adaptation of animals to endure the winter season (winter sleep).
Anabiosis(from the Greek “anabiosis” - revival) is a temporary state of the body in which life processes are slowed down to a minimum and all visible signs of life are absent (observed in cold-blooded animals in winter and during the hot period of summer).
Winter peace - an adaptive property of a perennial plant, which is characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity, the death of above-ground shoots in herbaceous life forms and the fall of leaves in woody and shrubby forms.
Frost resistance - the ability of organisms to withstand low negative temperatures.
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Ecological system - a community of living organisms and their habitats, constituting a single whole based on food connections and methods of obtaining energy.
Biogeocenosis(from the Greek "bios" - life, "geo" - earth, "ce-nos" - general) - a stable self-regulating ecological system in which organic components are inextricably linked with inorganic ones.
Biocenosis - a community of plants and animals inhabiting the same territory, mutually connected in the food chain and influencing each other.
Population(from the French "population" - population) - a collection of individuals of the same species, occupying a certain area, freely interbreeding with each other, having a common origin, genetic basis and, to one degree or another, isolated from other populations of a given species.
Agrocenosis(from the Greek “agros” - field, “cenosis” - general) - a biocenosis artificially created by man. It is not able to exist for a long time without human intervention, does not have self-regulation and at the same time is characterized by high productivity (yield) of one or several species (varieties) of plants or animal breeds.
Producers(from the Latin "producentis" - producing) - green plants, producers of organic matter.
Consumers(from the Latin “consumo” - consume, consume) - herbivores and carnivores, consumers of organic matter.
Decomposers(from Latin “reducere” - reduction, simplification of structure) - microorganisms, fungi that destroy organic residues
Power circuits- chains of interconnected species that successively extract organic matter and energy from the original food substance; each previous link is food for the next.
Nutritional level - one link in the food chain, represented by producers, consumers or decomposers.
Power supply - complex relationships in an ecological system in which different components consume different objects and themselves serve as food for different members of the ecosystem.
Ecological pyramid rule - a pattern according to which the amount of plant matter that serves as the basis of the food chain is approximately 10 times greater than the mass of herbivorous animals, and each subsequent food level also has a mass 10 times less.
Self-regulation in biogeocenosis- the ability to restore internal balance after any natural or anthropogenic influence.
Population fluctuations - successive increase or decrease in the number of individuals in the population, which occurs due to changes in the season, fluctuations in climatic conditions, food harvest, natural disasters. Due to regular repetition, population fluctuations are also called life waves or population waves.
Population regulation - organization of measures to regulate the number of individuals through their extermination or breeding.
Endangered population - a population in which the number of species has decreased to an accepted minimum.
Commercial population - population, the extraction of individuals of which is economically justified and does not lead to the erosion of its resources.
Population overpopulation - a temporary state of a population in which the number of individuals exceeds the value corresponding to the conditions of normal existence. Most often associated with a change in biogeocenosis.
Life density - the number of individuals per unit area or volume of a tone or other environment.
Self-regulation of numbers - limiting the effect of an ecological system, reducing the number of individuals to the average norm.
Change of biogeocenoses - the successive natural development of an ecological system, in which some biocenoses are replaced by others under the influence of natural environmental factors: swamps are formed in place of forests, and meadows are formed in place of swamps. A change in biogeocenoses can also be caused by natural disasters (fire, flood, windfall, mass reproduction of pests) or human influence (deforestation, drainage or irrigation of land, earthworks).
Restoration of biocenosis - It is more natural to develop a sustainable ecological system capable of self-healing, which takes place in several stages over decades (after cutting down or a fire, a spruce forest is restored in more than 100 years) -
Artificial restoration of biocenosis - a set of measures to ensure the resumption of the previous biocenosis by sowing seeds, planting tree seedlings, and returning disappeared animals.
Phytocenosis(from the Greek “phyton” - plant, “cenosis” - general) plant community, historically formed as a result of a combination of interacting plants in a homogeneous area of territory. It is characterized by a certain species composition, life forms, layering (aboveground and underground), abundance (frequency of occurrence of species), placement, aspect ( appearance), vitality, seasonal changes, development (change of communities).
DICTIONARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TERMS
Abiotic factors - inorganic factors of the external environment (temperature, humidity, air pressure, relief, etc.), which, together with rhetorical factors, determine the conditions for the existence of organisms in a particular area.
Abrasion- the process of destruction of the shores of seas, lakes, reservoirs by waves and surf.
Autotrophs- organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones through the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Agrobiogeocenosis - a set of organisms living on agricultural lands.
Agricultural industry- agricultural production on an industrial basis.
Agroforestry - a system of measures to create forest plantations in order to increase the productivity of agricultural land, involve the so-called inconvenient waste lands (sands, ravines, steep slopes, washed away lands) into economic circulation, as well as to improve the conditions of water and land transport and the general mitigation of the hydroclimatic conditions of arid areas districts.
Agrocenosis(from the Greek “agros” - field, “cenosis” - general) - a biocenosis artificially created by man. It is not able to exist for a long time without human intervention, does not have self-regulation and at the same time is characterized by high productivity (yield) of one or several species (varieties) of plants or animal breeds.
Adaptation- the process of developing adaptations of organisms to living conditions.
Aquaculture- a system of measures for artificial breeding of various food and technical plants and animals in reservoirs.
Acclimatization- adaptation of plants or animals to new or changed conditions of existence, in which they go through all stages of development and produce viable offspring.
Allen's rule- animals inhabiting colder areas of their range have smaller protruding parts of the body (limbs, tail, ears, etc.) than representatives of the same species of related species from warmer areas.
Anabiosis- a temporary state of the body in which life processes are slowed down to a minimum and all specific signs of life are absent (observed in cold-blooded animals in winter and during the hot period of summer).
Anaerobic organisms - organisms that can live and develop in the absence of oxygen in the environment.
Anthropogenic factor (from the Greek “anthropos” - man) - the direct impact of a person on organisms or the impact through a change in their habitat.
Anthropogenic landscape - a landscape formed as a result of human impact on the natural landscape.
Anthropogenic press - the impact of human economic activity on nature and its resources.
Area- part of the earth's surface within which a given species or taxon of a higher rank is distributed.
Arid regions- desert, semi-desert and other arid regions of the globe.
Atmosphere- a shell of air around the earth that protects all living things from the destructive effects of space.
Aerobic organisms - organisms that can live and develop only in the presence of oxygen in the environment.
Aeroplankton- microscopic organisms that live in the atmosphere.
Aeroponics- growing plants without soil in the air.
Aero tanks- special facilities for biological treatment of wastewater by filtering it through coarse materials replaced by aerobic microorganisms.
Bergman's rule - in animals of the same species or in a group of closely related species, body sizes are larger in the cold parts of the range and smaller in its warmer parts (body sizes increase with latitude).
Biogeocenosis(from the gr. “bios” - life, “geo” - earth, “cenosis” - general) - a stable self-regulating ecological system in which organic components are inextricably linked with inorganic ones.
Biological control methods - use of predators and pathogens to control plant pests.
Biological balance - the desire to preserve the dynamic stability of natural complexes (biogeocenoses).
Biome- a set of species of plants and animals of any region (tundra, taiga, deciduous forests, deserts, etc.).
Biomass- the mass of living matter of an organism, population or set of populations of a species in a particular territory (water area).
Biotechnology- a system of measures aimed at increasing the number of game animals and improving their living conditions (feeding, arrangement of watering places, improving nesting and protective conditions, disease control, predator control, selection, etc.).
Bioticcycle of substances - constant circulation of substances between the soil, flora and fauna and microorganisms.
The biological clock - the reaction of organisms to the alternation of days of light and darkness of a certain duration (rest and activity in animals, daily rhythms of movement of flowers and leaves in plants, rhythmicity of cell division, the process of photosynthesis, etc.).
Biotic potential is the theoretical maximum rate of increase in the population of a species.
Biotope- an area of the earth's surface occupied by one or another biocenosis under the same type of environmental conditions.
Biocenosis- a community of plants and animals inhabiting the same territory, mutually connected in the food chain and influencing each other.
Household emissions- municipal waste entering the biosphere and polluting water, air and soil.
View- a set of populations, individuals capable of crossing with the formation of fertile offspring, inhabiting a certain area, possessing a number of common morphophysiological characteristics and types of relationships with the abiotic and biotic environment and separated from other similar groups of individuals by the almost complete absence of hybrid forms.
Externalenvironment - all conditions of living and inanimate nature under which an organism exists and which directly or indirectly affect the state, development and reproduction of both individual organisms and populations.
Water management - group of industries National economy involved in accounting, use and protection of water resources.
Restoration of biocenosis - the natural development of a sustainable ecological system capable of self-healing, which takes place in several stages over decades (after deforestation or fire, a spruce forest is restored in more than 100 years).
Artificial restoration of biocenosis - a set of measures to ensure the restoration of the previous biocenosis by sowing seeds, planting tree seedlings, and returning disappeared animals.
Gene pool- in a broad sense, the totality of genetic information of all species diversity of flora and fauna.
Herbicides- chemical substances to destroy weeds and other unwanted vegetation.
Heterotrophs- organisms that feed on autotrophs, since they themselves are not able to synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones.
Hydroponics- growing plants without soil, with their roots immersed in aquatic environment containing essential nutrients.
Hydrosphere- the water shell of the planet (rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, etc.).
Gloger's rule- geographic races of animals in warm and humid areas are more pigmented than in cold and dry ones.
Humid areas - humid regions of the globe.
Humus- soil organic matter.
Demography- a science that studies the population, the patterns of its development, composition, distribution, reproduction and socio-historical conditionality.
Detritus- dead organic matter (usually animals or plants), partially mineralized, suspended in the water column or settled to the bottom.
Deflation- wind erosion.
Defoliation- removal of leaves using chemicals. It is used for defoliation before harvesting cotton, fruit seedlings for drying the seeds of vegetable crops, alfalfa.
Life form- a group of plant or animal species of similar appearance, caused by identical adaptations to living conditions. Species of the same life form can be related to varying degrees (belonging to different genera, families, orders).
Wildlife sanctuaries- areas of nature in which certain species of plants, animals or parts are protected for a number of years (or constantly) in certain seasons or year-round natural complex. Economic use other resources are permitted in a form that does not cause damage to the protected object.
Reserve- a territory completely withdrawn from economic use for the purpose of preserving and studying the natural objects and processes existing there. Serves as a standard of biogeocenoses and a scientific laboratory in nature.
Salinization- accumulation in the soil of excess salts harmful to plants.
Land Fund of Russia - the whole land of Russia. Land for economic purposes is part of the land fund of Russia.
Agricultural irrigation fields (AIF) - specialized reclamation systems designed to receive pre-treated wastewater for the purpose of using it for irrigation and fertilization of agricultural land, as well as post-treatment in natural conditions.
Winter peace- adaptive property of perennial racestenia, which is characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity, the death of above-ground shoots in herbaceous plantsgrowing forms and leaf fall in tree and shrub forms.
Hibernation- adaptation of animals to endure the winter season (winter sleep).
Zoophagi- animals that feed on other animals.
Zoocenosis- a community of animals included in the biocenosis.
Insecticides- chemicals for destructionharmful insects.
Integrated plant protection method - complex method (agroeconomic, physical-chemical, biological)control of pests and plant pathogens in order tosuppression of their numbers.
Introduction- intentional or accidental transfer of racesshadows or importation of animals and plants (introduced species) into new paradiseareas where they have not previously lived, beyond the natural areadistribution.
Infauna- a set of animals living in the thickness of the soil and water bodies.
Endangered population - population, number of specieswhich dropped to the accepted minimum.
Quarantine service - a set of measures to protect growthprotection from the importation and invasion of dangerous pests, diseases and weeds.
Climatic factors - abiotic environmental factors associated with the supply of solar energy, wind directionditch, the ratio of humidity and temperature.
Combined wastewater treatment method - neutralize living and cleaning of industrial, agricultural, commumunicipal wastewater, mechanical, physico-chemical andbiological methods.
Population fluctuations - a successive increase or decrease in the number of individuals in a population, which occurs due to changes in the season, fluctuations in climatic conditions, food harvests, and natural disasters. Thanks toregular repetition of population fluctuationsThey are also life waves or population waves.
Consumers- (from the Latin “consumo” - to use, racewalk) - herbivores and carnivores, consumewhether organic matter.
Contact insecticide - chemical toxic substances that kill insects upon contact with their outer coverings.
Red Book- a questionnaire-based list of endangered animals or plants.
Xerophytization- desertification of the area. Xerophytes are plants living in arid areas (deserts, dry steppes, etc.).
Landscape- a natural-territorial complex with a predominance of one type of biogeocenosis, usually a small area (at least several square kilometers).
Littoral- coastal strip, high and low tide area.
Lithosphere- the upper hard shell of the globe.
Marginal lands - literally outlying lands. Plots of land where agricultural production is difficult due to soil, climatic and other conditions (semi-deserts, dry savannas, etc.).
Land reclamation- measures aimed at radical improvement of land.
Habitat- an area of the natural environment in which one or another species of animal or plant lives.
Method of biological wastewater treatment - mineralization of organic pollutants in wastewater using aerobic (with the access of oxygen) biochemical processes in natural (agricultural irrigation fields) or artificial conditions.
Method mechanical cleaning Wastewater - removal of various undissolved impurities from wastewater using special devices and structures.
Mechanical pest control methods - extermination of pests (insects, rodents, etc.) using simple mechanical devices (baits, traps, ditches) or manually.
Migration- movement of people and animals in space and along the soil profile.
Microclimate- the climate of small areas of land.
Monitoring- a comprehensive system of monitoring, assessment andforecast of the state of the environment or its individual elements.
Frost resistance - the ability of organisms to withstand low negative temperatures.
IUCN- International Union protection of nature and natural resources.
Disturbedland - areas where, as a result of economic activity, vegetation has been destroyed, soil cover has been destroyed, the hydrological regime and terrain have been changed.
Noosphere- the stage of development of the biosphere, during which the use of natural resources occurs according to strictly scientific principles, which contributes to the harmonious existence of man and nature.
Afforestation of sands - fixation of sands with trees and shrubs.
Reverse (closed) water supply cycle - reuse water, reducing its consumption and the degree of pollution of wastewater.
Limiting factor - an environmental factor that goes beyond the limits of the body’s endurance (beyond the permissible maximum or minimum): moisture, light, temperature, food, etc.
Optimal factor - the most favorable intensity of the environmental factor for the body (light, temperature, air, humidity, soil, etc.).
Ornithology- a science that studies the life of birds.
Treatment plants - engineering structures and devices for cleaning industrial, agricultural and municipal waste that pollute the natural environment.
Natural monuments - separate protected natural objects, having great scientific historical and cultural significance.
Pasture erosion - soil destruction as a result of excessive grazing of livestock without taking into account grazing standards.
MPC- maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in water, air, etc., which do not have a harmful effect on humans, animals, and plants.
Pesticides- chemicals used to combat economically, veterinarily or medically undesirable organisms.
Population overpopulation - a harmful state of a population in which the number of individuals exceeds the value corresponding to the conditions of normal existence. Most often associated with a change in biogeocenosis.
Food (trophic) chains - the transfer of food energy from its source (plants) through a number of organisms, occurring by eating some organisms by others.
Nutritional level- one link in the food chain, represented by producers, consumers or decomposers.
Fertility- the ability of the soil to provide plants with water, nutrients, air.
Density of life- the number of individuals per unit area or volume of a particular environment.
Protective afforestation - artificially grown forest plantations in order to preserve the fertility of arable land and protect crops from droughts, hot winds and erosion.
Population(from the French “population” - population) - a collection of individuals of one species, occupying a certain area, freely interbreeding with each other, having a common origin, its genetic basis, to one degree or another isolated from other populations of a given species.
Soil formation - the process of soil development under the influence of natural factors and human production impact.
Ecological pyramid rule - a pattern according to which the amount of plant matter serving basis of the food chain, approximately 10 times greater than the mass of the grow carnivorous animals, and each subsequent food level also has a mass 10 times less.
Endurance limit - a boundary beyond which the existence of an organism is impossible (ice desert, hot spring, upper atmosphere). For all organisms and for each species there are boundaries for each environmental factor separately.
Natural resources - objects, conditions and processes of nature that are used or can be used in social production to satisfy the material, scientific and cultural needs of society.
Natural national park ~ an area of nature designated for nature conservation and recreation.
Producers(from the Latin “producentis” - producing) - green plants (autotrophs) that produce organic substances during photosynthesis.
Commercial population - a population, the extraction of individuals of which is economically justified and does not lead to the undermining of its resources.
Reacclimatization - dispersal of animal or plant species within the area of its past distribution.
Population regulation - organization of measures to regulate the number of individuals through their extermination or breeding.
Decomposers(from Latin “reducere” - reduction, simplification structures) - organisms that destroy and decompose dead racestenia and animals (many insects, worms, fungi, bacteria, etc.).
Reserve- protected areas of nature in a number of foreign countries countries close in regime and purpose to Russian reserves.
Recreation- rest, recuperation, treatment using favorable natural conditions.
Land reclamation - restoration of disturbed landsvarious techniques (mining, biological) for subsequent economic use.
Repellents- substances that repel animals. Typically used in the form of ointments, creams or liquids to repel blood-sucking insects and ticks. They are also used to repel rodents, hares, ungulates from fruit and forest plantations, etc.
Sanitary protection zones - forest strips or plots of land separating enterprises and residential areas.
Self-regulation in biocenosis - the ability to restore internal balance after any natural or anthropogenic influence.
Self-regulation of numbers - limiting effect of the ecological system, reducing the number of individuals to the average norm.
Seasonal rhythm- reaction regulated by photoperiodism. organisms to the change in time of year (with the onset of a short autumn day, leaves fall from the trees, animals prepare for overwintering, with the onset of a long spring day, plant regeneration begins and the vital activity of animals is restored).
Sel- a mud or mud-stone flow that suddenly appears in the beds of mountain rivers as a result of a sudden flood, has great destructive power and often causes damage to agricultural land and forests.
Serpentarium- nursery for keeping poisonous snakes in order to obtain poison from them.
Power networks- complex relationships in an ecological system, in which different components consume different objects and themselves serve as food for different members of the ecosystem.
Sinanthropus- plants and animals whose way of life is associated with humans, their homes, and the landscape created or modified by them.
Synecology- a branch of ecology that studies communities of organisms (biocenoses, ecosystems).
Change of biogeocenoses - successive natural development of the ecological system, in which some biocenoses are replaced by others under the influence of natural environmental factors: swamps are formed in place of forests, and meadows are formed in place of swamps. A change in biogeocenoses can also be caused by natural disasters (fire, flood, windfall, mass reproduction of pests) or human influence (deforestation, drainage or irrigation of land, earthworks).
Smog- dense fogs containing dust and harmful gases.
Habitat- the set of conditions in which an organism lives.
Station- an area of space characterized by a set of conditions (relief, climate, food, etc.) necessary for the existence of a given species.
succession- replacement of one community of organisms (biocenosis) by another in a certain sequence.
Taxon- a group of organisms related by one degree or another of relatedness, sufficiently isolated so that it can be assigned a certain taxonomic category of one rank or another - species, genus, etc.
Terrilogy- branch of zoology that studies mammals.
Trophic level - a set of organisms united by a type of nutrition.
Ubiquists- species of plants and animals that can develop normally in a variety of conditions. Same as cospo-polite.
Urbanization- growth and development of cities associated with industrialization and the scientific and technological revolution.
Standing harvest- biological yield, that is, the amount of finished products before harvesting begins.
Disposal- use of production waste in the national economy.
FAO- UN Food and Agriculture Organization.
Fauna- a set of animal species living in a certain territory.
Phenology is the science of seasonal natural phenomena.
Pheromones- biologically active substances secreted by animals to attract individuals of the opposite sex.
Phytomelioration- measures to improve land bysowing and planting.
Phytoncides- biologically active substances produced by plants that kill or suppress the growth and development of pathogens and play an important role in plant immunity.
Phytophagous- animals that eat plants.
Phytocenosis(from the gr. “phyton” - plants, “cenosis” - general) - a plant community that historically developed as a result of a combination of interacting plants in a homogeneous area of territory. It is characterized by a certain species composition, life forms, layering (underground and aboveground), abundance (frequency of occurrence of species), placement, aspect (appearance), vitality, seasonal changes, development (change of communities). (Or simpler: phytocenosis is a community of plants included in the biogeocenosis (see).
Flora- a set of plant species growing in a certain area.
Photoperiodism(from the gr. “photos” - light) - the need of organisms for a periodic change of a certain length of day and night.
Photosynthesis- the formation of organic substances, carbon dioxide and water in the cells of green plants using solar energy captured by chlorophyll.
Fumigants- preparations used to destroy pests and plant pathogens; act on the respiratory system.
Homing- attachment of animals to their habitat.
Power circuits- chains of interconnected species that successively extract organic matter and energy from the original food substance; each previous link is food for the next.
Shelf- a coastal area of the sea bordering the mainland withdepths from 0 to 200 m. The outer edge of the shelf is a continental slope, descending to the bottom of the sea.
Eurybionts- plants and animals that can exist with wide changes in environmental factors.
Eurythermic organisms - capable of existing under large fluctuations in environmental temperature.
Eutrophication- excessive enrichment of water bodies with organic substances.
Ecology(from the gr. “oikos” - dwelling, “logos” - science) - the science of the laws of relationships between organisms, species, communities and their habitat.
Environmental valence - the degree of adaptation of species to changes in environmental conditions.
Ecological niche - the totality of all environmental factors within which the existence of a species in nature is possible.
Ecological crisis - imbalance in the ecological environment systems and in the relations of human society with nature.
Ecological plasticity - the degree of endurance of organisms or their communities (biocenoses) to the influence of environmental factors.
Ecological system - community of living organisms and their habitats, forming a single whole based on food ties and methods of obtaining energy.
Environmental factor - any environmental condition to which the organism reacts adaptive reactions. More environmentally friendly Chinese factors are divided into abiotic, biotic, and anthropogenic.
Environmental education - formation in a person of a conscious attitude towards the natural environment in order to protect and rationally use natural resources.
Endemics- species of plants or animals not found anywhere elsede, except for a given area (mainland, country, region, sea, etc.).
Entomology- science of insects.
Entomophages- organisms that feed on insects.
Erosion- the process of destruction and mowing of soils by water and wind, leading to a decrease in their fertility and disruption of the role of soils in the cycle of substances in the biosphere.
Ethology- the science of the biological basis of animal behavior.
UNEP- UN Environment Program. Intergovernmental program proclaimed by the UN Stockholm Conference on Environmental Protection (1972) and approved General Assembly UN in 1973. Dedicated to pressing issues current state environment (combat desertification, protect the oceans, tropical rain forests, etc.).
UNESCO- intergovernmental organization - a specialized UN agency for education, science and culture.
Tiering- dismemberment of the plant community on the horizontal layers located at different heights above the ground.
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