Logging industry. Stages of logging activities Logging industry

Despite the fact that the main resources of mature and overmature wood are located in the eastern regions of Russia, the main logging areas are the European regions - the North and Volgo-Vyatka, which leads to overcutting and harms forest resources. In the future, it is necessary to significantly reduce logging in these areas, since the importance of the eastern regions as the most important sources of wood raw materials is increasing. At the same time, it is necessary to take measures to make the fullest use of the logging fund and increase the yield of round timber as a result of improving the cutting and sorting of wood. Large timber industry complexes have been created in which work is carried out on harvesting, complete deep processing of wood and reproduction of the forest fund. New timber processing complexes are especially promising in the eastern regions of Russia: Bratsky, Ust-Ilimsky, Asinovsky, Yenisei, Amur.

The weak link in the development of the logging industry is the logging roads, which do not allow for the full transportation of timber from deep forest areas to the transport highways of Russia. One of the important problems of the logging industry is also the creation of intermediate warehouses on logging roads for storing timber reserves for its subsequent transportation. An important problem is the disposal of wood waste during logging, i.e. the use of branches and stumps. Currently, this most valuable raw material is being destroyed to a large extent. The technical equipment of the logging industry is also at a low level. All this requires large capital investments, which can be solved by attracting foreign capital and creating mixed companies on mutually beneficial terms.

The sawmill industry is located mainly in the main logging areas and at the junctions of transport highways, at the intersection of railways and floating waterways. The main sawmilling areas in Russia are Northern, Volgo-Vyatsky, Central, Povolzhsky, Western and Eastern Siberia, Ural. The largest sawmills are located in Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Perm, Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Yeniseisk, Lesosibirsk, Bratsk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Novosibirsk, Abakan, Igarka, Chita, Khabarovsk, Lesozavodsk, Dalnerechensk, etc.

Furniture production is concentrated mainly in the Central, North-Western, Ural, North Caucasus, and Volga regions of Russia. New furniture production centers have been created in Siberia and the Far East.

Standard housing construction is located in the Urals, the European North and North-West, in the Volga-Vyatka, Central regions and Eastern Siberia. The largest house-building factories were created in the Novgorod region (Garfinsky), in the Leningrad region (Dubrovsky), in Karelia (Petrozavodsky), in the Kirov region (Vyatsko-Polyansky), in the North (Kotlassky), in the Urals (Ekaterinburg and Perm). Standard house building has also developed in the timber industry complexes of Siberia.

All higher value acquired by chemical wood processing. As a result of chemical processing of wood, cellulose, paper, cardboard, charcoal, resin, rosin, phenol, turpentine, tar, acetic acid, ethyl and methyl alcohol, glucose, acetone, tannins, artificial fibers, vitamins, camphor, glue, gunpowder and many other substances. Forest chemical products are used in the production of synthetic rubber, rubber products, photographic and film films, varnishes and paints, and plastics. They also receive drugs to combat diseases and pests of agricultural crops, and weed control agents. A significant amount of forest chemical products are consumed by the chemical-pharmaceutical, textile, light and food industries.

The wood chemical industry widely uses waste from the logging industry and mechanical processing of wood as raw materials - sawdust, pine needles, wood chips, twigs, bark, etc.

The most important branch of chemical wood processing is the pulp and paper industry. Various types of paper can be produced from sulfite pulp with the addition of wood pulp. Russia produces more than 200 main types of paper and more than 40 types of cardboard. In addition to various grades of writing paper, printing grades of paper, paper for banknotes, paper is also produced for industrial and technical purposes, for example, capacitor, cable, insulating, photo-semiconductor, paper for transmitting images at a distance and recording electrical impulses, anti-corrosion, etc. Some types of paper are produced into yarn for making twine, twine, coarse fabrics, burlap, etc. Paper for wrapping and bitumen pipes is also produced. Technical grades of paper and cardboard are widely used for the production of corrugated cardboard, book bindings, in the automotive and electrical industries, radio engineering as an electrical, thermal, sound insulating and waterproof material, for filtration diesel fuel and purifying air from harmful impurities, for insulating power cables as gaskets between machine parts; in the construction industry for the production of dry plaster, roofing materials (tar paper, roofing felt), etc. By treating highly porous paper with a concentrated solution of zinc chloride, fiber is obtained, from which suitcases, containers for liquids, helmets for miners, etc. are produced.

Waste from sawmilling and mechanical processing of wood, as well as lower-quality small-leaved wood, are widely used as feedstock for pulp and paper production. For the production of cellulose, not only wood raw materials are used, but also a large number of heat, electricity and water. Therefore, when locating pulp and paper enterprises, not only the raw material factor, but also the water factor and the proximity of the energy source are taken into account.

The main centers of the pulp and paper industry are located in the Northern region: Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Kotlas, Kondopoga, Segezha; Ural region - Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Krasnovishersk, Novaya Lyalya; Volga-Vyatka region - Balakhna, Volzhsk, Pravdinsk. Almost 2/3 of all paper is produced in these three regions of Russia alone.

In the last 20 years, under the influence of the raw material factor, the pulp and paper industry has developed in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Asino) and in the Far East (Amursk). The pulp and paper industry is developed on Sakhalin (Uglegorsk, Dolinsk, Makarov).

The production of artificial fibers and threads is inextricably linked with the pulp and paper industry. Artificial fibers (viscose, acetate, etc.) are produced from natural raw materials, for example, wood, as well as cellulose.

According to the scale of production and economic importance The second place among the forest chemical industries after the pulp and paper industry belongs to the hydrolysis industry. In hydrolysis production, ethyl alcohol, protein yeast, glucose, furfural, carbon dioxide, lignin, sulfite-alcohol stillage concentrates, thermal insulation and construction lignoplasts and other chemical products are produced from non-edible plant raw materials. Hydrolysis plants use sawdust and other sawmill and woodworking waste, and crushed wood chips as raw materials.

The main product of hydrolysis production - ethyl alcohol - is used in the food industry, agriculture, production of building materials, and medicine. The main centers of hydrolysis production: Arkhangelsk, St. Petersburg, Saratov, Volgograd, Solikamsk, Sokol, Tavda, Krasnoyarsk, Zima, Tulun, Bratsk, Biryusa, Kansk, and the village of Khorsky in the Khabarovsk Territory. Hydrolysis production has been developed in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan.

Chemical-mechanical processing of wood includes the production of plywood, chipboards and fiberboards. Wood from the least scarce deciduous species - birch, alder, linden - is processed into plywood. Several types of plywood are produced in Russia: glued, facing, thermal, fire-resistant, colored, furniture, decorative, etc. The largest plywood factories are located in the Komi Republic, Vologda, Novgorod regions, in the Urals, in the Volga-Vyatka region and in the Eastern Siberia. Famous plywood factories are located in St. Petersburg, Ust-Izhersk, Zhezhart, Cherepovets, Kostroma, Murmansk, the Urals, Perm, Tavda, Tobolsk, Bratsk, Tomsk, Lesosibirsk, and the Amur. A large plywood factory is located in the Primorsky Territory. The production of wood-fiber and particle boards is carried out in the Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Central regions, the Urals and Eastern Siberia.

The role of the raw material factor in the location of forest industry sectors is enhanced by the integrated use of wood, on the basis of which a combination of production arises. In the densely forested regions of Russia, large timber processing complexes have emerged and are developing - Syktyvkar, Tavdinsky, Bratsky, Ust-Ilimsky, Asinsky, Yenisei, Amur. They represent a combination of logging and many wood industries, interconnected by the deep, comprehensive use of raw materials.

The main direction of development of the forestry industries in the conditions of the formation and development of market relations is the accelerated growth in the production of progressive types of products, a reduction in the export of round timber and lumber and an increase in the production and export of finished products of mechanical and chemical processing of wood. At the same time, the most important task is to make more complete use of forest resources without compromising environment, creation of integrated enterprises for forest growing, harvesting and processing of wood.

Increasing forest productivity is the most important task of the forestry sectors. Its solution lies in further improving the methods of reproduction of forest resources and the species composition of crops, taking into account forest growing zones, types of forests and the intensity of forestry production. Forest care, conservation and protection are especially necessary.

The irrational distribution of forestry industries leads to the fact that, despite the presence of huge forest resources in certain regions of Russia, there is an acute shortage of raw materials, as a result of which there is a need to reduce production and increase the export of forest raw materials and products from other countries, in particular from Finland and Sweden. This deficit applies primarily to the European regions of Russia, where there are significant overcuts and insufficient reforestation work is being carried out. At the same time, in many forest areas of Siberia, valuable wood is disappearing, and the number of ripe and overmature trees is increasing. The forest is losing its industrial qualities. This problem can be solved only with huge capital investments, the construction of logging roads, equipping the industry with the latest technology and attracting labor to logging. It is necessary to attract foreign capital and create mixed companies, since many countries around the world are interested in Russian forest resources, and the quality of Russian forests is the highest in the world.

In addition, government programs are needed that provide measures for the protection of forests and their rational use. The set of measures for forest protection and reproduction should first of all include updating and improving the composition of tree species with the help of fast-growing and highly productive species, especially conifers - pine, cedar, spruce, fir. Must be developed and implemented technical methods impacts on the natural conditions of forest growth and measures to combat losses of raw materials during operation.

Reforestation measures include land reclamation, introduction of soil-improving trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, the use of fertilizers, means of protecting trees from harmful insects, improving the microclimatic logging of forest areas when using various logging systems.

The way out of the crisis is seen in the creation of mixed companies and attraction of foreign investment. A number of joint ventures and joint-stock companies have already been organized. To meet Russia's needs for logging equipment, the Government of the Russian Federation decided to conclude a barter deal between JSC Exportles and Finnish and Swedish companies. With the participation of Finnish and Swedish economists, a program was drawn up and a contract was concluded for strategic development branches of the forestry complex in the European regions of Russia until 2005. This program provides for the following measures:

Creation of effective economic systems throughout the entire production cycle - from harvesting to deep processing of wood in accordance with the requirements for the protection and protection of forests and the prevention of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and water basin by wood chemical enterprises.

Creation of a progressive structure of consumption of products from the pulp, paper and woodworking industries.

Development of recommendations for maximum use of existing production capacities, including their technical re-equipment and modernization. Development and implementation of proposals for balancing infrastructure; for the construction of new and reconstruction of old enterprises.

Creation of an effective system for exporting all types of products from the timber industry. Development of recommendations for the balance sheet linkage of the forestry complex with other sectors of the national economy. Development of recommendations for the introduction of market mechanisms

Industries related to harvesting and logging skidders TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A- 01M, A-41, D-442 and their modifications, supplied to the Russian market by the companies "ALTAYAGROMASH" and "LESMASH-TR", processing and processing wood raw materials, are united in a group with a common name - the forest industry, it is also called the forestry complex.

Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41, D -442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by ALTAYAGROMASH and LESMASH-TR companies

Oil is often called “black gold”, gas – “blue”. Without any exaggeration, the forest can be called the “green gold” of Russia. The forest provides humans with universal raw materials - wood, which is used in all industries.

Russia is the largest forestry country in the world and Forestry skidders TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M , A-41, D-442 and their modifications, supplied to the Russian market by the companies "ALTAYAGROMASH" and "LESMASH-TR", which has developed a powerful forest chemical complex, including harvesting, mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. Russia is rich in forests: they occupy more than 45% of its territory. Our country contains one fifth of the world's timber reserves. It holds first place in terms of forested area, amounting to more than 750 million hectares and exceeding the forested area of ​​such large forested countries of the world as Canada, the USA, Sweden, Norway and Finland combined. More than half of the world's reserves of the most valuable coniferous species are concentrated in Russian forests. Total industrial wood reserves reach 30 billion m3 - this is more than three times greater than the reserves of the USA and Canada. About 1,500 species of trees and shrubs grow in the forests of Russia; valuable conifers dominate, accounting for 9/10 of all reserves. When harvesting wood, first of all, mature and over-mature plantings are used (the age of mature species is from 80 to 100 years, over-mature - over 100 years). Mature and overmature forests currently occupy more than 5% of the total forest area and over 95% of them are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East. Largest quantity Wood in Russia is provided by pine, spruce, and larch. Softwood wood is used largely for construction and in the pulp and paper industry.

Thus, the forest industry and logging skidders TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M , A-41, D-442 and their modifications, supplied to the Russian market by the companies "ALTAYAGROMASH" and "LESMASH-TR" is one of the most interesting to study due to its complexity, versatility, prevalence throughout the world and the need for its products for the economy of any countries
Chapter
I
. Industry importance in national economy.

The importance of the forestry industry and Forestry skidders TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A- 41, D-442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by the companies "ALTAYAGROMASH" and "LESMASH-TR" in the Russian economy is determined by the colossal reserves of wood, the wide territorial distribution of forest resources and the fact that at present there is practically no such sphere of the national economy, wherever wood or its derivatives are used. If at the beginning of the 20th century. 2-2.5 thousand types of products were made from wood, then at the end of the 20th century. The industry's products include over 20 thousand different products.

First of all, the forest provides commercial timber. The economic importance of wood is very great, but to the greatest extent it is used and used in construction, industry and transport, in agriculture and public utilities. Wood is easy to process, has a low specific gravity, is quite durable, and chemical composition allows you to obtain a wide range of useful products from it.

But at the same time, the forest is a source of many products for various purposes. These non-timber products of plant and animal origin serve to meet the multifaceted needs of the population. Forests have a great potential for food and feed resources, the most valuable of which are reserves of various varieties of nuts. The forest produces mushrooms, berries, birch and maple sap, and medicinal plants. These resources can be harvested in significant volumes, although the unevenness of their territorial concentration and large fluctuations in yield from year to year affect the degree of their economic use. In addition, the forest is a habitat for numerous animals of commercial importance.
Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41, D -442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by ALTAYAGROMASH and LESMASH-TR companies

The beneficial functions of forests are very diverse. Water protection and soil protection occupy a significant place among them. The forest regulates spring floods, the water regime of rivers and soils. It has a positive effect on river, lake and groundwater, improving their quality and removing various harmful substances. Changing the microclimate in fields protected by forest belts contributes to higher (15-25% higher) yields

The use of forests for social needs - recreation and human health, and improvement of their habitat is becoming increasingly important. The recreational properties of the forest are very diverse. The forest produces oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide: 1 hectare of pine forest at the age of 20 years absorbs 9.34 tons of carbon dioxide and produces 7.25 tons of oxygen. The forest absorbs noise: crowns deciduous trees reflect and dissipate up to 70% of sound energy. The forest humidifies the air and weakens the wind, neutralizing the effects of harmful industrial emissions. It produces phytoncides that kill pathogenic bacteria and has a beneficial effect on nervous system person.

Thus, the forest industry is of great importance in the national economy.
Chapter
II
. Factors influencing the location of the industry.

Forestry industry and Forestry skidders TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41 , D-442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by the companies "ALTAYAGROMASH" and "LESMASH-TR" is directly related to the raw material factor of placement. The main areas for commercial timber harvesting (from west to east) are Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian, Far Eastern.

Sawmilling is focused on two factors of placement - raw materials (primarily) and consumer. It is no coincidence that the main regions of lumber production are East Siberian and Northern (more than 1/5 each), Ural (1/7), West Siberian and Far Eastern (about 1/10 each). Taking into account the consumer factor, sawmilling is located in the Central, Central Chernozem and Volga regions.

The consumer factor is the leading factor for locating enterprises in the furniture industry.

The production of matches, along with the consumer factor of placement, also takes into account the raw material factor (the presence of aspen stands).

Pulp and paper industry enterprises (pulp and paper mills, pulp and cardboard mills) are built primarily in raw material areas; paper production also takes into account the consumer factor. The leading regions for cellulose production are Northern (almost ½), East Siberian (¼), North-Western (1/10); papers - also Northern (more than 2/5), Ural (1/6), Northwestern (1/6), Volga-Vyatka (more than 1/10).

The wood chemical industry is located in raw materials areas; its products include rosin, turpentine, varnishes, protein and vitamin supplements.

Thus, the location of the timber industry is influenced by 2 factors - raw materials and consumer.
Chapter
III
. Characteristics of the industry.

3.1 Industry structure.

In the sectoral structure of industrial production in Russia as a whole, the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries account for 4.6%.

In the structure of the forestry complex and Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A -41, D-442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by the companies "ALTAYAGROMASH" and "LESMASH-TR" the following industries are distinguished:

· logging, sawmilling - the main sawmilling areas: Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Central, Volga region, Ural, Western and Eastern Siberia;

· furniture production – Central, North-Western, Ural, North Caucasus, Volga regions;

· standard housing construction – Ural, Northern, Northwestern, Volga-Vyatka, Central and East Siberian regions;

· pulp and paper industry - Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Ural and East Siberian regions;

· hydrolysis industry – Northern, Northwestern, Ural, Volga, East Siberian regions;

· chemical-mechanical processing of wood – Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Ural and East Siberian regions.

Logging industry and Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41, D-442 and their modifications, supplied to the Russian market by the companies “ALTAYAGROMASH” and “LESMASH-TR”, are the largest branch of the forest industry, carrying out logging, removal and rafting of wood. The products of logging are industrial wood, which is used for further processing and in the construction industries, as well as firewood. Firewood continues to be widely used in household, especially in rural areas, although its importance has declined significantly over the past half century. The traditional consumer of firewood is the fish smoking industry.
Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41, D -442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by ALTAYAGROMASH and LESMASH-TR companies
Throughout the entire post-revolutionary period and right up to the present day, Russia has observed a steady trend of significant overcutting of the estimated logging area in the economically developed and inhabited areas of the European part of the country, as a result of which the reserves of exploitation timber here were rapidly declining, and the areas of main logging were constantly shifting to the north and east. As a result, today the main logging areas of Russia - the European North, Eastern and Western Siberia, the Urals and the Far East - are located at long distances from the main centers of consumption of timber and forest products.

Currently, the logging industry is a permanent workforce industry, heavily mechanized, and with radically changed logging geography.

Wood industry- a branch of the forest industry that carries out mechanical, chemical-mechanical processing and wood processing. The most important types of woodworking products are lumber, sleepers, plywood, fiberboard (Fiberboard) and chipboard (chipboard), timber, products for construction needs, blanks for various branches of mechanical engineering, furniture, wooden containers and matches.
Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41, D -442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by ALTAYAGROMASH and LESMASH-TR companies
Sawmilling- most mass appearance wood processing, since at least 2/3 of industrial wood goes to sawmills. Sawmill production is usually located in logging areas, intersections of float routes and railways, as well as at the final points of timber arrival. Therefore, the main potential of the industry is in the European part of the country, in the Northern, Northwestern, Ural, Central, Central Black Earth regions and the Volga region. In a number of forested areas, especially in Siberia, sawmills are not able to process all the harvested wood, which leads to large volumes of transportation of consumer wood and lumber.

Standard house construction- a sub-industry engaged in the factory production of prefabricated residential buildings and sets of wooden building parts for residential and non-residential buildings.

The time for the rise of the industry came during the years of widespread development of new areas, as well as virgin and fallow lands. Currently, the production has lost its former importance, but still produces construction parts, fiberboard and chipboard. The largest centers of standard housing construction are now located in the North-West, the Center, Siberia, the Urals and the Far East.

Mechanical wood processing also includes plywood production. Plywood is in constant and constant demand both from various industries and from the population. This is determined by the unusual consumer properties of plywood, which has great strength with low thickness and weight, high tensile strength in all directions and resistance to the external environment.

The production of plywood requires a lot of raw materials - 2.5 - 3 m 3 of wood per 1 m 3 of plywood. Therefore, plywood factories, as a rule, are located near large forests, in areas where wood is transported by waterways, as well as in centers of mechanical processing.

Plywood production centers have long been established in the Northern, Northwestern, Central and Ural regions.
Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41, D -442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by ALTAYAGROMASH and LESMASH-TR companies
Furniture industry- a large sub-industry of mechanical wood processing, located throughout the country. Currently, pricing policy has led to industry stagnation and a crisis of overproduction. In addition, domestic furniture is not able to compete with many high-quality imported examples.

The furniture industry is closely connected with a number of other industries, most notably with the textile, paint and varnish and chemical industries. The most important furniture production enterprises are located in the Central, North-Western and Northern regions, the Volga region, the North Caucasus and the Urals. Relatively recently, these production facilities appeared in Siberia and the Far East.

Pulp and paper industry occupies an intermediate position between industries engaged in mechanical processing of wood, since its technological processes are based on both techniques. The main raw materials consumed by the industry are wood pulp and pulp from softwood and hardwood trees.

As culture and means develop mass media, as well as the rapid expansion of the scope of application of packaging materials, the need for paper and cardboard is significantly increasing. Electronic and magnetic storage media have not abolished paper at all, but on the contrary, they have demanded even more of it. In addition, electronics required the industry to develop new grades of paper with previously unknown properties. The use of paper is not decreasing at all. Paper as a packaging material is convenient, environmentally friendly, and easy to recycle.

Currently, the largest pulp and paper production facilities are located in the Northern, Northwestern, Volga-Vyatka regions and the Urals, Siberia and the Far East.

Pulp and paper production waste is actively used in hydrolysis industry. The industry is developing along the path of deepening the integrated use of wood and, due to technological methods, is classified as chemical processing. Hydrolysis uses waste from sawmilling, pulp and paper industry and Agriculture, produces alcohol, feed yeast, furfural and glucose. In accordance with the nature of the raw materials used, the placement of hydrolysis is combined with sawmilling (North, Volga region, Siberia) and the pulp and paper industry (Urals, North-West, Siberia).
Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41, D -442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by ALTAYAGROMASH and LESMASH-TR companies
Also engaged in chemical processing of wood wood chemical production. The technological methods of the industry include: dry wood processing, charcoal burning, rosin and turpentine production. During the decomposition of wood, coal is obtained, as well as intermediate products - tar water and tree resin. Subsequently, acetic acid, acetate solvents, rosin, and turpentine are obtained from the intermediate products and used in various technological processes.

Thus, the forest industry has a rather complex structure.
3.2 Economic assessment of forest resources by regions of Russia.

A characteristic feature of the timber industry is its location in almost all economic regions of the country.

Another main feature of the geography of the country's forest resources is the unevenness of their territorial distribution. The European part of the country, where most of the population lives, contains only 17.6% of the forest fund, while 82% of this fund is in Siberia and the Far East.

The maximum percentages of forested area are observed in the Irkutsk region and Primorsky Krai, they are slightly lower in the south Khabarovsk Territory, Yakutia, in the Yenisei part Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Komi Republic, Vologda, Kostroma and Perm regions. However, forest cover coincides with high timber reserves only in the Primorsky Territory and, to a lesser extent, in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In other regions where the most productive forests grow (in the Caucasus, Altai, the European center), forest cover is noticeably reduced, largely due to human activity.

The regions of the south are poorest in forests European Russia- Rostovskaya,

Volgograd, Astrakhan, Orenburg regions, Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Kalmykia, as well as flat tundra areas. It should be noted that in a significant part of these territories, modern forest cover is noticeably lower than natural.
Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41, D -442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by ALTAYAGROMASH and LESMASH-TR companies
Arhangelsk region.

The largest timber industry complex in Russia has been formed in the Arkhangelsk region. Share of the Arkhangelsk region. in Russia's timber industry it accounts for 8% commercial timber, 7% lumber, 33% marketable pulp, 30% cardboard.

The enterprises of the region's chemical and forestry complex employ 75 thousand people, or 45% of those employed in industry. More than 150 enterprises are engaged in timber harvesting and processing in the region. Most logging enterprises develop 40-50% of the allocated forest fund. The production capacity of the region's pulp and paper mills is used at 50-60%. Sawmills and woodworking enterprises, of which there are more than twenty in the region, use production capacity by 30-40%. Almost all of them are focused on the production of export lumber. The production capacity for lumber production is 4 million m3 per year, incl. export - up to 1.7 million m 3 . The largest sawmills are located in Arkhangelsk, Onega, Kotlas and the Mezen region.

Krasnoyarsk region.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is called one of the most forested regions of Russia. The forest fund lands occupy 45% of the territory of the region, and the total timber reserve is one fifth of the all-Russian one. The volume of annual felling is equal to 16.3 million m 3, or 25% of the level of the calculated cutting area, which puts the region in third place in Russia in terms of this indicator. In total, up to 55 million m3 of wood can be harvested in the region per year.

Among the main forest-forming species, the most represented are Siberian larch, cedar, pine, aspen, and birch, but only high-quality coniferous wood is harvested. The totality of branches of the timber industry - logging, wood processing and pulp and paper - is of national importance.

The forest industry of the region is represented by more than 200 enterprises. One of the main problems is increasing the efficiency of use of forest resources. Thus, timber harvesting from 1 hectare of forested area is 0.19 m 3, which is almost 2 times lower than the Russian level and 11 times lower than the level of developed European countries. Trade in forest materials on the Chinese market, as well as Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries, remains promising.
Irkutsk region.

In terms of timber reserves and production, the Irkutsk region occupies a leading position in Russia. Reserves of valuable coniferous trees account for 11% of the total Russian reserves. During the years of reforms, the rate of timber harvesting and processing decreased from 40 million m 3 per year to 11 million m 3. The output of lumber, wood boards, cellulose, sleepers and plywood fell significantly. In 1998, the regional administration seriously took up the problems of the timber industry complex; as a result of these efforts, the complex's share in the production of marketable products in the region amounted to 30%. The production of cellulose, cardboard, plywood and fiberboard increased, while at the same time the volume of wood harvesting and the production of sleepers continued to decline.

Khabarovsk region.

Forest is one of the main resources of the region. The total forested area in the region is 48.4 million hectares. More than 350 enterprises and organizations operate in the forestry and woodworking industry of the region. With the available estimated cutting area over 17 million m 3 , the volume of actual timber harvesting is 4.4 million m 3 ; Thus, the reserve for increasing logging amounts to more than 12 million m 3. The species composition of forests is diverse. About 80% are conifers, 14% are white birch and yellow birch.

There are industrial reserves of valuable hardwood species (ash, oak, maple, etc.). The most profitable and promising market, capable of providing guaranteed effective demand for timber and forest products of the Khabarovsk Territory, are the countries of the Asia-Pacific region - Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, etc.

Karelia.

The forestry complex and related industries (timber, woodworking, pulp and paper) are decisive in the economy of Karelia. Forests (mainly pine and spruce) cover 49% of the republic's area.

In the production of the main end products of the timber industry complex of Karelia, a trend towards improvement has recently emerged. It is expected that the growth in production volumes in the forestry complex of the republic will be up to 10% of the current level.

Kirov region.

The region is one of the leading in Russia in terms of total timber reserves, amounting to 1102 million m3. 66% of the forested area is occupied by coniferous species, 42% by pine, and 57% by spruce. Deciduous forests are dominated by birch plantations, which occupy more than 77% of the forested area of ​​deciduous trees, 21% are aspen. Kirov region ranks fourth in Russian Federation by production volumes of commercial timber and lumber. The region ranks first in Russia in the production of matches and skis. The products of the timber industry complex account for 13% of the total industrial production in the region.
Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41, D -442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by ALTAYAGROMASH and LESMASH-TR companies
The region's forestry complex includes the entire range of enterprises for complete wood processing. The region has great export potential in terms of supplies of wood products abroad, including lumber, cigarette paper, birch and pine pulpwood and other forest products.

Komi Republic.

The timber industry complex is the second most important in the economy of the Komi Republic and is represented by enterprises in the forestry, logging, wood processing, pulp and paper and hydrolysis industries.

Timber harvesting is concentrated in the basins of the Vychegda, Pechora and Mezen rivers. About 110 enterprises carry out logging on the territory of the republic. The leading timber harvesting enterprise in the republic is JSC Komilesprom. Among the woodworking industries, sawmilling has received the greatest development in the republic, represented by 149 sawmills. One of the largest pulp and paper industry enterprises in Russia is the Syktyvkar Timber Processing Complex. The main task of the republic's timber industry is to increase the volume of not only logging, but also deep processing of wood. Furniture production is becoming a large branch of woodworking; 14 enterprises are engaged in the production of furniture in the republic.

Leningrad region.

Timber industry complex Leningrad region It has great importance for the region's economy, its products account for about 15% of the region's industrial production. The average species composition shows the high quality of the forest fund: pine - 37%, spruce - 29%, birch - 26%, aspen and others - 8%. Average age plantings - 60 years. The estimated cutting area for main use is 9.8 million m 3 , but can be increased to 11.3 million m 3 . The complex is located in unique geographical conditions: territorial proximity to the Scandinavian and Central European markets, to transport routes, a high concentration of timber processing and engineering enterprises, a capacious market for the sale of final products in St. Petersburg, a powerful educational, scientific and design base.

Currently, in the Leningrad region there are 7,080 large and medium-sized logging enterprises, more than 20 sawmills, about 20 furniture enterprises, 3 pulp and paper mills, 5 cardboard and paper factories.
Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41, D -442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by ALTAYAGROMASH and LESMASH-TR companies
Kostroma region.

The timber industry complex of the region includes 22 timber industry enterprises, 2 rafting offices with a workforce of about 20 thousand people, of which 20 timber industry enterprises are included in four holdings. During the years of reform, the complex underwent significant qualitative changes: a decrease in production volumes, significant physical wear and tear and obsolescence of fixed assets (suffice it to say that the degree of wear and tear of fixed assets in the logging industry reached 63%, in the woodworking industry - 47%, in the pulp and paper industry - 58% ), lack of funds to update them, non-payments. If in Soviet times the timber industry complex of the region provided about 20% of budget revenues, today this share has decreased by 5%.

Perm region.

The timber industry complex of the region is based on the use of the richest forest resources of the Kama region. Coniferous forest is the dominant element of the Permian landscape. Logging facilities are located mainly in the north of the region - in the areas of the main timber resource base. OJSC "Perm Timber Industrialists" unites 19 timber industry enterprises, 2 woodworking enterprises, 2 logistics offices, and a pulp and paper mill. The campaign actively works with many enterprises in Russia and the CIS, has permanent partners in Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Morocco, Tunisia, Iran, Cyprus, Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia.

Chita region.

Timber industry enterprises are mainly located along and near the Trans-Siberian Railway. The sharp decline in timber harvesting volumes is largely due to the increase in the cost of rail transportation. Stable sales markets in the Central Asian CIS countries have now been lost. For the same reason, exports to Japan have been reduced. At the same time, the industry of the border Chita region. today it has great advantages over other regions of the country for organizing and increasing the volume of timber exports to China.

The export capabilities of the timber industry complex currently amount to 400 thousand m 3 of sawlogs and 100 thousand m 3 of semi-finished products. When capacity is restored, the industry can produce more than 1 million m3 of sawlogs. Promising directions for the development of the industry in the region are the organization of deep wood processing with the sale of manufactured products on the domestic market of the country and abroad, as well as the export of sawlogs and lumber to neighboring China.

Vologda Region.

Forest is the main natural wealth of the Vologda region. The timber industry complex of the region produces over 6% of the production of the entire industry and is represented by more than 200 enterprises with a total workforce of about 50 thousand people.
Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41, D -442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by ALTAYAGROMASH and LESMASH-TR companies
Logging enterprises have year-round and seasonal logging roads, winter warehouses adjacent to the Northern and Oktyabrskaya railways, the Volga-Baltic Canal, and transit rivers with ship transportation. The region's timber industry complex has all the prerequisites to become a dynamically developing sector of the region's economy, based on the principles of creating a socially oriented economy.

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

Forestry complex of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug represented by the logging and woodworking industries. More than 30 large and medium-sized logging enterprises are engaged in logging in the district.

Due to the region's remoteness from consumers of wood raw materials, its procurement and delivery became unprofitable due to high transportation costs. Therefore, the issues of increasing the volume of wood processing in the district through the construction of new enterprises are of paramount importance for the district's forestry complex. Despite the fact that the share of timber industry products is only 0.4% of the industrial output produced in the district, the industry has good prospects for further development, and its importance for the district’s economy will increase as it develops. The total volume of industrial production of the Russian timber industry in monetary terms in terms is estimated at $11.33 billion. The volume of production in the Russian forest industry in 2005 increased by 10% compared to the previous year. The growth rate of the logging industry in 2005 (compared to 2004) amounted to 103.7%, growth in commercial timber production - 98.3%. In 2005, the index of industrial production in the forest industry was 4.2% (general industrial production - 4%). But accelerated development forestry industry in relation to other dynamically developing industries did not happen.

The inefficient structure of exports causes Russia to lag behind the leading players in the market of forestry and pulp and paper products. Mainly round timber and the cheapest wood processing and pulp and paper products are exported. In 2005, 185 million m 3 of roundwood was exported from Russia, which is 6.5% of the total amount of timber exported in the world. In the first quarter of 2006, exports increased by 8.9% compared to the same period in 2005. In 2005, foreign exchange earnings from forest exports amounted to $8.5 billion. The share of advanced wood processing products exported, including paper and cardboard, is expected to increase from 21% to 28% by 2015.

In 2005, 33% of imports were products of the pulp and paper industry (grades of high-quality and special papers, hygiene products, containers). The dynamics of imports of forest products are largely determined by trends in the ruble exchange rate. During the period of currency stabilization and the current strengthening of the Russian ruble, the volume of supplies to the domestic market should increase. Among woodworking products, foreign countries supply: building materials (window and door blocks, parquet, finishing panels) mainly from Finland, Slovenia, Italy, Germany; wood panels (mainly from Germany, Poland, Italy); furniture (the largest suppliers are Italy, Poland, Finland, Germany). It is predicted that by 2007, imports of forest and paper products will amount to $2.65-2.44 billion.
Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41, D -442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by ALTAYAGROMASH and LESMASH-TR companies
The most attractive for Russian manufacturers are supplies of round timber from birch and pine to China and Japan. On this moment The most attractive destinations for the supply of larch lumber are Europe and Japan. The supply of lumber will grow steadily in export destinations: Japan and Europe (high gross margin), Africa and Japan (product shortage).

Demand for OSB boards in the world is growing (on average 16% per year), while prices for these products are falling as a result of increasing competition. There is a demand for OSB boards in Russia, although in our country this type no products are produced. Large importers of OSB: Belgium, Germany, Slovakia. The growth of the global chipboard market is slowing down due to the maturity of this product, but this market accounts for the main share of consumption in Europe. Large importers of chipboard: Germany, Great Britain.

In the global production of pulp and paper products, Russia ranks 12th, or 2%, and does not have a significant impact on the world market. However, in recent years the volumes Russian production pulp and paper products are growing steadily. In 2005, the growth in pulp and paper production amounted to 101.6%. The development of foreign markets is characterized not only by a high share of existing products, but also by the use of new ones (I-joist and LVL). At the same time, markets for new products are growing at a rate of 20-30% per year. This type of product is not yet produced in Russia.

Thus, the country's forestry management authorities are faced with a number of issues that require rational solutions. These include: increasing the role of the eastern regions, creating a wide network of logging roads, technical equipment for the logging industry, etc.

Conclusion

The timber industry is the oldest in Russia. It has a rather complex structure. It identifies about 20 industries, sub-sectors and productions. The most significant include logging, wood processing, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries.

The products of the forestry complex, the volume of its production, the conditions of this market, prices and other indicators are directly related to the situation of the world's forests at a particular point in time, the environmental situation and, accordingly, the global and domestic policies of specific countries on the issue of forest management.

Economic, political, demographic and social trends shape forest management and influence the formulation of national policies and institutions. The main impacts on forest area and quantity come from demographic changes (growth) and urbanization of the population, demands for forest products, and the ability of forests to perform important environmental functions. Policy trends affecting the forest sector are decentralization, privatization, trade liberalization and globalization of the world economy.
Forestry skidding tractors TDT-55A, TLT-100A, TLT-100-06 (swamp vehicle), TT-4, TT-4M, LT-72, K-700, K-701 and Engine A-01M, A-41, D -442 and their modifications supplied to the Russian market by ALTAYAGROMASH and LESMASH-TR companies
A large number of government and international organizations currently control issues related to forests and therefore influence forestry industry and pricing in this industry.

Forestry and woodworking industry is a set of industrial production facilities of the national economy, specializing in the procurement and processing of wood material, the production of furniture structures, various semi-finished wood products, paper, cardboard and cellulose products, various chemical substances based wood waste. All these industries are combined into larger inter-industry complexes, such as forestry, forestry and forestry.

Forestry industries

The main branches of the forest industry are:

Logging industry

It is the largest industry, includes the direct process of harvesting wood raw materials and its removal (or rafting) for further processing, as well as the disposal of logging waste, carried out by special enterprises forestry: forest districts or forestry enterprises. Due to the presence on the territory of the former Soviet Union of large taiga massifs of Siberia and Far East, occupied one of the leading positions in the state's economy; by 1972, the USSR came out on top in global wood exports; other socialist countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania) also exported wood abroad, but in much smaller volumes. The leading positions in the countries of the capitalist world were occupied by the USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, France, Germany, and Japan. Today, the major producing countries of wood raw materials are the USA, Canada, Russia, Ukraine, Sweden, Brazil, India, Indonesia, China and Nigeria.

Wood industry

Carries out mechanical and chemical-mechanical processing of incoming wood raw materials and its further processing. Products of this industry - plywood, sleepers, various wood sheets and slabs, beams, wooden blanks, finished wooden elements that are used in various types mechanical engineering (production of carriages, ships, cars, aircraft, etc.), spare parts for furniture structures, matches, wooden containers, etc. During the period of post-war development in the USSR of almost all sectors of the national economy, the Soviet woodworking industry experienced an unprecedented rise; since 1957, the country ranked first in the world in terms of lumber production. Also, other socialist countries had a developed woodworking industry at that time - Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and even Mongolia, and capitalist countries did not lag behind them: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Canada, etc. Today, the largest manufacturers of wood processing products are the USA, Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil, India, France, Sweden, Finland, Germany;

Pulp and paper industry

The most complex branch of the forest industry. The basis of the activities of enterprises in this industry is the production of paper, cardboard and cellulose products from the remains of wood raw materials, using mechanical and chemical processing. In the USSR, pulp and paper mills were located on the territory of the Belarusian and Russian socialist republics. The Soviet Union was among the top ten leading countries in terms of production of paper and cardboard products; traditional competitors were the USA, Canada, Sweden and Finland. Now the production of cellulose has been established on a large scale in developed countries northern hemisphere: USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, Japan and in one single country in the south, Brazil. Countries that produce paper in large volumes for export are Canada, the USA, and Japan. The production of paper and cardboard products in Asia (China, Thailand, Korea, etc.) is growing rapidly;

Wood chemical industry

It is based on the chemical processing of wood waste: production of rosin, phenol, alcohol (both ethyl and methyl), production of glue, acetone, camphor, etc. Since 1932, the USSR occupied second place in the world (1st place USA) in the production of camphor and rosin; many forest chemical enterprises producing charcoal, camphor, rosin and turpentine were located in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia. Capitalist competitors are the USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Mexico, Portugal, France and Greece. Currently, the leading positions in the export of forest chemical products are occupied by the USA, Great Britain, Russia, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Italy, Poland, Hungary, etc.

Russian forest industry

It plays one of the main roles in the economy of the state, on whose territory ¼ of all forest resources of our planet are located. The structure of the forestry complex of the Russian Federation includes about 20 industries, the main ones:

• Forestry complex. It is the basic direction of the entire timber industry complex of the Russian Federation. Previously, the USSR was second in wood exports, now Russia is sixth or seventh, supplying wood raw materials to Europe and Asia. Geographically, logging is carried out in the Far East, the European North of the Russian Federation, the Urals, and in the regions of Eastern Siberia;

• Woodworking. It is the most labor-intensive industry, the range of products is wide and varied. Plywood is made mainly from birch; enterprises in this industry are located in the Northern (Arkhangelsk region), Northwestern and Ural (Perm and Sverdlovsk region) regions. Most of the sawmilling enterprises operate in the European part of Russia, producing sheets and boards from wood chip waste - near logging sites and sawmills, furniture production in large cities, matches (from aspen) - in the areas where the raw material base is located.

• Pulp and paper industry. The raw materials for it are coniferous trees, the leading production areas are Karelian, Volgo-Vyatka and Ural;
• Timber chemical complex. It consists of two main areas: the hydrolysis industry (production of alcohol, glycerin, turpentine, rosin, etc.), the main raw material is waste from the woodworking industry, and the production of various plastics, synthetic fiber, linoleum, cellophane, etc., raw materials - waste from pulp and paper mills.

World development trends

Depending on the places of concentration of forests on our planet, the following zones are distinguished:

• Northern. This is the territory of taiga forests on the Eurasian and North American continents, where coniferous timber is harvested. A number of developed countries of the Eurasian and North American continents (USA, Russia, Finland, Canada, Sweden) specialize in the supply of wood raw materials on an international scale.
• Southern. Hardwood timber harvesting takes place in three main areas globe- forests of Brazil, tropical Africa and southeast Asia. Huge reserves of wood raw materials are concentrated on the South American continent, from where it is exported to Europe and Japan for further processing, or used as fuel for heating homes. In countries located in the southern hemisphere, alternative raw materials (not wood) are widely used for the production of paper products: bamboo branches are processed in India, sisal in Brazil and Tanzania, jute in Bangladesh, and sugar cane pulp in Peru.

The uneven distribution of forest resources, which are classified as renewable, poses the threat of their excessive use, which can lead to total deforestation of territories. Like, for example, uncontrolled felling of wet equatorial forests have already led to large-scale environmental problems in Brazil and Mexico.

The developing countries of Asia, Africa and South America are increasing the procurement of wood raw materials every year, and China and India have already appeared among the traditional developed countries (USA, Canada, Finland, etc.), which were previously among the top ten procurement countries , Brazil and Indonesia, Nigeria and Congo. However, in developed countries, the percentage of industrial (high-quality) wood exceeds the share of firewood (used for fuel) several times, and in the countries of Latin America and Asia this picture is completely opposite. In the USA, Sweden, Finland, Canada, etc. in the structure of fuel consumption, firewood takes up from 3 to 12%, while in African countries - up to 78%, in China - up to 65%, in South America About 57% of all harvested wood raw materials are used for firewood.

Abroad, the logging industry, as a rule, is an integral part of forestry. It occupied an important place in the national economy of the former USSR.

Story

Until the 20th century, logging in Russia was carried out in limited quantities, with production operations for logging and wood removal being carried out manually.

From 1927 until the mid-fifties, the main logging was carried out in the North and North-West of the European part of the USSR, which led to a noticeable reduction in forest resources in areas of intensive logging. Subsequently, logging developed widely in Siberia and the Far East, which led to a decrease in the share of deforestation in the European part of the USSR: for example, in 1972, of the total volume of logging, the Northwestern economic region accounted for 24.9%, the East Siberian - 16 .9%, Ural - 15.0%, Far Eastern - 8.0%, West Siberian - 7.8%, Volga-Vyatka - 7.7%, Central - 7.5%. In addition, the development of new forest areas in the North-West, Siberia and the Far East has led to the need to develop the infrastructure of these regions and build a network of main logging broad-gauge railways.

Structure

In general, the logging industry includes several main industries:

• logging, which is a complex of logging operations and timber removal;
• forest clearing, which includes work on the extraction of resin and the preparation of stump resin;
• timber rafting, including primary (mainly along small rivers) and transit (mainly along large rivers, including reservoirs), including work on the initial rolling of wood onto the water, the formation of rafts and its direct rafting;
• timber transshipment - transfer of forest products from one type of transport to another.

In addition, the logging industry includes industries that use low-value types of wood and logging waste as raw materials: sawmilling, sleeper sawing, production of industrial chips, container boards and other products.

see also

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Notes

Literature

• T. G. Morozova, M. P. Pobedina, G. B. Polyak, S. S. Shishov. Regional economics: Textbook for universities, 2001;
• Forest is the national wealth of the Soviet people. Sat., ed. N.V. Timofeeva, M., 1967;
• Rodnenkov M. G., Mechanization and technology of logging operations, M., 1966;
• Medvedev N. A., Economics of the forest industry, M., 1970.

Excerpt characterizing the logging industry

“Anna Ignatievna wants to see you, Nicolas,” she said, pronouncing the words in such a voice: Anna Ignatievna, that it now became clear to Rostov that Anna Ignatievna is a very important lady. - Let's go, Nicholas. After all, you allowed me to call you that?
- Oh yes, ma tante. Who is this?
– Anna Ignatievna Malvintseva. She heard about you from her niece, how you saved her... Can you guess?..
– You never know I saved them there! - said Nikolai.
- Her niece, Princess Bolkonskaya. She is here in Voronezh with her aunt. Wow! how he blushed! What, or?..
– I didn’t even think about it, ma tante.
- Well, okay, okay. ABOUT! what are you!
The governor's wife led him to a tall and very fat old woman in a blue cape, who had just finished her card game with the most important persons in the city. This was Malvintseva, Princess Marya's maternal aunt, a rich childless widow who always lived in Voronezh. She stood paying for the cards when Rostov approached her. She narrowed her eyes sternly and importantly, looked at him and continued to scold the general who had won against her.
“I’m very glad, my dear,” she said, holding out her hand to him. - You are welcome to me.
After talking about Princess Marya and her late father, whom Malvintseva apparently did not love, and asking about what Nikolai knew about Prince Andrei, who also apparently did not enjoy her favors, the important old woman let him go, repeating the invitation to be with her.
Nikolai promised and blushed again when he bowed to Malvintseva. At the mention of Princess Marya, Rostov experienced an incomprehensible feeling of shyness, even fear.
Leaving Malvintseva, Rostov wanted to return to dancing, but the little governor’s wife put her plump hand on Nikolai’s sleeve and, saying that she needed to talk to him, led him to the sofa, from which those who were there came out immediately, so as not to disturb the governor’s wife.
“You know, mon cher,” said the governor’s wife with a serious expression on her kind little face, “this is definitely the match for you; Do you want me to marry you?
- Who, ma tante? – Nikolai asked.
- I'm wooing the princess. Katerina Petrovna says that Lily, but in my opinion, no, is a princess. Want? I'm sure your maman will thank you. Really, what a lovely girl! And she's not that bad at all.
“Not at all,” Nikolai said, as if offended. “I, ma tante, as a soldier should, do not ask for anything and do not refuse anything,” Rostov said before he had time to think about what he was saying.
- So remember: this is not a joke.
- What a joke!
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“Oh no, we’re friends,” Nikolai said in the simplicity of his soul: it never occurred to him that such a fun pastime for him could not be fun for anyone.
“What a stupid thing I said, however, to the governor’s wife! – Nikolai suddenly remembered during dinner. “She’ll definitely start wooing, and Sonya?..” And, saying goodbye to the governor’s wife, when she, smiling, once again told him: “Well, remember,” he took her aside:
- But to tell you the truth, ma tante...
- What, what, my friend; Let's go sit here.
Nikolai suddenly felt the desire and need to tell all his innermost thoughts (those that he would not have told his mother, sister, friend) to this almost stranger. Nikolai later, when he recalled this impulse of unprovoked, inexplicable frankness, which, however, had very important consequences for him, it seemed (as it always seems to people) that he had found a stupid verse; and yet this outburst of frankness, together with other minor events, had enormous consequences for him and for the whole family.
- That's it, ma tante. Maman has long wanted to marry me to a rich woman, but the thought alone disgusts me, marrying for money.
“Oh yes, I understand,” said the governor’s wife.
– But Princess Bolkonskaya, that’s another matter; first of all, I’ll tell you the truth, I really like her, she’s after my heart, and then, after I met her in this position, it’s so strange, it often occurred to me that this was fate. Think especially: maman has been thinking about this for a long time, but I had never met her before, as it all happened: we didn’t meet. And at a time when Natasha was her brother’s fiancée, because then I would not have been able to think about marrying her. It’s necessary that I met her exactly when Natasha’s wedding was upset, and then that’s it... Yes, that’s what. I haven't told this to anyone and I won't tell it. And only to you.

The main factors for the location of the logging industry are raw material (focus on forest resources) and transport (availability of timber roads and intermediate warehouses for transporting timber to transport routes). Logging and transportation of wood are seasonal. Transportation is carried out mainly by railways, but river transport is also of great importance.

Despite the fact that the main resources of mature and overmature wood are located in the eastern regions of Russia, the leading logging areas are European territories North and northern part of the Volga Federal District, which leads to over-cutting and harms forest resources. In the area of ​​the main production forests, the most accessible and high-quality tree stands have already been cut down, the productivity of mature and overmature plantings is below average. For this reason, in the European part of Russia in the coming decades there will remain a shortage of high-quality coniferous wood. The share of the regions of Siberia and the Far East, where three quarters of all forest reserves in Russia are concentrated, does not exceed 40% of the total volume of timber exported in the country.

Sawmill industry

Sawmilling is located mainly in the main logging areas and at the junctions of transport highways, in the estuaries large rivers with access to the sea, at the intersection of railways and timber-rafting waterways.

70% of the total production of lumber is concentrated in the North-Western, Siberian and Ural regions federal districts. The main centers of sawmilling are Arkhangelsk, Naryan-Mar, Kotlas, Mezen, Perm, Omsk, Barnaul, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Igarka, Chita, Khabarovsk, etc. The largest sawmills in Siberia are the Lesosibirsk and New Yenisei timber processing plants (LDK) in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Ust-Ilimsk LDZ and JV "Igirma-Tairik" in the Irkutsk region.

In recent years, the demand for sawn hardwood has been growing on the world market in recent years, which is not yet produced enough in Russia.

Wood industry

The location of the woodworking industry is influenced by how raw material , and consumer factors.

The raw material factor is manifested not only in the focus on densely forested regions where logging is carried out, but also in some cases in the focus on wood of certain species. For example, the production of plywood is based on birch raw materials, matches - on aspen raw materials, etc. Coniferous and deciduous wood is used as raw material for the production of chipboard.

Half plywood production in the country is concentrated in the Northwestern and Ural federal districts. The main centers of plywood production are Bratsk (JSC Bratskcomplexholding), Tyumen Plywood Mill, Biysk Plywood and Match Factory, Beregovoy Timber Processing Plant. The centers for the production of fibreboards are Bratsk, Lesosibirsk and Novoyenisei wood processing plants, and chipboards are Tomsk and Ust-Ilimsk timber industry complexes.

Production of wood chips slabs in Russia do not fully meet the modern requirements of the furniture industry, since slabs with a thickness of 16 mm are mainly produced. Foreign manufacturers compete with Russian ones by supplying slabs of different thicknesses, a wider decorative range, and a greater variety of patterns and textures. Slabs of different thicknesses allow furniture manufacturers to implement more complex design solutions.

In the global production and consumption of forest products, the share of sawn hardwood, including chipboard and fibreboard, is steadily growing. The use of environmentally friendly fiberboard is increasing especially rapidly. In Russia, there is a reduction in domestic consumption of fiberboard and the total volume of exports of this type of product (due to a decrease in export volumes to neighboring countries).

Standard house construction located both in logging areas and in consumption areas: mainly in the Ural and Northwestern, partly in the Siberian federal districts and the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions. The largest house-building factories operate in the Novgorod (Garfipsky), Leningrad (Dubrovsky), Arkhangelsk (Kotlas), Kirov (Vyatsko-Polyansky) regions, Karelia (Petrozavodsk), and the Urals (Ekaterinburg and Perm).

Furniture industry is focused primarily on the consumer, since finished products are less transportable compared to raw materials (lumber).

The furniture industry is characterized by a high degree of concentration of production and is mainly concentrated in the European part of the country. The largest number of furniture enterprises are located in Moscow and the Moscow region (they account for more than 27% of furniture production in the country), in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The domestic Russian market is dominated by large enterprises, such as PMO Shatura, Moskomplektmebel, JSC Elektrogorskmebel (these three enterprises currently produce almost 25% of all furniture). However, the number of small enterprises specializing in assembling furniture from ready-made parts to individual orders is also quite large.

New furniture production centers are being created in Siberia and the Far East.