Aircraft designer Tupolev and his planes. Russian necropolis

In 1911, for participating in student unrest, Tupolev was expelled from the school and exiled to his homeland for two years under police supervision.

In 1916-1918, he participated in the work of the first aviation settlement bureau in Russia; designed the first wind tunnels at the school.

In 1918, Tupolev graduated with honors from the Moscow Higher Technical School and, together with Zhukovsky, became the organizer and one of the leaders of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI). In 1918-1936 - member of the TsAGI board.

Since 1922 - Chairman of the Commission for the Construction of Metal Aircraft at TsAGI. From that time on, an experimental design bureau (OKB) formed and headed by him began to operate in the TsAGI system, whose activities were related to the development of heavy land, naval combat and civil aircraft, torpedo boats and snowmobiles. Tupolev was the chief designer of this design bureau.

In 1922-1936, Andrei Tupolev was one of the creators of the scientific and technical base of TsAGI, the developer of projects for a number of laboratories, wind tunnels, an experimental hydraulic channel, and the country's first pilot plant for the construction of all-metal aircraft. He was the organizer of the production of aluminum alloy - aluminum chain mail, and semi-finished products from it.

In 1923, he created his first light aircraft of mixed design (ANT-1), in 1924 - the first Soviet all-metal aircraft (ANT-2), in 1925 - the first all-metal combat aircraft (ANT-3), built in series, and also the first all-metal monoplane bomber (ANT-4, 1925).

Andrey Tupolev developed and put into practice the technology for large-scale production of light and heavy metal aircraft. Under his leadership, bombers, reconnaissance aircraft, fighters, passenger, transport, marine, and special record-breaking aircraft, as well as snowmobiles, torpedo boats, gondolas, power plants and the tail of the first Soviet airships were designed.

Since 1930 he was the chief designer of TsAGI. Since 1931 - Deputy Head of the Central Design Bureau of TsAGI, since 1932 - Head of the design department of the TsAGI pilot construction sector, since 1933 - Deputy Head of TsAGI for the pilot construction sector.

Since 1936, Andrei Tupolev combined the leadership of the Design Bureau, separated from the TsAGI system, with the position of chief engineer of the Main Directorate of Aviation Industry of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry (NKTP), and formed the strategic direction for the development of Soviet aviation, science and technology.

On October 21, 1937, Tupolev was unfoundedly accused of sabotage and espionage and arrested. On May 28, 1940, he was sentenced to 15 years in forced labor camps.

While in prison, he worked at TsKB-29 (Special Technical Bureau of the NKVD of the USSR), which later became known as the Tupolev Sharaga. Here Tupolev created the front-line bomber "103" (Tu-2).

On July 19, 1941, he was released early from further serving of his sentence with his criminal record expunged. Rehabilitated by the ruling of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR dated April 9, 1955.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Tupolev was evacuated to the city of Omsk and appointed chief designer of aircraft plant No. 166.

In 1943, he returned to Moscow and was appointed chief designer and responsible manager of aircraft plant No. 156, where the main base of the design bureau (OKB) A.N. was created. Tupolev.

In 1956, Andrei Tupolev was appointed General Designer of the USSR aviation industry.

Andrei Tupolev developed over 100 types of aircraft, 70 of which were mass-produced. His planes set 78 world records, carried out 28 unique flights, including the rescue of the crew of the steamer "Chelyuskin" on ANT-4, non-stop flights to the USA through the North Pole by the crews of Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov on ANT-25, the landing of the scientific expedition "Northern" pole" led by Ivan Papanin.

A large number of bomber aircraft, torpedo bombers, reconnaissance aircraft designed by Tupolev (TV-1, TV-3, SB, TV-7, MTB-2, TU-2) and torpedo boats G-4, G-5 were used in combat operations in the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War in 1941-1945.

IN post-war years Among the military and civil aircraft developed under the leadership of Tupolev are the Tu-4 strategic bomber, the first Soviet jet bomber Tu-12, the Tu-95 turboprop strategic bomber, the Tu-16 long-range missile carrier-bomber, and the Tu-22 supersonic bomber; the first jet passenger aircraft Tu-104 (based on the Tu-16 bomber), the first turboprop intercontinental passenger airliner Tu-114, short- and medium-haul aircraft Tu-124, Tu-134, Tu-154, as well as the supersonic passenger aircraft Tu-144 ( together with Alexey Tupolev).

Tupolev aircraft became the basis of the fleet of the Aeroflot aviation company and were operated in dozens of countries.

Andrey Tupolev had military rank Colonel General of the Engineering and Technical Service, was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953), an honorary member of the Royal Aeronautics Society of Great Britain (1970) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1971); he was awarded the prize and gold medal named after N.E. Zhukovsky, the Lenin Prize (1957), five State Prizes of the USSR (1943, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1972), the highest award of the International Aviation Sports Federation (FAI). He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times (1945, 1957, 1972). OKB A. N. Tupolev - JSC Tupolev, part of JSC United Aircraft Corporation, Kazan Technical University, an island in the Ob Bay of the Kara Sea.

An embankment in Moscow, streets in Kyiv (Ukraine), Ulyanovsk, Kimry, Zhukovsky and other cities are named after Andrei Tupolev. Memorial plaques were installed on buildings in Moscow and Omsk in which Andrei Tupolev worked.

A bronze bust of Tupolev was erected in the city of Kimry, Tver Region. In 2005, on the site of the Tupolevs’ house-estate in Pustomazovo, a memorial composition was opened and a memorial stone was installed.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources

IN April 1910 student of the year imperial technical schools Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev announced that he would do flight on own glider designs over Lefortovo park. Look a lot of people gathered for this spectacle people, reporters, photographers. Tupolev took a running start, then felt the ground disappearing from under his feet and flew! In all my life Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev will create about 150 aircraft models, starting with airplanes ANT-1 and ending supersonic by passenger plane (see article) ! For comparison, we can say that ANT-1 wing area was 10 square meters, and Tu-144 - 500 square meters ! On airplanes Tupolev will be installed 78 World Records! Done 30 worldwide famous flights! There's hardly another one aircraft designer, who created this quantity airplanes ! Also, except for aviation equipment Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev designed, for example torpedo And civilian boats, snowmobile and other equipment. Few to whom it is known that all this was done contrary to circumstances , people And logic events . Contemporaries Tupolev gave him a nickname "icebreaker". Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev made history and was part of this history THE USSR!

Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev was born November 10, 1888 years on the farm Pustomazovo Tverskaya provinces. Family Tupolev was large family, Andrey Nikolaevich became 6th a child in a family. While studying at gymnasiums his loved ones became the subject physics. Teacher physicists V gymnasiums was Nikolai Fedorovich Platonov, that was extraordinary teacher ! Later Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev wrote about his physics teacher: “ Not limited to gymnasium course, he organized astronomical circle, took us to excursions on iron road, textile factories, installed intricate And fascinating experiments on mechanics, optics And electricity." WITH childhood Tupolev had to take care About Me yourself. Also in childhood he started with enthusiasm tinker wooden toys And models ships. Being high school student, Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev decided sell your wooden crafts, so that with the money raised pass By country. When he turned 13 years old, he went to journey through Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan, Tiflis, Rostov, Moscow.

In the autumn of 1908 of the year Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev successfully passed the exams immediately 2 Moscow higher educational institutions - Imperial Technical School And Institute of Railway Engineers. From 2 educational institutions he chose Technical School. One of the teachers of this school was the famous scientist Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky ( see article "Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky"), who taught a course called « Theoretical basis aeronautics." Lectures Zhukovsky were not just interesting, but challenging EXCELLENCE among students!!! During lectures due to lack of places students in the audience and stood and even sat on semi! Attended lectures Zhukovsky And Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev. Its for real captured idea aeronautics.

Students organized at the school aeronautic circle and chose Zhukovsky chairman mug. First product, made by students in this circle, became glider. Is it true, glider it can be called with a stretch. In design it was rather closer to hang glider. Tupolev happened first fly on this device, and it will be safe flew over on it across the river Yauzu. present aircraft designer definitely a must try FEELING OF FLIGHT. He must feel, How AIR HOLD aircraft ! Feel, tested during this short flight Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev remembered on all life!

Next flying device manufactured students after glider became real airplane. It was accurate copy airplane French inventor Louis Bleriot, on which he first V stories flew across the strait English Channel. Respectively first flying apparatus Tupolev became Louis Bleriot's plane. This is not nothing reprehensible because All aircraft designers who have achieved great success, started with the construction already existing aircraft models. Already at that time Zhukovsky highlighted Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev among other students thanks to his abilities leader, technical ingenuity, big ability to work. When Zhukovsky decided to create aerodynamic laboratory in Higher Moscow Technical School, then appointed Tupolev head equipment aviation laboratory.

At first 20th century in Russia there was a heated discussion about future countries. Students took active participation in this discussion. They organized underground mugs, read prohibited literature. IN Soviet time Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev tried to present him as active fighter against royal regime, but in fact it was far from Total this and completely dedicated own life studies And aviation! Later Tupolev remembered : "Service, which I could provide comrades, seemed so trifling, what am I agreed. I was asked to allow use my address for correspondence with other student organizations ». Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev allowed. Police quickly calculated address prohibited correspondence and March 14, 1911 his year arrested put in police custody plot. Authorities forced Tupolev leave from Moscow. Not a single request helped directors schools, not even a petition Zhukovsky! Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev went to parents.

Through one and a half year to promote Zhukovsky, Tupolev restore at school. But here autumn 1919 years he is found tuberculosis. To him cut out one lung. Doctors warned : « Living with such a disease not for long, But Can. But working with big people is absolutely forbidden". All of my life Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev will live by the principle – every day can become the last one so we need to do it maximum possible!

He back to a technical school only through 3 year, in year started First World War war. Students accepted participation in creating real combat devices. They produced calculations And purging devices in wind tunnel. IN 1918 year Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev graduated technical school in specialty mechanical engineer. At this time in Russia happened turbulent political events. As a result revolution happened change of power. Industry work stopped reigned in the country chaos, devastation And hunger. However, even in such a situation there were people who decided continue yours case Despite everything !

These people turned out to be Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky And Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev. They proposed to the government to create institute For studying problems of aeronautics. Zhukovsky And Tupolev So earnestly proved the need for the existence of such an institution that the government not only allowed but also gave money for the implementation of the project !!! Zhukovsky And Tupolev So rejoiced success that you decided Mark this business ! On the way home they came in soon cafe. There was nothing there except curdled milk And honey. Accordingly they noted such a great event as the beginning the birth of TsAGI just having eaten curdled milk With honey!

Chief TsAGI(Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute) became Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky. His deputy, as they said then "comrade" Was assigned Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev aged 30 years . Tupolev elected head of department aviation. This department was essentially design bureau (KB), where they gathered build aircraft. But first we decided to create a serious scientific and experimental base. In addition, they determined in advance in which direction work will be carried out.

At that time in Russia rich in forest aircraft built from TREES, and there was a strong woodworkers lobby. But Tupolev managed to prove advantages of metal and proposed to build from METAL. He also suggested one more innovation. Then Russian aircraft by type of design were BIPLANAMI, Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev offered MONOPLANES. By that time in world already existed samples metal monoplanes. IN Russia there were certain technical difficulties in their production, but despite this it came on its own understanding, what further perspective creation of aircraft for monoplanes from metal

The point is that on This moment V Russia at all DID NOT EXIST metal production, like raw materials For aviation industry. That's why Tupolev took up ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION OF RAW MATERIALS For aviation, from METAL. This was facilitated by understanding of officials involved in the development industry.

From this it is clear that Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev was studying decision complex problems, including causes, causing this problem. This principle he will follow all my life! He also followed another principle – sequence of steps while moving towards the goal. For example, parts from aluminum at first were used and tested not on airplanes, but on the ground - on gliders And snowmobile. Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev remembered : « From new material we will build, for example, snowmobile We'll survive everything troubles development new techniques work. Let's study application duralumin not on the plane, where is the mistake worth your life people, but on vehicles moving around firmament. This is much safer. A engineers And workers will pick up experience and on them ».

IN 1923 year young KB released first airplane. The car was named after initial letters of surname, patronymic name "ANT-1". The plane had a diagram monoplane. Duralumin it was used very limitedly, only for research. Second the car was already entirely from metal During the tests we studied metal behavior already in real sample aircraft. Tests have shown that it is superior German "Junkers" And English "Bristol". For creation ANT-2, Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev awarded with a prize – trip to France, England And Germany!

He didn't suspect that since first success and trips abroad it started behind him secret observation OGPU and careful compilation dossier. Moreover, Tupolev was NON-PARTY and famous for its independence. After offers join the ranks All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev refused. Asked him : « Why you Not want to join VKP(b)? By beliefs or this for you no need?" He replied : « Of course by beliefs because I do not need it." This was the answer at the time more, how risky. Then consist in the ranks parties meant - to be or not to be further career. Tragedy will happen Later.

Viewed as intermediate construction stage full-fledged airplane for military And civil aviation. The point is that at that time NOT ALL used precise calculations when designing aircraft. Many constructors acted according to intuition. But Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev already then, starting from design, I used wind tunnel, scales for determining alignment, spent static tests. Today these operations seem self-evident and then it was still necessary come up with And build. Parallel with the construction of aircraft arrangement research base TsAGI.

Third machine type Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev, already built serially. IN mid 1920s years Red Army Air Force consisted mainly of foreign airplanes, purchased Abroad. became one of the first domestic aircraft, which was supposed to REPLACE aircraft, PURCHASED abroad. IN 1926 year August 31st one from copies with the name "Proletarian", manned M.M.Gromov made a famous high-speed flight By capitals states Western Europe!!!

There's no way couldn't understand in which country Russians acquired this plane !? For Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev It was better any praise! Besides, he was PRESTIGE is not indifferent countries and how then myself Tupolev he said he was determined “catch up and overtake the west!” IN May 1927 year in USSR begins fundraising for defense under the slogan – our answer Chamberlain. IN 1927 year August 20th ANT-3 with title "Our answer" flew out of Moscow V Tokyo!

Next large achievement Tupolev Design Bureau became huge for those times bomber "ANT-4". Scheme this bomber became classical.

Development of bombers in all over the world went exactly according to the chosen scheme Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev - it is self-supporting monoplane with engines located on the leading edge of the wing. At first 1929 of the year ANT-4 committed historical flight Moscow—New York! IN August 1929 of the year M.M.Gromov ( see article "Mikhail Mikhailovich Gromov") on first passenger on an airplane Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev, « ANT-9″ with title "Wings of Soviets" flies across Western Europe!

Another car Tupolev Design Bureau became four-engine " ANT-6″. IN troops this car was named TB-3. Abbreviation "TB" meant "Heavy Bomber" IN 1932 year May 1st on the holiday, 9 airplanes ANT-6 pass over Red Square. Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev becomes leading aircraft designer in THE USSR.

Government forced even forgive to him NON-PARTY. 15 year old anniversary TsAGI was declared a holiday for all Soviet science And technology!!! It was celebrated in Bolshoi Theater, was present there all management countries. People's Commissar of Heavy industry Sergo Ordzhonikidze proclaimed from the podium Tupolev is the best representative the new Soviet intelligentsia. Rest aircraft designers considered themselves undeservedly bypassed. Each subsequent bomber took everything big sizes. It seemed that the designers decided to try to what extent degrees in general it is possible increase sizes aircraft in this race for size !

IN 1932 year editor magazine “Ogonyok”, Mikhail Koltsov made a proposal for construction in honor of 40th anniversary of creative activities Maxim Gorky with the aim of propaganda giant airplane. Then citizens our country collected for its construction 6 000 000 rubles ! Today it is more than 1,000,000,000 rubles ! The result was biggest V world plane from metal "Maxim Gorky". Trials of the giant Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev passed successfully! Test pilot M.M.Gromov ( see article "Mikhail Mikhailovich Gromov") gave the best reviews about this car ! IN 1935 year May 18th "Maksim Gorky" suffered catastrophe as a result COLLISIONS With I-5 fighter, accompanying "Maxim Gorky". Fighter I-5 managed Nikolai Pavlovich Blagin. Blagin committed ERROR in piloting when performing aerobatic maneuvers, "dead loop". He committed Flight of "Maxim Gorky", did not calculate the distance before him and at exit from "dead loop" almost vertically crashed nose V wing of "Maxim Gorky". Died 46 Human.

Checks have begun in KB Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev. Investigation conducted by the commission NKVD. Behind Tupolev whispered to each other ill-wishers. He himself worried incident no less than relatives dead ! Andrey Nikolaevich for the rest of my life helped money families dead and injured in plane crashes his planes . Every month from salaries he is with daughter Julia laid out the money envelopes, and then she delivered them each addresses. But 2 grandmothers for some reason he took away the money alone, together With daughter.

On West aircraft manufacturing companies only calculated to myself, and for Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev stood financial possibilities of the whole states! Thanks to centralization of financial means and abilities convince customer Tupolev was becoming main aircraft manufacturer THE USSR. Even then the project budget Andrey Nikolaevich on the head exceeded others' budgets Soviet aircraft designers ! He easily communicated with the then head of aviation industry Peter Ionovich Baranov, People's Commissar of Heavy industry Sergo Ordzhonikidze. Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev could force work for yourself whole industry! He started every task fulfill only after provided to myself reliable rear. Basics he organized production in Moscow, where could it be the most powerful aviation base on central airfield. Branches of enterprises Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev were in Kazan, V Kuibyshev(Today Samara), V Voronezh, V Taganrog.

Then aviation was measure of success countries. Many sought to occupy it high position. Some did it at the expense proximity To authorities. So Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev ( see the article already having at this time its KB became Stalin's assistant on questions aviation. He could for production impression plant your own small plane to some small somewhere on the lawn near With Stalin's dacha. Although of course this is not at all does not diminish Yakovlev’s merits in business aircraft industry. Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev never didn't try participate in undercover fight and waved away warnings. On first place he had a favorite Job, in which he never knew defeat!

Before the war Tupolev, And was getting many tasks, and for a lot he took it himself - airplanes, snowmobiles, gondolas, airships, torpedo boats. He constructed all this from metal It is no coincidence that the country’s leadership more often sent assignments to KB Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev because they were behind him scientific and experimental base TsAGI, factories producing scarce products from aluminum Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev considered himself an activist national scale and you can tell them was! He could myself without hesitation present to the customer, construction task future aircraft, especially since the customer not always clearly represented what kind of aircraft or other product is this, there should be.

Despite the attached efforts governments, aviation V USSR developed SLOWLY. Not enough qualified personnel, funds, experience, and production capacity. Plans to produce aircraft were disrupted. This state of affairs couldn't for a long time arrange. At first 1930s years began reorganization. IN 1931 that's all for the year experienced aircraft manufacturing decided collect into one powerful center. A graduate was appointed head of this association Air Force Academy, Sergei Ilyushin(see article) . Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev also entered compound associations.

Such a design "collective farm" obviously Not arranged Tupolev. He's great knew their possibilities! This association was extremely centralized therefore it could not last long. Through 18 months Tupolev Design Bureau became again independent. After doom again independence, Tupolev Design Bureau got to work with a new one energy! Andrey Nikolaevich I was not only involved in design. He was studying and promotion their cars in serial production and exploitation. Exactly Tupolev first V USSR started creating branches design bureau at factories, who produced his planes serially. This innovation strongly reduced terms implementation new technology.

Next plane KB Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev became "SB". Decoding the abbreviation - “high-speed bomber.” The fact is that military set the task to create bomber possessing at a speed no less than those of that time fighters and if necessary capable leave from fighters to speed! This is a requirement for speed was PRIORITY And Design Bureau of Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev at design this type of aircraft came from the main thing is speed.

This requirement was achieved, among other things, thanks to minimum area frontal resistance fuselage(narrow fuselage) . SB really was leaving from fighters that time ! The only one inconvenience was for pilots narrow fuselage . This was especially evident during Finnish wars when the flights were carried out in winter V thick clothes . However, with this reconciled for the sake of speed bomber. This car has become the most numerous bomber Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev, they were released more than 6,000 things !

TO mid 1930s years USSR had the most numerous bomber fleet in the world, majority whose aircraft belonged to KB Tupolev! Armadas SB And TB-3 already existed on approach were new cars ! IN 1936 year Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev appoint deputy boss aviation industry, while he still remained main designer of his KB. IN 1937 year, a number of significant events took place for Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev. This year May 5th his plane ANT-7 for the first time flew over North Pole! Through half a month, May 21st ANT-6 landed on a drifting ice floe expedition Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin.

Those who first saw the plane Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev, ANT-25 mistook him for FANTASTIC plane from OF THE FUTURE! By this time it had accumulated solid experience aviation flights pilots And navigators. The government decides to establish world distance record flight by straight. Crew Valery Pavlovich Chkalov ( see article " Valery Pavlovich Chkalov"), on through North Pole flew to America June 20, 1937 of the year ! Then a similar flight was carried out Mikhail Mikhailovich Gromov. On airplanes KB Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev several were installed World records ! But that's all has changed V overnight.

IN 1937 year On October 21, Tupolev was arrested right into it worker office with standard at that time the wording - "foreign spy" member sabotage organizations ??? He was accused of transferring foreign drawings intelligence and that he supposedly With 1924 year is agent of the French intelligence. Remembered all the foreign business trips Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev. Sentence sounded like this : deprivation of liberty for a period of 15 years with defeat in political rights and with confiscation all personal property belonging to him.

How such understand and not just arrest, and herself monstrous injustice!? After all, he so many made for countries! His planes were the basis of the bomber aviation THE USSR. His cars after record flights brought glory to the country! He created advanced industry industry! But Stalin's regime was relentless! They also arrested Tupolev's wife, Yulia Nikolaevna. She will leave from there through 2 completely sick. After arrest parents 2nd children Tupolev - 16-year-old Yulia And 13-year-old Alexey will remain alone. The very next day after the arrest, name Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev disappeared from printed publications, as if it didn't happen airplanes with stamp "ANT." By car Tupolev in return "ANT" for several years the abbreviation appeared "TsAGI".

At first Tupolev stayed in for a long time single camera on Lubyanka. Then he was transferred to Butyrskaya prison There are investigators replacing each other several days in a row, led interrogation, without giving Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev neither sit, neither sleep. IN Butyrskaya he spent about of the year. Subsequently he will write a letter addressed to Beria, that everything signed by him the protocols were knocked out by force. Besides the Tupolev Almost everyone was arrested workers his KB. Their NOT shot but created PRISON KB, which then themselves prisoners named "Sharaga", "Sharashka". Number of specialists "Sharashki" amounted to 316 people arrested with 1937 By 1938 of the year. Names in "Sharashka" there was no, everyone to the prisoner assigned NUMBER.

Chief designer "Sharagi" became natural Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev. He might even find in himself courage to disagree to work in "Sharage" so he put 2 conditions, please note Stalin's regime! First, he agree to work in "Sharage" only if it family will remain on freedom, and he see you with a family . He started to work only after how I received it from my family confirmation. Second, to plug to his work other talented specialists. By attracting To your work others arrested designers, Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev trying save colleagues from execution, prisons And camps. He calls surnames those who should be transferred V "Sharashka." This is how it appeared list of "Two Hundred"! The future general designer was included in this list Sergey Pavlovich Korolev, who was serving at that time term in the mines on Kolyma. Tupolev led diploma project Queen and even then I noticed capabilities Sergei Pavlovich. Queen brought to "Sharashka" sick — With scurvy and completely exhausted. But the main thing is that it life was saved! So Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev was, of course "blocky"!

IN "Sharashka" Tupolev behaved NOT ORDINARY. He couldn't do it any other way spiritual freedom didn't let me feel slave even being prisoners! What happened first incomprehensible For that time event - he refused to comply exercise Stalin And Beria, who ordered the creation 4 motor bomber. Tupolev proved that for these conditions wars expedient construct 2 motor diving high-speed bomber. Former prisoner "Sharashki" Leonid Kerber remembered : « When having peeled off the whole aircraft in the assembly shop and not finding his warden Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev To pleasure everyone workers And free designers loud shouted. Hey who's here my, Come here hurry up follow me and do not get lost, me you It’s not convenient to search! This I WAS IMPRESSIVE! Also Tupolev I could, during a conversation with colleagues, see behind my back, guards, shout loudly. FIGHT!”

After started Great Patriotic War wars "Sharagu" evacuated to Omsk and many prisoners released, including Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev. IN conclusion he stayed 3 years 9 months and again became free designer . After conclusion, at large, He didn't hold to no one offense. Even in a circle families never to anyone didn't complain. He said : « You gotta love that one Motherland, which There is!" But throughout all subsequent life he categorically didn't accept Stalin's repressions! Much later, after the election Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev V The Supreme Council he will lead there pardon commission. IN USSR he will be called "key to prison" Tupolev came huge number of letters from requests about release repressed. He sent petitions And called on the phone and asked for personal conversations about these people, if they really were convicted undeservedly.

After liberation it would be logical use Tupolev with him design talent and organizational abilities, but the government was in no hurry connect Tupolev To business defense of the country. Still in prison Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev designed an airplane under the index "103". He didn't have it in his cell paper, That's why Tupolev calculations produced in UME and during breaks between interrogations. Essentially this car SAVED A LIFE Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev. On front this machine flew under the name Created in prison and became the best bomber Great Patriotic War wars ! He superior according to all characteristics German Junkers 88. But these were built bombers it was completely A little.

The point is that in beginning wars aviation there were already factories loaded production approved types of aircraft. Convince government rebuild conveyor for the release of another, let even more perfect airplane, in time of war, it was too much difficult. Factories debugged release of fighters Yakovleva(see article "Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev") And Lavochkina(see article "Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin"), bombers Ilyushina(see article "Sergei Vladimirovich Ilyushin") And Petlyakov. Not being in demand Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev remains only one - further improve already existing Although it must be said that in this it is succeeded creating several modifications bomber. IN 1943 year Tupolev Design Bureau moved to Moscow. From that moment on it remained not so much time until new takeoff design bureau.

IN 1943 year Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev award State Prize! IN 1944 confer the title major general aviation ! In victory 1945 year Title of Hero Soviet Union with delivery highest awards USSR, Order of Lenin.

IN 1947 year will be awarded the title Lieutenant General, will be awarded again State Prize and second The order of Lenin. All these awards Andrey Nikolaevich received when system more didn't cancel mine sentence! He will rehabilitated only in 1955 year. This situation allowed hold person "in check." Despite this Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev didn't idolater.

IN end World War II wars relationship between allies USSR And USA everything became more intense and then atomic bombings in Japan V August 1945 year the situation is even more worsened. At that time USSR Same started to develop your nuclear weapons. But do atomic bomb – it's just half the battle it is also necessary deliver to the right place. Given the fact that atomic the bomb has quite impressive weight And sizes, can only deliver it to the right place a specific medium. Relevant missiles back then did not have. Here Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev and instructed create such carrier, that is airplane. U Tupolev at that time it was already project of his such a bomber capable carry atomic bomb. However Stalin decided otherwise. He ordered copy american bomber B-29. Exactly They produced atomic bombing in Japan.

In second half 1940s years B-29 flew not only bombing of Japan but also flew into intelligence flights on territory of the USSR on thousands kilometers. Several of these B-29 forced put on territory of the USSR. After that they surpassed V Moscow and started copying. For all the work 2 years were given. Certain difficulties. In addition to translation from inch dimensional quantities V metric, it was necessary to create materials, devices, units. It was a job of scale Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev. He got down to business energetically and puzzled not only the aviation industry, but also adjacent industries providing development materials, equipment, devices. In fact, completing this task brought out by the USSR on new level of technology and development technology! The created aircraft was named Tu-4. His accelerated launched at a pace series and made 800 cars

Bye Tupolev was creating Tu-4, aviation began to move from piston To reactive traction. First reactive aircraft KB Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev turned out unsuccessful. For example, noticeably conceded front-line bomber Ilyushina, Il-28. However Andrey Nikolaevich released the next car more large by size, "Tu-16" which became one of the best bombers in world! Tu-16 was released not only in very large quantities, but also in different modifications. In service distant aviation USSR, Tu-16 stood for a few decades!

U Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev there was another one professional trait. He often worked in conditions unlimited financing, but at the same time he is very thriftily related to spending funds ! So, for example in 1930s many years civilian cars Tupolev were just remade from military. In general, many of his planes were unified. For example, passenger airplane PS-9 developed based on reconnaissance R-6. Later after the war, when the time came to create jet passenger airplane, Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev gone already verified ways. Moreover, he gave not only saving money, but also additional guarantee of reliability new aircraft, thanks to the fact that they were already used verified V work units. Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev I generally thought that I had not yet accumulated own sufficient experience in creating passenger jets aircraft, you cannot proceed to their design from zero. Need to take it already well proven yourself the design and on it database With small make alterations passenger airplane.

Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev always to the end defended yours opinion. For him ranks And had no rank no meanings. He could call Kremlin some kind of connection to the minister and say : « Why are you stopping me from doing my job? ?» That is enough free And at ease! Until the end of life Tupolev will remain NON-PARTY. One day one of high party officials will order do him new plane to party congress. For what Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev will answer : « Transfer congress!!!" They will order him again : « To November 7th the plane was in air! When November 7 government commission arrived at the airfield see the result then I saw how 2 helicopters keep on ropes in the sky empty frame of the project airplane !!! In government forced were with it put up. Aircraft Tupolev were the best!

Well proven Tu-16 bomber was taken for basis for development passenger airplane "Tu-104". For passenger there needed to be an option in it remake only fuselage. Truth, word "only", gives not entirely true picture of quantity upcoming work for KB Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev. The point is that on passenger except on the plane fuselage enlargement, it was necessary leave his also hermetically sealed and all this while saving strength. Fuselage being hermetically sealed withstands more air pressure from the inside airplane, because on a large altitude pressure air overboard plane many times less, how inside sealed fuselage, due to the large sparsity air overboard.

First in the world jet passenger became an airplane British "Comet". Through short-lived operating time Comets several happened disasters this type of aircraft. Comets were withdrawn from airlines until finding out the reasons disasters. We found out causes 3 years and came to conclusion what in certain place fuselage skin couldn't stand it in flight long-term deformations and fuselage skin occurred during the flight crack. KB Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev took into account this sad experience and on their planes avoided repetition similar errors.

IN 1955 year June 17th Tu-104 committed first test flight. IN September 1956 of the year first Soviet jet passenger airplane Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev, Tu-104 made his first flight with passengers. Tu-104 opened regular airline Moscow-Omsk-Irkutsk. However, in 1958 happened right away 2nd disaster this type of aircraft. On Tupolev fell down accusations. As a result investigations was established What disasters occurred as a result insufficient stabilizer deflection angle. Malfunction eliminated and operation of this type of aircraft successfully continued. Tu-104 became symbol technical capabilities THE USSR. Airplane with pride shown at air shows abroad. Tupolev was present at many of these exhibitions. IN foreign his trips are always accompanied spouse , Yulia Nikolaevna. She knew well enough 4 language. Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev only knew French, but didn't love translators, That's why Yulia Nikolaevna was constantly present in foreign trips and was his translator

The main topic Tupolev Design Bureau were heavy military aircraft. Far bomber aircraft USSR It consisted of Tu-4 And Tu-16. But progress aviation development required increasing speed And range flight . By both sides the iron curtain flared up not a funny fight for excellence! Lose in this race there was it is forbidden because in fact at stake stood by itself existence of the USSR! Price there was a question too much high to rely on one company even if it KB Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev.

The country's leadership instructed this exercise and highlighted facilities straightaway 2nd KB – Tupolev And Myasishcheva(see article "Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev"). The deadlines were set as always shortest. So former employee Tupolev Design Bureau, V.M. Myasishchev became his competitor. Different companies have different ways and approached to solve the problem. Bomber Myasishcheva was distinguished by a great degree novelty! In a different way and it couldn't be given the task ! Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev was a supporter of reasonable conservatism. Although the task, and his forced apply a lot innovations! The result of the rivalry was accepting both projects – Myasishchevsky jet “M-4” And Tupolev turboprop "Tu-95".

Airplane Tupolev, Tu-95 is still used today, and the aircraft Myasishcheva, M-4 went out of use. Conclusion M-4 from application earlier, how Tu-95 was due Not so many refusal from this designs, How many lack of necessary for him engines. Jet bomber engines M-4 spent too much a lot of fuel at minimum perspective increase traction(see article “The main reasons for the collapse of the Soviet and Russian aviation industry”).

Naturally Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev considered himself first in creating our heavy airplanes. When encroachments on his championship he usually immediately reacted. But at the beginning 1960s years began a frenzied arms race, and there was more work grab on everyone. In addition, airplanes have now become much more more complex. Very large quantity labor-intensive projects in which they participated numerous adjacent enterprises. All this was not scary Tupolev. He was in it all like a fish V water.

Next time monopoly Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev disturbed another one former employee his KB, Pavel Osipovich Sukhoi ( see article « Pavel Osipovich Sukhoi"). Sukhov Design Bureau won contest to create supersonic strategic missile carrier. After its appearance, this aircraft was named "Su-100", "weaving" ( see article "Su-100"). The plane had OUTSTANDING characteristics and SUCCESSFULLY passed TESTS!!! But it turned out that Sukhoi build such planes serially nowhere. Aircraft factories capable post such large-size products are in charge Tupolev, and he had your plans on loading their enterprises.

IN KB Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev simultaneously were in development tens projects. In addition to bombers, these were passenger liners. After Tu-104 appeared new plane with big dimensions that were supposed to accommodate 170 passengers ! It got the name "Tu-114" and was equipped turboprop engines. It was also an aircraft created at database strategic bomber, Tu-95 and was designed for intercontinental range of flight . At that moment Tu-114, Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev was the largest passenger by plane to world!

Tu-114 appeared in to a large extent thanks to the board N.S. Khrushchev, which was very hot desire to surprise world ! Especially, Khrushchev wanted to show our achievements, Americans, to demonstrate supposedly development benefits our countries. Khrushchev even insisted on to fly to America exactly on Tu-114, great though knew What's on This moment the liner is still I FAILED all of them TESTS! Long haul airliner Tu-114 installed 32 world record !!! Behind 15 years of operation occurred only one catastrophe Tu-114, But NOT By the plane's fault. In his design activities Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev skillfully combined traditional technical solutions with innovations. According to the same principle Andrey Nikolaevich acted during the creation the following passenger aircraft , "Tu-124" "Tu-134" And "Tu-154". Aircraft Tupolev were issued several hundreds of pieces V year!!!

Exception from this rule became passenger supersonic Tu-144(see article) . EMERGENCY For passenger aviation flight parameters – 2nd speed of sound, height flight from 17 000 before 20 000 meters, non-standard engines, support comfortable flight conditions for passengers And crew. All this assumed UNSEEN before design decisions, application new materials And new technologies. During creation Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev was already in elderly age, but he wanted to have time to solve this super complex task ! Besides Tupolev set a task overtake Anglo-French similar project "Concord" which is also already was full on the move.

At stake during creation PRESTIGE countries, therefore FACILITIES to create it simply DID NOT COUNT! Andrey Nikolaevich, being no longer so energetic, I still tried strain all yours possibilities on attracting industry countries to implement this project! task KB Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev DONE!!! took off on 2 months before Concorde, namely December 31, 1968 of the year !!! Total supersonic passenger aircraft were built 19 pieces.

Unfortunately 2nd disaster served with PREPOSITION For closing project ??? Moreover first catastrophe June 3, 1973 year in Le Bourget(see article) happened NOT By THE AIRPLANE'S FAULT And CREW, A decision to close project after second a disaster that, although it occurred due to equipment failure, was the result MANAGEMENT'S POOR SIGHTSEEED our country ??? The most mass Soviet passenger became an airplane for a long time Tu-154.

Son Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev, Alexei went along in my father's footsteps and became aircraft designer ( see article "Alexey Andreevich Tupolev"). Daughter, Julia became medical employee. She went With father on all trips, was on duty in his work office and performed the functions attending physician. May be, thanks to daughter Tupolev will reach the age 84 year instead released to him 35 years ! Andrey Nikolaevich was good family man. It was very important for him preservation family, correct parenting! Fiftieth anniversary of Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev Design Bureau noted in October 1972 years ago holiday of Soviet science And technology. Tupolev awarded Third Star of the Hero of Socialist Labor!!! He will be gone December 23, 1972 of the year. Doctors won't understand how Andrey Nikolaevich lived long And bright life with incurable illness, how he suffered prison conclusion, nervous overload !?

Perhaps, the best characteristics Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev given by test pilot Mark Lazarevich Gallai: “Rarely I met a person like this in my life little cared about what impression he produces on those around you! Maybe that's why impression he invariably produced the most strong. They talk about him rudeness, Yes Tupolev feel free to use non-normative vocabulary Could on technical advice very much impartial speak out to colleagues from others KB, but he could cry, without hiding tears, if tests his cars people were dying!” They also talk about justice of Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev, skill listen to the practical advice, no matter who it came from. However, he under no circumstances didn't suppress anyone's authority. He's scary didn't like careerists, lazy people And stupid, but I always could elevate of people standing!

You can say Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev partly lucky, he ended up in in the right place V the right moment, but then you will definitely have to add - He It's not in vain that I took it This place, being suitable candidacy as nobody else! Its many times asked why he doesn't write memoirs about my rich And rich life ? Usually he or remained silent or laughed it off but once seriously said : « I don't write, I do !» Apparently Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev there was much more interesting to do something new, how recall about already done!

Tu-144 Flight Moscow—Almaty

Andrei Nikolaevich was born on October 29 (November 10), 1888 in large family in the village of Pustomazovo, located on the territory of modern Kalinin region. His mother, Anna Vasilievna, was the daughter of a forensic investigator from Tiflis. She was well educated, knew several languages, played the piano beautifully, took care of all the housework and independently gave her children elementary education. Father, Nikolai Ivanovich Tupolev, was a Siberian Cossack, originally from Surgut. He worked as a notary of the district court, but did not like his work, and therefore acquired a small land plot, settled on it and began farming.

Andrei Tupolev later recalled: “We lived modestly. I had older brothers Sergei and Nikolai, as well as sisters Natalya, Tatyana, Vera and Maria. Mother gave us all her strength, all her soul. Our family was very large and friendly. Not patriarchal, but undoubtedly advanced.”

From 1901, Andrei Nikolaevich studied at the Tver gymnasium, about which he later wrote: “In order for the children to study, the whole family had to move to Tver. Our class was friendly, however, it was not customary to study well. I just tried to keep up with my peers. In Pustomazov I didn’t have any toys. They were expensive, and I made them myself from wood. And at the gymnasium there were manual labor classes. Here I could practice carpentry, and some of my things were even included in the exhibition. While studying at the gymnasium, I realized that I loved technology, I realized that I needed to go in this direction.” In the fall of 1908, Andrei Tupolev successfully passed exams at two educational institutions in Moscow: the Institute of Railway Engineers and IMTU. He chose IMTU.

Andrei Nikolaevich recalled about his first years in Moscow: “There was always not enough money. One day it became really bad, and then I decided to pawn my inferior coat at a pawnshop. I was looking for a pawn shop, and it seemed to me that everyone was looking at me, at the coat under my arm. I was never able to find the pawn shop and returned hungry that day. Fortunately, the next day, three rubles arrived from home.”

In October 1909, N.E. began giving lectures on aeronautics at IMTU. Zhukovsky, who also headed the Aeronautical Circle, formed on the initiative of students. In December of the same year, Tupolev came to the circle, for whom meeting Nikolai Egorovich had a fateful significance. He himself said that “from that moment my aviation life began.” After just four months, Andrei Tupolev became one of the most active participants in the circle. The works he completed - a flat wind tunnel and an airplane model - attracted the attention of people at the aeronautical exhibition that took place.

After the exhibition ended, the students began testing the balancing glider they had created. And the funds raised from ticket sales, combined with a number of private donations, made it possible for the circle to begin developing its own airplane. However, in the spring of 1911, Andrei's studies were unexpectedly interrupted. Having received information from an unknown source about Tupolev’s political unreliability, his room was searched, and he himself was detained. One of the first to try to help out the future designer was Zhukovsky, who stated that his student was busy in the circle and had no time for “extraneous” matters. The director of IMTU, Gavrilenko, also made an attempt to release Tupolev from custody. Despite all the petitions, Andrei Nikolaevich was released only in April due to the death of his father. He was also banned from living for exactly one year in any city with higher education institutions.

Tupolev spent about two and a half years in his native village, doing things far from aviation. He wrote: “When I returned home, I had the difficult task of burying my father. Things were going badly for our family. But I was young and strong. Having cultivated the land well, I planted vegetables. Gradually things began to improve.”

On February 6, 1913, police surveillance of A.N. Tupolev was canceled, and in the fall of this year he managed to recover at the ITU, continuing to work in the aerodynamic laboratory built on the basis of the old circle. Over the next year, he quickly became one of Zhukovsky's most active students, showing abilities as both a scientific researcher and a designer.

After the outbreak of World War I, the military department turned to Nikolai Yegorovich regarding the purging and examination of parts of aircraft that were in service. A sharp increase in the volume of work made it possible, with the support of the military, to organize the first Russian Aviation Design and Testing Bureau in the summer of 1916. It was headed by Professor Zhukovsky, and Tupolev became one of his assistants as head of laboratory facilities. In parallel with research work Andrei Nikolaevich managed to do aerodynamic calculations. In 1916, he calculated the Anatra airplane and the Kosyanenko brothers' fighter. On the recommendation of Zhukovsky, student Andrei Tupolev was involved in the commission developing strength standards for airplanes, in which, in addition to him, professors A.P. were present. Fan der Fleet, G.A. Botezat, S.P. Tymoshenko.

In 1916, Andrei Nikolaevich for some time supervised the design of a seaplane at the Dux plant. Here is what he himself wrote about this: “I had scanty experience, but I really wanted to try. They created a design bureau and began creating a seaplane. But the technical director of the plant, returning from France, brought a patent for the construction of a French model. They didn’t call me, they just told me through people that they would build a foreign plane, not one designed by me. I was young at that time, offended, I took the drawings and left.” However, later the drawings did come in handy, becoming the basis for Tupolev’s diploma.

The revolution in Russia did not interrupt the work of the Calculation and Testing Bureau; at the end of the summer of 1918, A.N. Tupolev headed the direction of aerodynamic calculations and instrument design. In the same year, he received the title of mechanical engineer, defending with honors a project entitled “Experience in creating a seaplane based on wind tunnel testing data.” In 1920, Tupolev tried himself as a teacher, giving a course of lectures at the Moscow Higher Technical School “Fundamentals of aerodynamic calculations”. The following year, he was already assigned the “Theory of Airplanes”, “Theory of Seaplanes”, “Normal and Special Design of Seaplanes”, as well as the course “Hydroaviation” at the Institute. NOT. Zhukovsky.

Soon Nikolai Egorovich and a number of his closest associates came to the conclusion that further development of aircraft manufacturing in the country is possible only if there is a powerful research base. The idea of ​​creating a scientific aerohydrodynamic institute was personally supported by V.I. Lenin and in December 1918 he began his activities. The Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (abbreviated as TsAGI) was headed by Zhukovsky, and Tupolev became the head of the aviation department. From the very beginning, he set before his employees tasks that were not at all aerohydrodynamic, aimed at developing a whole complex of scientific developments necessary in the future for aircraft construction. The institute studied aircraft alloys and their protection from corrosion, aircraft engines, the strength of aircraft structures, flight test methods, and much more. After the death of Zhukovsky, Tupolev continued his work on the further development and expansion of TsAGI. To solve emerging issues, he widely attracted specialists and scientists from various fields of science.

A goal appeared in Andrei Nikolaevich’s life - to create a whole new industry, the aviation industry, capable of mass development and production of aircraft. In 1924, thanks to Tupolev’s proposal, the country’s top leadership decided to create a metallurgical base for aircraft manufacturing, which made it possible to produce large quantities special aviation materials. At the insistence of Tupolev, lightweight magnesium alloys were developed in the 30s, and high-strength aluminum alloys for high-speed aircraft were developed in the late 40s. At the end of the 60s, new heat-resistant aluminum-based alloys appeared for supersonic aircraft. It was Tupolev who first began to use high-strength chromansil steel, fiberglass and some other non-metallic materials. A special laboratory was organized to create and study them.

In 1923, Tupolev created the all-metal, highly reliable ANT-P snowmobile; the experience gained later allowed him to develop new designs for gliders and naval torpedo boats, which were mass-produced during the Great Patriotic War. And in 1924, flight tests of the first all-metal aircraft ANT-2 ended in success.

ANT-2

Step by step, using the example of foreign models and our own experience, production and design teams were formed at TsAGI, production facilities and workshops were expanded, and new buildings were built. Having become the chief engineer of the Main Directorate of the Aviation Industry in 1936, A.N. Tupolev begins to rebuild old and build new aircraft factories for mass production of aircraft. To do this, he makes extensive use of advanced imported equipment, and also follows the principles used in the US automotive industry, which he had the opportunity to study during a number of business trips. Thanks to Andrey Nikolaevich, those developed abroad were introduced technological processes, including cladding and anodizing. These events helped organize mass production of aircraft during the war. Tupolev was also one of the first to understand the need to use computers to improve calculation methods and increase the number of factors taken into account, creating one of the first computer centers.

Each new Tupolev aircraft was an event in technology. Based on his experience, he included in each project only the minimum amount of new things, using the path of sequential construction of aircraft. For example, the aircraft "77", "73" and "82" served as stages for the creation of the Tu-16 twin-engine jet bomber. Among the aircraft created by Tupolev there were models that were not mass-produced, but there were no unfinished ones that were unable to fly.

Tu-16

After the end of the war, Tupolev began the construction of new laboratory and production buildings, specialized workshops and branches, and founded a flight development base. Not forgetting about his employees, he sought the construction of new houses and recreation centers, garden cooperatives and kindergartens for them.

Tupolev is the author of many unique technical solutions, such as the prototyping method, capable of solving spatial layout problems on wooden models, or the creation of entire flying laboratories for testing engines and other aircraft systems. Eyewitnesses said that no matter where Andrei Nikolaevich was, no matter what he did, his head was constantly thinking about what he had read, heard or seen that could be used for the development of aircraft construction.

The great designer always knew how to correctly interpret the tasks assigned to the future aircraft. When developing the ANT-31 in 1932, Tupolev was the first to understand the main task of new generation fighters - to catch up with the enemy. By the beginning of the war, the monoplane design had become the standard for all fighter aircraft in the world. And in 1950, he realized the advantage of heavy jet bombers over aircraft with piston engines, and began designing the Tu-16, which later amazed many specialists.

Tupolev loved well-detailed preliminary layouts. He said: “The more details they drew, the more problems they thought about.” He responded about the careless layouts: “They smeared it without thinking.” Tupolev also did not tolerate speculative conclusions. Wherever, at whatever level the meeting took place, he made decisions only on the basis of experimental results or those obtained through careful calculations.

To eliminate the defects identified during the flight tests, Tupolev organized a wide technical process with the participation of specialists from various industries. He devoted a lot of time to working with aircraft crews, helping to improve their theoretical and practical training. For this purpose, aerobatic training stands for pilots were created. Before the first flight, Tupolev had a long conversation with the pilots, telling them about the creation of the aircraft, thereby instilling his confidence in the device. And after the flight he asked for detailed stories about what the pilots learned and felt. Of course, the designer had to witness disasters and accidents of his test and production aircraft. People were dying, and, feeling his responsibility to their relatives, Andrei Nikolaevich used all his authority and influence to help the families of the victims, seeking pensions and benefits. In addition, he conducted a thorough search for the causes of the incident, eliminated all defects and defended in disputes with management the need to continue testing this model. As a rule, his arguments were accepted, and the plane was then operated successfully for a long time (for example, this was the case with the Tu-134). Later, Tupolev came up with a service for operating mass-produced aircraft. Based on the data it collected, decisions were made on further modernization of the aircraft.

Tu-134

In total, under the leadership of Andrei Nikolaevich, more than fifty original aircraft and about a hundred different modifications were created. His aircraft set more than one hundred world records for range, flight speed and payload. The main line of Tupolev's creativity was heavy aircraft with a high payload. In 1958, under his leadership, a unique passenger aircraft, the Tu-114, was created, which was far ahead of its time. The reliable, ultra-long-range airbus has gained leadership on long-distance routes for many years, having no analogues in terms of economic efficiency. The Tu-114 operated on international routes, flying across the ocean to Cuba and America. Over the years of operation, aircraft of this series have set thirty-two world records and there is no data in the column of flight accidents. And the supersonic passenger airliner Tu-144, which appeared in 1968, became famous not only in the USSR, but throughout the world.

Tu-114

Tupolev, soberly assessing the importance of money, always stated: “Creating a small aircraft requires little money and a lot of work. A big plane means a lot of work, and also a lot of money.”

Andrei Nikolaevich was a famous statesman and public figure - a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Moscow City Council, a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. His speeches were always distinguished by their emotionality and breadth of judgment, expressing hopes for a bright future for humanity. Tupolev was three times Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of many State Prizes, winner of numerous orders and medals. What is especially curious is that the famous scientist was awarded the Leonardo da Vinci Prize and the gold medal of the Society of the Founders of Aviation in France. He was elected to their honorary members Royal Aeronautical Society of Great Britain and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

According to eyewitnesses, Tupolev had an almost supernatural ability to accurately guess where the plane would take off from the ground during acceleration and where the aircraft would end its run after landing. Tupolev demonstrated such a gift more than once or twice, even in unusual situations such as the takeoff of an extremely overloaded plane.

Being a talented scientist and designer, the leader of a huge team of thousands of engineers, technologists, test pilots, technicians and workers, Andrei Nikolaevich always remained a very simple and friendly person, he adored his family, nature, the company of friends, Tasty food. In everyday life, Tupolev was extremely conservative, preferring to wear old but comfortable jackets, trousers, and shoes. It was very difficult to get him to buy a new thing. Andrei Tupolev met his wife while still a student and all his life he loved only her. Yulia Nikolaevna accompanied him wherever possible: on business trips abroad, on scientific conferences, solemn and friendly open receptions. Often in a large company she was the only woman. Knowing foreign languages ​​well, Yulia Nikolaevna helped Tupolev in negotiations with foreigners.

It is a known fact that Andrei Nikolaevich involved his wife in the design of passenger cabins of Tu-70 and Tu-104 aircraft. Yulia Nikolaevna enthusiastically chose the colors of the material for the interior and chairs, equipment of the interior and kitchen, being a supporter of the Russian traditional style. It is safe to say that she was one of the first designers of the OKB.

Andrei Tupolev loved to travel. As part of official delegations and on business trips, he visited many countries, where he studied not only science and technology, but also nature, people, and local customs. On vacation, he preferred to hunt, fish, and play volleyball. I was especially happy when I was able to go out into nature with my family and closest friends, sit by the fire, and cook fish soup. He went to the theater and cinema, listened to music, but because he was busy, and last years and due to illness, I could not devote much time to this. But I read regularly, before going to bed works of art. In his home library, in addition to numerous technical books and magazines, there were books by A.S. Pushkina, L.N. Tolstoy, A.T. Tvardovsky, D. Galsworthy, Plutarch. Tupolev remembered many poems and quoted them from time to time. In general, his speech was distinguished by its brevity and capacity; many phrases became aphorisms.

Andrei Nikolaevich had one habit. He always brought home something tasty from guests or from an official reception: a cake, an apple, a pie. Many colleagues, knowing this, specially wrapped Tupolev a treat “for home.”

When the grandchildren appeared - first Yulia, and later Andryusha and Tanya - Andrei Nikolaevich began to spend all his free time with them. Tupolev often picked up carpentry tools and carved wooden toys for his grandchildren.

Unfortunately, Yulia Nikolaevna was in poor health, and in the post-war years, Andrei Nikolaevich was accompanied on numerous trips by his daughter, Yulia Andreevna. After the death of his wife in 1962, Tupolev lost weight, became more withdrawn and thoughtful, but did not work less. His daughter was at home with him almost all the time. Tupolev highly valued her medical experience, not taking any medicine or medical procedure without his daughter's approval.

Andrey Nikolaevich supported friendly relations with I.V. Kurchatov, A.P. Vinogradov, A.T. Tvardovsky, M.V. Keldysh, P.L. Kapitsa and many other outstanding people of that time. S.P. often came to talk to him. Korolev, who later said that he learned from Andrei Nikolaevich’s work style. Under the guidance of Tupolev, Korolev did his graduation project and also worked a little in his assembly shop.

Before last days Throughout his life, Tupolev retained a strong memory and clear consciousness, was interested in everything and participated in the most important affairs of his OKB. Talking at the MGTS hospital on December 22, 1972 with his son and daughter who visited him, eighty-four-year-old Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev laughed and joked, making plans for a trip to Crimea. When they left late in the evening, he fell asleep and never woke up.

Biography

TUPOLEV Andrei Nikolaevich, Soviet aircraft designer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953), colonel general engineer (1968). Three times Hero of Socialist Labor (09/16/1945, 07/12/1957, 11/22/1972). Hero of Labor of the RSFSR (1926).

Born into the family of a notary. In 1906 he graduated from the Tver gymnasium. In 1908 he entered the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU), where, under the leadership of N.E. Zhukovsky began studying in an aeronautics club. As a student, he participated in the design and construction of wind tunnels, and the construction of a glider, on which he made his first flight. After graduating from the Moscow Higher Technical School in 1918, he and N.E. Zhukovsky became one of the organizers of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI), where he was deputy head of TsAGI. In 1922, he formed TsAGI and headed the Experimental Design Bureau (OKB), whose activities were related to the development of the aviation industry (heavy combat and civil aircraft), shipbuilding (torpedo boats), as well as the design of snowmobiles.

In 1922-1924. Tupolev led the work on the introduction of duralumin into aircraft construction, which allowed the USSR aviation industry to move from a biplane to a cantilever monoplane. In 1923, he created a light aircraft of mixed design (ANT-1), in 1924 - the first Soviet all-metal aircraft (ANT-2), in 1925 - the first all-metal combat aircraft (ANT-3), built in series and entered service as the R-3 reconnaissance aircraft. In the same year, he created the ANT-4 aircraft, which entered service as the TB-1 bomber. Since 1930 - chief designer of TsAGI. Since 1931 - Deputy Head of the Central Design Bureau of TsAGI. An outstanding achievement of design ideas was the ANT-7 aircraft (R-6 reconnaissance aircraft), the TB-3 heavy bomber, used by Soviet pilots in all pre-war conflicts and in the Great Patriotic War, and the SB high-speed bomber (ANT-40). Aviation technology developed by Tupolev and his Design Bureau made it possible in the 1930s to significantly increase the authority of the USSR on the world stage, which was facilitated by a number of flights across the USSR, Europe and America. The most famous are: in 1934, the rescue of the crew of the steamship “Chelyuskin” on ANT-4; non-stop flights to the USA by V.P. crews Chkalova (Moscow - North Pole - Vancouver; 06/18-20/1937) and M.M. Gromova (Moscow - North Pole - San Jacinto; 07/12-14/1937) on ANT-25; air expeditions to organize, disembark and disembark scientific expeditions “North Pole” led by I.D. Papanin.

Since 1936 - 1st Deputy Head and Chief Engineer of the Main Directorate of Aviation Industry of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry, at the same time headed the design bureau separated from the TsAGI system with a plant of experimental designs (aviation plant No. 156). In 1937 A.N. Tupolev, falsely accused of organizing and leading the “Russian-Fascist Party”, as well as espionage for France, was arrested and until 1941, while in prison, he worked in TsKB-29 of the NKVD. Here he created the front-line bomber “103” (Tu-2) - one of the best aircraft of the Second World War. By resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated July 19, 1941, A.N. Tupolev was released early with his criminal record expunged. State awards were returned by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 28, 1941. But he was rehabilitated only in 1955 by a ruling of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he was evacuated to Omsk, where he was appointed chief designer of plant No. 166 of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry of the USSR. The main task during the war years was the refinement and mass production Tu-2 bomber. In total, the TB-1, TB-3, SB, TB-7, MTB-2, Tu-2 bombers created by Tupolev, the R-6 reconnaissance aircraft, and the G-4 and G-5 torpedo boats took part in the Great Patriotic War. In 1943, he returned to Moscow and was appointed chief designer and responsible manager of plant No. 156, where the main base of the A.N. Design Bureau was created. Tupolev. In August 1944, he was awarded the rank of major general of the aviation engineering service.

In the post-war period, under the leadership of Tupolev, a family of military aircraft was created. Among them are the strategic bomber Tu-4 (1947), the first Soviet jet front-line bomber Tu-12 (1947), turboprop strategic bomber Tu-95 (1956), long-range missile carrier-bomber Tu-16 (1953), supersonic bomber Tu-22 ( 1959) and many others. In August 1947, he was awarded the rank of lieutenant general of the aviation engineering service. In 1956 A.N. Tupolev is appointed General Designer of the USSR aviation industry. In 1956-1957 Tupolev Design Bureau was developing unmanned aerial vehicles. Cruise missiles and the Tu-123 Yastreb unmanned reconnaissance aircraft were created. Work was carried out on the rocket plane “Project 136” (“Zvezda”). Since 1955, the design bureau has been working on bombers with nuclear power plant. It was planned to create an experimental Tu-119 aircraft with a similar power plant. At the same time, the civil aircraft industry was developing widely. In 1955, on the basis of the Tu-16 bomber, the first Soviet jet passenger aircraft, the Tu-104, was created. It was followed by the first turboprop intercontinental aircraft Tu-114 (1957), short- and medium-haul aircraft Tu-110 (1957), Tu-124 (1960), Tu-134 (1967), Tu-154 (1970), as well as a supersonic passenger aircraft Tu-144 (together with A.A. Tupolev). Under the leadership of Tupolev, over 100 types of aircraft were designed, 70 of which were built in series. His planes set 78 world records and performed 28 unique flights. Winner of the Lenin Prize (1957), four Stalin Prizes of the 1st class. (1943, 1948, 1949, 1952) and the USSR State Prize (1972).

As scientist A.N. Tupolev made a significant contribution to such branches of mechanics as aeromechanics and hydromechanics, and trained a galaxy of prominent aircraft designers and scientists who headed aircraft design bureaus. He was an honorary member of the Royal Aeronautical Society of Great Britain (1970) and the American Aerospace Institute (1971). Awarded the Grand Gold Medal of the International Aviation Federation (FAI), the gold medal named after. NOT. Zhukovsky "For better job in Aviation Theory" (1958), Prize named after. Leonardo da Vinci (Italy), gold medal of the founders of aviation (France). The name of Tupolev is immortalized in the name of the Aviation Scientific and Technical (Research and Production) Complex in Moscow. The Gold Medal was established. A.N. Tupolev. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.

Awarded 8 Orders of Lenin, Orders of the October Revolution, Suvorov 2nd class, Patriotic War 1st class, 2 Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, Orders of the Red Star, Badge of Honor, medals, as well as the Bulgarian Order of Georgi Dimitrov.

Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev(October 29 (November 10), 1888, village of Pustomazovo, Kimry district, Tver region, - December 23, 1972, Moscow) - Russian and Soviet aircraft designer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Colonel General Engineer (1968). Hero of Labor (1926). Three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1945, 1957, 1972).

Under the leadership of Tupolev, over 100 types of aircraft were designed, 70 of which were built in series. His planes set 78 world records and performed about 30 outstanding flights.

Tupolev trained a galaxy of prominent aviation designers and scientists who headed aircraft design bureaus. Among them are V. M. Petlyakov, P. O. Sukhoi, V. M. Myasishchev, A. I. Putilov, V. A. Chizhevsky, A. A. Arkhangelsky, M. L. Mil, A. P. Golubkov , I. F. Nezval, A. A. Tupolev, S. A. Lavochkin

Childhood

Born on October 29 (November 10), 1888, in the village of Pustomazovo (now Kimry district) of the Tver province, in the family of a provincial notary.

Of course, you can make candy out of shit. But it will be shit candy.

Tupolev Andrey Nikolaevich

Higher education

Even while studying at the gymnasium, he showed great interest in exact sciences and technology. In 1908 he entered the Imperial Moscow Technical School (later MVTU). At school I became seriously interested in aerodynamics. Since 1909 - member of the aeronautical circle. He participated in the construction of a glider, on which he made his first flight (1910). In 1911, successful studies and active scientific work were interrupted when, for participating in unrest and distributing illegal literature, he was arrested and administratively expelled from Moscow to his homeland under the secret supervision of the police. Only on the eve of the First World War did he manage to return to school, from which he graduated with honors in 1918.

Professional activity

In 1916-1918, Tupolev participated in the work of the first aviation settlement bureau in Russia; designed the first wind tunnels at the school. Together with N. E. Zhukovsky, he was the organizer and one of the leaders of TsAGI, where the vocation of the young engineer was finally determined. In 1918-1936 he was a member of the board and deputy head of the institute for experimental all-metal aircraft construction. He experimentally proved that chain mail aluminum (originally named after the Kolchuginsky plant in the Vladimir region, where for the first time Soviet Russia began to make duralumin) is for aircraft construction a worthy replacement for fragile wood, on the one hand, and heavy iron, on the other

On October 21, 1937, A. N. Tupolev was arrested on charges of sabotage and belonging to a counter-revolutionary organization. Along with him, many leading specialists from TsAGI and the Design Bureau, directors of most aircraft factories, were arrested. On May 28, 1940, he was sentenced by the USSR Higher Military Command to 15 years in labor camp. He was accused of creating a sabotage organization that transferred aircraft drawings to foreign intelligence. The verdict was absolutely absurd. According to the testimony of Air Chief Marshal A.E. Golovanov, in a conversation with him, Stalin said that he did not believe that Tupolev was guilty. The compromising facts considered by the investigation had nothing to do with the content of the verdict. (the case was led by Gabitov, an employee of the 2nd investigative department of the NKVD). Exactly, January 5, 1936. By order of the NKOP, Tupolev (on the recommendation of the People's Commissar of the NKTP Ordzhonikidze) is appointed first deputy and chief engineer of the NKOP Main Directorate. In the same year, a delegation of aviation industry workers was sent to the United States to purchase equipment and licenses. Tupolev (PSU) and Kharlamov (TsAGI) were appointed heads of the delegation.

The trip to the USA was Tupolev’s second. The first time he visited Germany and the USA was in 1930, when he was the head of the AGOS on the issue of airship construction. This time the delegation’s route passed through France, where they inspected the products of the French aviation industry. Knowledge French helped Tupolev find common ground in the area of ​​purchasing aircraft engines. While in the USA, Tupolev violated the accepted rule of placing orders through the consulting and trading company AMTORG. This company was created by the Soviet government in the early 20s with the aim of placing orders at the Ford, Christie and Curtiss factories. Tupolev, having met with the American designer A. N. Seversky (Prokofiev-Seversky emigrated to the USA in 1917), placed orders at his own discretion (Prokofiev’s influence). Between Tupolev and the head of the OsTekhBuro brigade commander P.I. Grokhovsky (was part of the delegation, self-taught, when he formed 3rd grade primary school was able to make 63 inventions in the field of aviation, artillery and armored vehicles, knew two foreign languages, was arrested in 1937 in the Tukhachevsky case, died in 1946 while in OTB-172) a scandal arose that was difficult to extinguish. In addition, Tupolev was on a business trip with his wife Yulia Nikolaevna, who had nothing to do with aviation. As a result of the trip, licenses were purchased for the production of aircraft Valti V-IA, Consolidated PBY-1 (built in the USSR in limited numbers, they were very difficult to manufacture) and a Seversky 2RA fighter, which did not meet the strength standards adopted by the Red Army Air Force. Thanks to Petlyakov, who was also part of the delegation, it was possible to acquire a license for a modern Douglas DC-3 aircraft at that time. While in prison, he worked in the closed NKVD design bureau - TsKB-29 (“Tupolev Sharaga”).

In July 1941, he was released from further serving of his sentence with his criminal record expunged. Tupolev was completely rehabilitated on April 9, 1955.

Aircrafts

In 1925, Andrei Nikolaevich created the all-metal twin-engine aircraft TB-1, which was distinguished by high flight performance and was considered one of the best bombers in the world. In 1932, an improved TB-3 aircraft was designed, with the help of which the expedition landed at the North Pole in 1937. Also in 1932, under the leadership of Tupolev, the ANT-25 aircraft was designed by P. O. Sukhoi’s brigade. In 1934, a multi-engine aircraft of the Maxim Gorky model appeared. It had eight engines, a usable area of ​​more than 100 m² and a passenger capacity of up to 60 people.

After World War II, the Tupolev Design Bureau developed and produced a new model - the Tu-16 jet bomber. It was capable of speeds of more than 1000 km/h. The first domestic jet civil aircraft, the Tu-104, also appeared.

In 1957, the Tu-114 turboprop intercontinental passenger aircraft was developed.

Member of the USSR Central Executive Committee. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1950-72).

Family

Son Alexey Andreevich Tupolev is a famous Soviet aircraft designer.
Daughter Yulia Andreevna Tupoleva - Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, head of the therapeutic department of the Moscow State Clinical Hospital named after S. P. Botkin, personal physician of Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev
Son-in-law Vladimir Mikhailovich Vul - leading designer of the Tupolev Design Bureau, deputy general designer

Memory

• Streets in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Donetsk, Kyiv, Prague, Bratislava, Omsk, Ulan-Ude, Ulyanovsk, Tver, Krivoy Rog, Zhukovsky, Kimry, Tyumen are named after A. N. Tupolev.
• In 1973, Kazansky was named after Tupolev. aviation institute(since 1992 - Kazan State Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev).
• In the city of Kimry, on Mayskaya Square, on September 7, 1979, a bust of A. N. Tupolev (sculptor Kh. B. Gevorkyan) was erected.
• In 1988, a USSR postage stamp dedicated to Tupolev was issued.
• In 1979, a biography film was made dedicated to two great aircraft designers A. N. Tupolev and I. I. Sikorsky - “Poem about Wings.”
• A memorial was erected on the site where Tupolev’s native village of Pustomazovo was located. Now the territory of Ustinovsky rural settlement Kimry district, Tver region.

Awards and titles

• Hero of Labor (1926).
• three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1945, 1957, 1972).
• eight Orders of Lenin (2/21/1933, 9/16/1945, 7/8/1947, January 1949, December 1949, 1953, 1958, 1968)
• Order of the October Revolution (1971)
• Order of Suvorov, II degree (1944)
• Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree (1943)
• two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor (1927, 12/22/1933)
• Order of the Red Star (17.8.1933)
• Order of the Badge of Honor (1936)
• Order "Georgi Dimitrov" ( People's Republic Bulgaria, 1964)
• medals
• Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR (8.8.1947)
• Lenin Prize (1957) - for the creation of a high-speed jet passenger aircraft Tu-104
• Stalin Prize of the first degree (1943) - for the creation of a new type of combat aircraft
• Stalin Prize, first degree (1948) - for the creation of new combat aircraft
• Stalin Prize (?) degree (1949)
• Stalin Prize, first degree (1952) - for work in the field of aircraft construction
• USSR State Prize (1972) - for the creation of the high-speed passenger aircraft Tu-134 and its modifications
• Prize named after N. E. Zhukovsky (1958)
• FAI Gold Aviation Medal (1958)
• Leonardo da Vinci Prize (1971)
• Gold medal of the Society of the Founders of Aviation of France (1971).
• Honorary member of the Royal Aeronautical Society of Great Britain (1970) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1971).
• Honorary citizen of Paris (1964), New York and the city of Zhukovsky, Moscow region (1968).

Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev - quotes

Only beautiful planes fly well.

I don't write, I do.