Which parts of the brain are responsible for what. What is the cervical spine responsible for? The part of the brain responsible for reflexes

Also in Ancient Greece people understood the important mission our spine performs. As Hippocrates, the “father of medicine,” said on this matter: “If there are many diseases, then there is only one problem - the spine.”

The spinal column is a support for the entire body and serves as a container for the spinal cord, which, in turn, ensures the functioning of absolutely all vital organs. When pathological changes occur in any part of the spinal column, this leads to the development of pathologies internal organs, moreover, of a chronic form. In this article we will tell you what each vertebra in the human spine is responsible for.

The spinal column consists of a number of vertebrae. There are thirty-four of them in total, and they are connected to each other by intervertebral discs, joints, as well as muscles and ligaments. It is their well-established work, combined with the unique anatomy of the spine, that contributes to its normal functioning.

The anatomy of the spine provides for its protection from injuries and various types of damage. In total, our spine contains more than 200 bones, ligaments and joints of various sizes. It is divided into five sections, forming 4 smooth bends, forming an S-shape. This gives our body shock-absorbing softness and maximum mobility.

Spinal sections

The main column of the musculoskeletal system consists of five sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal. Their structure is similar to each other, but certain differences still exist.

All sections and vertebrae have Latin names; for convenience, they are designated by letters and numbers of the Latin alphabet. A similar classification technique was invented by medical scientists so that one can quickly understand which specific part of the spinal column we are talking about.

Movable main sections

The cervical spine curves backward and consists of seven vertebrae. This section is the most mobile component of the spinal column, since its vertebrae contribute not only to tilting the head forward and backward, but also to turning to the sides.

The first vertebra of this section is called the atlas and differs in its shape and structure from the rest. The second vertebra is called the axis.

The thoracic portion of the spinal column is curved inward. It consists of twelve vertebrae with transverse processes, and in the chest area it is to these processes that our ribs are attached.

The intervertebral discs of the thoracic region have the smallest height compared to the same discs, for example, of the cervical region. Because this part of the spinal column is the most sedentary and static.

The lumbar region includes the largest vertebrae, there are only five of them. It bears a much greater load than the cervical area. This part of the spinal column curves forward.

Located between the sedentary thoracic region and the absolutely motionless sacral region, the lower back experiences serious loads (for example, when lifting heavy objects or professionally playing any kind of sport).

Lower sections

The coccygeal and sacral sections of the spine consist of fused vertebrae, 5 pieces in each. They represent an almost monolithic part of the spinal column. Despite the fact that the greatest burden of human weight falls on these sections, thanks to this fusion and shape they perfectly cope with their function, representing the basis of the spinal column.

The structure of the sections of the spinal column and its parts is shaped like a snake, bending in several places. Its thinnest part is located in the cervical region. All these curves have Latin names (lordosis and kyphosis), and the spinal column itself has the Latin name columna vertebralis.

How does a vertebra work?

Each vertebra has a rather dense body with a so-called arch (or arch) in the form of the Latin letter Y. Its body and arch create a kind of cavity in which our spinal cord passes.

The spinous processes, which are directed back and down, we can feel as small tubercles located on our back. Muscles and ligaments are attached to two processes located transversely. On the arch of the vertebra itself there are 7 processes, which are called transverse, articular and spinous.

Between all the vertebrae there is a kind of cartilage cushion called an intervertebral disc. It helps the corner parts of the bones not come into contact with each other, which keeps them intact for many years.

The intervertebral discs themselves consist of dense cartilage and connective tissue. Inside the vertebra there are also ligaments that attach the disc to the bone tissue. The ligaments fix the joints well so that they remain in one place, as if entwining them. And between the bone processes there are muscles that help move the back.

The most important part of the vertebra is the spinal cord, located inside. It is the most important component of the human nervous system.

Sphere of influence of each vertebra

Each vertebra has holes for nerves. If for some reason a person experiences a pinched nerve, pain and inflammation appear. And if nothing is done about it, then the organs to which these pinched nerves go will not work correctly.

It often happens that due to the infringement of several nerve roots at once, entire sections of the spinal column are at risk. Therefore, it is so important to know which vertebra is responsible for which organ.

Remember: the spine is a bone formation with layers of cartilage. It cannot directly influence the occurrence of diseases of internal organs.

The problem occurs when the nerve roots located between the vertebrae are pinched. They innervate internal organs, additionally push the body to launch pathological processes and provoke the appearance of pain syndromes.

Neck

The neck, head, face and even elbows are parts of the body that are controlled by the cervical spine. Often, when the nerves in it are pinched, a person’s blood pressure increases (signs of hypertension), attention and memory weaken (cerebral circulation is impaired). If you try to figure it out specifically for all the vertebrae, you will get next list possible cause-and-effect relationships:

1. Atlant. When problems arise with it, headaches, hypertension, nervousness appear, and memory weakens.
2. Axis. Even slight misalignment can impair hearing or vision.
3. III. Provokes headaches and neuralgia.
4. Civ. Displacement of this vertebra can significantly impair hearing.
5. CV. If the pinching occurs in the area of ​​this vertebra, there is a high probability that spasms will occur in the throat.
6. CVI. Its displacement in the neck muscles and shoulder joints causes persistent pain.
7. CVII. If this vertebra is displaced, your elbows may hurt.

Breast

This section of the spinal column regulates the functioning of all systems and organs located between the groin and neck. This includes the lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, heart, reproductive organs, bladder, upper limbs, as well as lymphatic and circulatory system. The list of consequences here will be much more impressive. Here are the most common ones:

• the first vertebra is responsible for the condition of the respiratory organs: lungs and bronchi. If it moves, the person may feel muscle or joint pain in the arms;
• eleventh vertebra. Problems with it immediately affect a person’s entire condition, since pinched nerves at the level of a given vertebra contribute to the occurrence of pain syndromes in kidney diseases.

Small of the back

The lumbar region includes the five largest vertebrae, which experience enormous loads every day. It is in this department that pinched nerves can most often occur, which leads to .

The spinal column often suffers from prolapse of the vertebrae in this particular section, which leads to various, often quite severe, dysfunctions of the internal organs.

Sacrum and coccyx

Displacement of the vertebral complex that makes up these parts is rare. But in the event of any injury, you can expect the appearance of sexual disorders or disruption of the functioning of the pelvic organs, as well as thrombosis of the iliac artery or paralysis of the lower extremities.

Scheme

The diagram below clearly shows which, for example, part of the spine is responsible for the arms or which vertebrae are responsible for the legs. For example, the L3 vertebra, where the sacrum is located, is responsible for the knee. We can also see that this vertebra is also responsible for the genitourinary system.

Conclusion

The spine is perhaps the most important part of the human body, performing many vital functions. When any illness of one or another internal organ manifests itself, as a rule, people begin to treat this particular organ. They don't think about what the real problem, perhaps, lies precisely in the spinal column.

To keep your spine healthy, avoid injury, heavy lifting and overuse, and exercise regularly and eat right. These measures will be enough to keep your spine in excellent shape for many years.

The spine plays a major role in the human axial skeleton. Thanks to the spinal column, all vital functions are carried out in our body. It consists of several dozen vertebrae interconnected. To have a clearer picture of the spine, it is important to know what parts this skeletal system consists of and how many vertebrae there are in a person’s spine?

• Spine structure
• Characteristics of the spine
• How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region and its anatomy
• Thoracic osteochondrosis

Spine structure

This important supporting element is a very complex mechanism that moves our body and head. It consists of 33-34 vertebrae arranged in a row and interconnected:

• cartilage;
• ligaments;
• disks;
• joints.

Due to its structure, this skeletal system provides the physiological structure of the internal organs. The spinal column itself is divided into 5 sections, which have peculiar curves, except for the coccygeal one. Due to the bends of the vertebrae, a person is able to maintain balance while moving or while resting. All of them are responsible for the functions of certain internal organs and all parts of the human body:

• cervical;
• chest;
• lumbar;
• sacral;
• coccygeal

It is believed that a person, thanks to the structure and functions of the spine, has most of his abilities and the organs surrounding him. Great importance has a spinal cord located inside the spinal column.

Characteristics of the spine

Each section of the spine performs its own important function. It’s worth talking about this in more detail and finding out their main characteristics.

Cervical - due to its anatomy, it is the most mobile. With the help of the first two vertebral elements, turns and tilts of the head are carried out. The cervical region includes 7 vertebrae. This is a function of the cerebral circulation, pituitary gland, vocal cords, lips, tongue, sinuses, eyes, skin, elbows, shoulders, muscles, ears, thyroid gland.

There are 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region and they look like the letter “C” curved at the back. This includes the kidneys, lungs, skin, heart, bronchi, rib cage, liver, stomach, adrenal glands, lymph, hands. The thoracic vertebrae connect to the ribs and together form the chest.

There are 5 large vertebrae in the lumbar region that can withstand heavy loads. In the lumbar part there are processes:

• additional;
• costal;
• mastoid.

The lumbar vertebrae are responsible for the functioning of organs such as the intestines, bladder, male genital organs, hip and other joints, and appendix.

The sacrum consists of 3-5 vertebrae, and they form the sacrum. This is a large bone that looks like a triangle and is located between the pelvic bones. In childhood, the sacrum consists of individual movable vertebrae. In adults, they grow together and become immobile. If there is a problem with the sacrum, a person develops hemorrhoids, fecal incontinence, and back pain when sitting.

The coccygeal region includes 3-4 vertebrae; they are the lowest link of the human spine. It performs a very important function - distribution physical activity in a sitting position and while bending.

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region and its anatomy

The thoracic region is minimally mobile, but it also bears a very large load, like all other parts of the spine. The ribs and segments of the thoracic vertebrae form a skeletal frame that protects the internal organs from damage. Many people have a question: how many vertebrae are there in this section? The thoracic region contains the largest number of vertebrae. They are much larger in size than the neck ones, and special half-pits allow the ribs to be held together.

All 12 vertebrae of the thoracic spine form its posterior wall. Due to the presence of spinous processes thoracic region is a sedentary element. This is also due to the minimum distance between the intervertebral discs and the ribs.

If you know the exact number of all the vertebrae of the human spine, then you can easily determine that the thoracic region makes up a third of the total number. It is responsible for the most important vital functions and safety in the body - the heart, stomach, liver, lungs, adrenal glands.

Despite the fact that this important part of the spine is protected from external damage, pathological changes often occur in it. They happen for many reasons:

• age-related changes (aging of the vertebrae);
• residence long time in an awkward position;
• heavy loads.

Due to the anatomical structure of the thoracic region, they form thoracic kyphosis. This gives the ability and opportunity to the infant and sacral region bend back. Due to injuries, weakened ligaments and muscles, incorrect posture often develops, which subsequently leads to various diseases.

Thanks to kyphosis, the thoracic part takes on heavy loads and absorbs them. In this case, the load may shift in different directions. For this reason, deformation of the shape of the vertebral body often occurs.

Thoracic osteochondrosis

Osteochondrosis is often observed in the thoracic region of the musculoskeletal system. This is the most common disease of the thoracic spine. Despite the fact that the thoracic vertebrae are immobile, the main symptoms are immediately noticeable and quite painful. The internal organs located there, as well as the abdominal cavity, can also take a blow. Small sizes vertebrae and a narrow spinal canal can lead to the development of disc herniation.

The disease is different big amount symptoms. Obviously, how many vertebrae are in the thoracic region, so many manifestations can occur. Most often, inflammation or pinching of the radicular nerves occurs. Painful symptoms may vary in intensity and location of pain. Sometimes this leads to disruption and failure of internal organs. If the thoracic vertebrae are damaged, then the following symptoms appear:

• girdle pain when inhaling in the chest area;
• backache;
• painful sensations in the heart and stomach;
• numbness in the chest;
• lack of muscle activity in the upper extremities and pain in them.

The development of pathology can be influenced by several factors and circumstances:

• congenital or previous trauma;
• scoliosis;
• sedentary work;
• hard physical work.

If painful symptoms appear in any part of the spine, then a full examination should be performed. It is necessary to visit a neurologist and do an MRI of the spine. A straight back position when sitting and when moving will help you avoid problems in the spine. You need to monitor your posture and try to walk without bending over, avoid lifting heavy weights, putting a strong load on the spine, as well as sudden movements.

Efficiency and benefits of the Corden spinal health device

New technologies in the field of medicine make it possible to realize the main values ​​of human existence - vigor and activity throughout the day, restful and healthy sleep, the desire to create and work. The Corden device is one such solution that allows you to radically improve your health with minimal time and financial expenses. Its purpose is to improve the health of the spine.

Features of the device: appearance, device

The extremely compact and lightweight Corden exercise machine has, at first glance, a simple design. However, this simplicity hides deep thoughtfulness and complexity of forms. The original “anatomical” configuration of the device ideally matches the structural features of different areas of the spine.

The Corden spine treatment device is made of plastic or natural wood and has 3 working edges: C-C, D-D and L-L.

The C-C edge is used to correct the cervical spine. It has a rectangular cutout with vertices located at a minimum distance from each other.

Facet D-D is intended for correcting the thoracic spine; its vertices are spaced at an average distance from each other.

The L-L edge with maximum distance between vertices is designed to target the lumbar region.

The device has built-in neodymium cores that create a magnetic field that helps restore charge in blood cells (erythrocytes).

There are 2 varieties of this device on sale: Corden Magic and Corden Yoga. The second is for yoga. It enhances the impact of asanas on the body and promotes a stronger therapeutic effect. There is also an automated Corden Neuro device, which, using vibrations, has a strong healing effect.

corden yoga corden neuro corden magic

Who is this device for?

The diseases for which Corden is indicated are numerous, and include not only disorders of the musculoskeletal system:

1. First of all, the device will be very useful for chronic overstrain of the muscles of the musculoskeletal system resulting from heavy training loads. And also for biomechanical disorders, manifested by pain in the neck and back - osteochondrosis, scoliosis and kyphoscoliosis of the 1st 2nd degree, Scheuermann-Mau syndrome, postural disorders, growth inhibition in children and adolescents.
2. Reduced cerebral circulation due to disorders of the cervical spine, headaches, neuralgia associated with the occipital nerves, poor sleep.
3. Limitation of mobility in all parts of the spinal column (cervical, lumbosacral, thoracic) associated with functional reflex blockade of the spinal motor segments and spasms of the intervertebral muscles.
4. Autonomic-visceral pathologies in biomechanical disorders in spinal motion segments.
5. Pain due to protrusion and herniation of the intervertebral disc.
6. Radicular and tunnel syndromes of the limbs, pathologies of the shoulder joint (periarthritis, epicondylitis)
7. Low functionality of the musculoskeletal system in children and adults, requiring its improvement.

The use of the Corden spinal apparatus also brings benefits for those pathologies that, it would seem, are not associated with the musculoskeletal system. These are diseases of internal organs that do not have organic lesions, resulting from pathologies of the musculoskeletal system - gastrointestinal diseases, hepatobiliary and genitourinary system, cardiovascular diseases.

How is the therapeutic effect achieved?

The Corden apparatus has an orthopedic and systemic effect on the body due to selective pressure on the surface of the spinal motion segments. Cone-shaped elevations, placed on the simulator taking into account the anatomy of the spine, act on the spinal muscles, gently and smoothly relaxing them. Reducing compression helps return the discs to their normal position and restore the mobility of all elements of the spinal column.

Neodymium cores restore the charge of red blood cells, improve microcirculation of blood and lymph in the spinal column, normalize cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and accelerate tissue restoration.

So Corden:

• relieves pain in the spine;
• restores full mobility of the components of the musculoskeletal system;
• ensures normal trophism of the tissues of the spinal column;
• normalizes metabolic processes;
• in some clinical cases it returns to normal arterial pressure.

And as a result, it returns lost health and vigor.

Contraindications

Corden has a strong effect on the spinal column, so when using it you must take into account your own health. General contraindications to using the machine include:

• infectious diseases of the joints and spine of any etiology - ankylosing spondylitis, spinal osteomyelitis, tuberculous spondylitis;
• malignant neoplasms in the spine or spinal cord;
• injuries of the skull and spine;
• acute circulatory disorders in the spinal cord and brain - thrombosis, circulatory pathologies in the spinal and vertebral arteries, etc.;
• curvature of the spine (scoliosis stages 3-4);
• intervertebral hernia, accompanied by destruction of the fibrous ring;
• ankylosis (immobility of joints);
• Stage 3-4 instability of spinal motion segments;
• listhesis (displacement of vertebral structures);
• severe damage to internal organs.

Operating principle of the device

In many cases, the root cause of pathologies and back pain is shortening, deformation and spasm of the deep paravertebral muscles (layers 1, 2, 3, 4), most often caused by prolonged intense physical activity. The body simply does not have time to relax the muscles and return them to their original state.

The situation can be aggravated by dysfunction of the spinal segmental structures, reflex defence (tension) of the paravertebral muscles, traumatic lesions, hypothermia, and mental trauma.

The action of the Corden apparatus is based on relaxing shortened, spasmodic muscles, unloading the spine and returning the entire musculoskeletal system to its normal position.

The simulator works simply and effectively. Corden's effect on the spinal column is ensured by the weight of the person's body. The convexities (tops) of the device affect the muscles and acupuncture points located along it, stimulate them and eliminate disorders of the spine and internal organs.

How to use the device correctly

Corden is intended for both individual use at home and training in fitness rooms and health centers in groups of up to 12 people.

The session lasts approximately half an hour. The basic course involves 8-10 lessons over 1 or 2 days. If painful sensations appear after the sensations, the interval can be increased to 3 days.

Exercises

All exercises are performed on the floor with a mat or blanket underneath.

Lie on your back and completely relax your body. Focusing on your elbows and feet, place the device in the desired place under the spine. Some may require help from family or friends.

Upper cervical

The corden is installed with the C-C edge under the area where the muscles attach to the occipital bone - so that the cervical vertebrae are between the apexes. To ensure the stability of the machine, you can support it with both hands. Keeping your breathing calm and your body relaxed, press down on the machine with the weight of your head until the soreness from the contact subsides. Do this for 2-3 minutes.

Turn your head slowly to the left until a noticeable stop appears (no more than 45°). Hold your head in this position for 10-20 seconds, then relax and return it to its original state.

Repeat this exercise on the right side.

Turning the head left and right should be repeated 2-3 times, trying to ensure that muscle relaxation becomes stronger each time.

Lower cervical

Install the device under the lower level of the cervical spine (area of ​​the 7th vertebra). Place your palms under your head. For 1-1.5 minutes, press your neck on the tops of the edge, achieving its relaxation. After this, perform 2-3 turns of the head to the right and left, holding in the final positions until the discomfort and pain disappear.

Upper thoracic region

Having placed the exercise machine on the mat, lie on top of it so that the tops of the edges D-D are located above the shoulder blades. Your hands can be placed under the back of your head or extended behind your head.

Calm your breathing and relax. Within 2-3 minutes you need to get rid of discomfort and pain in the spine. To reduce the excessive impact of the exercise machine on the thoracic region, you can place cushions from a blanket or rug under the lower back and collar area.

Identify the painful position that indicates the presence of muscle spasm. Keep your breathing calm. To increase contact with the machine, lift your pelvis by bending your legs.

Increase the impact on the spinal muscles by stretching your arms up and moving them left and right and up and down.

To enhance the effect of the training, you can twist your body left and right, stopping in extreme positions.

Mid-thoracic region

Place the exercise machine between the shoulder blades and do the same exercises as for the upper section.

Lumbar

Raise your pelvis and place the exercise machine edge L-L under the upper lumbar vertebrae (L1-L2). Provide the necessary pressure of the apparatus on the body by bending your knees or placing a bolster (a special yoga cushion) under them. With your legs bent, twist your spine left and right.

Unloading the tailbone

Working out the tailbone allows you to improve blood circulation in the pelvis and increase libido. Especially recommended for people leading a predominantly sedentary lifestyle.

Install the exercise machine under the tailbone edge D-D. Place a cushion 4-6 cm thick under your lower back. Lower yourself onto it with your full weight and relax.

Listen carefully to the sensations in your body. The absence of discomfort and pain indicates that the particular area is in normal condition. The appearance of painful sensations signals the need to pay more attention to this area of ​​the spine.

If the pain becomes severe, you need to move the Cardin higher or lower. You can also place a towel folded in 2 layers on the working surface of the device.

When performing the exercise, you need to breathe calmly and evenly, perform movements smoothly, without jerking.

If you have difficulty getting up from the device, you need to turn on your side and remove it from under you.

Slight skin soreness (tingling, burning) in areas of contact with the device is normal. She talks about the activation of blood circulation and metabolic processes.

Is it possible to combine exercises on the Corden machine with other medical procedures?

Combining exercises with the Carden apparatus with other therapeutic measures is not only possible, but also increases the effectiveness of its action. At the same time as using the simulator, you can practice yoga, manual therapy, massage and other techniques designed to relax the spinal muscles and other therapeutic and health purposes.

Consumer Opinion

Customer reviews are positive. Efficiency and ease of use are noted.

The cervical spine is the part of the spinal column from the base of the skull to the attachment of the ribs. The department includes 7 vertebrae, which are designated by the Latin letter C and numbers.

Numbering starts from the base of the skull. The vertebrae C1 and C2 have special names; they are called Atlas and Axis (Epistropheus).

The concept of “spine” usually includes not only the bones of the vertebrae themselves, but also soft tissues:

• spinal cord;
• nerve roots and endings;
• vessels that deliver nutrition to the brain.

The spinal column consists of individual vertebrae that are held together by intervertebral discs.

Each vertebra is a hollow structure made of bone tissue, having an opening through which the entire spinal cord passes. The top of the vertebrae is very strong and serves to protect the spinal cord from damage. Above the spinal tube between the vertebrae are elastic cartilaginous discs.

When a person tilts his head, the spine moves to the side precisely due to the intervertebral discs.

Muscles and ligaments hold the bone structure in a stable position. The cervical spine is the most mobile, so it is where disorders most often occur. The most fragile and vulnerable part of this structure from an anatomical point of view is the intervertebral disc. The disk consists of:

• nucleus pulposus;
• fibrous membrane.

The nucleus is shaped like a compressed ball; it is held in place by a fibrous membrane. If this membrane ruptures or stretches, a hernia forms. Each element in the structure of the spine affects the health of the remaining components. Therefore, when intervertebral discs become deformed, both nerve endings and blood vessels suffer. In the cervical region there are vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the brain, so if a hernia or curvature of the spine compresses them, a person immediately feels unfavorable changes in his well-being. The innervation of the spine is designed in such a way that pain from the cervical region can be transmitted to the skull, shoulders and neck muscles. Due to the anatomy of the cervical spine, it is in this area that spinal diseases most often appear:

• osteochondrosis;
• spondylosis;
• herniated intervertebral discs.

The second most common disease is the lumbar region, which is located next to the thoracic region. A picture with all segments of the human spine allows you to see the characteristic S-shaped bend. The disadvantage of the structure of the spine is the strong pressure on the cervical and lumbar spine, which leads to natural physiological lordosis (deflection).

People who lead a sedentary lifestyle are at risk for spinal diseases. Working long hours at a computer, driving for long periods of time and lack of physical activity lead to the following consequences:

• the muscles of the neck and shoulders weaken;
• there is no longer an effective system that stabilizes the position of the spine;
• in the cervical region, atrophic changes in some muscle groups and overstrain of others occur;
• under the action of muscles, the spine begins to bend and shift relative to its normal axis;
• Intervertebral discs suffer from this and osteochondrosis develops;
• when the annulus fibrosus can no longer support the core of the disc, it becomes displaced under the pressure of the person's weight;
• if a hernia compresses blood vessels and nerve endings, a number of painful and unpleasant symptoms develop in the circulatory and nervous system.

The spinal cord, which is located inside the spinal canal, is responsible for vital reflexes. Thanks to the work of the spinal cord, coordination occurs between all internal organs. The most unfavorable scenario for a hernia is the protrusion of the contents of the nucleus pulposus into the lumen of the spinal canal. In this case, a person may experience paralysis, intense pain and many associated diseases. In addition to a sedentary lifestyle, intervertebral disc deformation is caused by:

• obesity;
• cervical injuries;
• metabolic disorders, due to which cartilage tissue loses elasticity;
• poor nutrition, low levels of vitamins D, E, calcium and magnesium in the diet;
• chronic dehydration;
• flat feet and other diseases of bones and joints.

The skeleton is a single structure, each part of which affects the state of the rest. Therefore, with flat feet, arthrosis, arthritis and deformation of any joint or skeletal bone, systemic restructuring occurs to compensate for the load. To support the weight of the body and provide a person with the ability to move, the skeleton bends, loses symmetry and natural anatomical shape.

Treatment of flat feet, lordosis, scoliosis and other diseases of the musculoskeletal system is also necessary in order to prevent pathological changes in the remaining bone and cartilaginous structures of the skeleton.

The last stage of adaptation of the skeleton to irrational load distribution is always the formation of osteophytes. Osteophytes are thickenings, processes on the surface of the bone. They are formed due to the friction of bones against each other. For example, in the cervical spine, osteophytes occur due to a herniated intervertebral disc. The vertebrae do not effectively absorb movement due to degenerative changes in the disc and begin to rub and put pressure on each other. The structure of the vertebra changes, the surface ceases to be smooth, and a crunching sound occurs when moving.

Features of innervation

The segments of the spinal cord that are located in the cervical region have a clear specialization. What is the spinal cord of each vertebra responsible for?

1. In the area of ​​the C1 vertebra there are nerve endings that regulate the functioning of the pituitary gland and the inner ear. When the nerve roots are pinched in this section, insomnia develops, severe headache, dizziness, loss of orientation in space. When the first vertebra is injured, fainting occurs. The nerve endings of this section also determine stable work mental health, therefore, with osteochondrosis C1-C3, a person suffers from nervousness, diseases of the endocrine system and depression.
2. The C2 vertebra contains the segment of the spinal cord that is responsible for vision and hearing. Disturbances in the C1-C2 area lead to decreased vision and hearing, and loss of sensitivity of the skin of the face and head. A sharp pinching of nerve endings in the C1-C3 area causes darkening of the eyes, fainting, and a jump in blood pressure.
3. The C3 spinal cord is connected to the facial nerve, which regulates facial expressions. With osteochondrosis C3-C4, pain is radiated to the area upper jaw, especially in the teeth.
4. The C4 vertebra contains a segment of the spinal cord that is connected to the organs of the head: the nose and sinuses, oral cavity and the eustachian tube. As a result of pinching of the C4 nerve endings, hearing impairment, facial neuralgia and changes in facial expressions occur.
5. The C5-C6 spinal cord coordinates the vocal cords, neck and forearm muscles. With osteochondrosis in this department, the pain radiates to the shoulder area, to the back of the head. Possible loss of voice or change in timbre of speech.
6. The C7 spinal cord segment is closely related to the functioning of the thyroid gland. When the nerve roots are pinched, the normal production of thyroid hormones is disrupted, and hypothyroidism and other endocrine diseases develop.

The cervical spine has such a structure that any of its components inevitably affects the functioning of the entire body. Therefore, prevention of spinal diseases is very important.

The structure of the management apparatus in Russian government agencies and private firms is quite complex. Units such as services, sectors and departments are difficult to differentiate among themselves, identifying clear and understandable differences. Let's try to understand this difficult issue and highlight general trends.

What is sector, department and service

Sector– a basic structural unit, usually consisting of at least four employees, including a manager. An organizational unit is most often part of departments and is responsible for a specific area of ​​work.

Department- a medium-sized structural unit of an organization, which usually includes at least three employees along with a manager. It can be part of larger units or include smaller units.

Service– a large structural unit responsible for an important area of ​​the company’s activities. It consists of smaller departments and sectors, the work of which is coordinated by service employees.

Difference between sector, department and service

These structural units, although mentioned in the legislation, do not have clear legal definitions.

Therefore, speaking about their differences and relationships, we can only point to established practice, and not to legislative norms.

Historically, the service is the largest division, of which there are the fewest in the enterprise. It is responsible for priority areas of work, coordinating the activities of departments and sectors.

In second place is the department that accepts a narrower scope of activity. As a rule, it consists of at least three people, including the head. The position of head of a department gives the opportunity to manage only his subordinates, but does not leave much room for maneuver.

In third place is the sector, the smallest unit engaged exclusively in applied work. The enterprise may not have them if its structure is relatively small.

And yet, it is worth mentioning that the specific names of structural units depend more on traditions than on the number and characteristics of the work. You can verify this by familiarizing yourself with the hierarchy of the most important government bodies in Russia.

The difference between a sector and a department and service is as follows:

1. Hierarchy. The service is the largest structural unit.
2. In second place is the department, in third is the sector.
3. Activity. The service coordinates the work of the organization, departments designate priority areas of activity, sectors deal with applied functions.

Development of proposals to increase the requirements for the quality of products manufactured and consumed by the enterprise, to improve the regulatory and technical documentation establishing these requirements, aimed at stimulating product output High Quality and the fight against the release of substandard products. V. Relationships of the technical control department with other divisions of the enterprise 1. With the main accounting department Receives: information on the results of accounting for losses from defects in workshops based on defect notifications and on the attribution of amounts to those responsible. Represents: acts of marriage and conclusions about those responsible for the formation of marriage; conclusions on acceptance of the complaint and calculation of losses in connection with the elimination of detected deficiencies. 2.

Answer: where and why

I approve [organizational and legal form, name of organization, enterprise, institution] [position, signature, full name of the person approving the position] [day, month, year] M.P. back to table of contents 1.1. The quality control department, being an independent structural unit of the enterprise, is created and liquidated by order of [name of the position of the head of the enterprise].
1.2.

The department reports directly to the technical director of the enterprise. 1.3. The quality control department is headed by a chief appointed to the position by order of [name of the position of the head of the enterprise] on the recommendation of the technical director. 1.4. The head of the quality control department has [fill in the required] deputy(s); his/her responsibilities are determined by the head of the quality control department.

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Moreover, acceptance must be formalized by an appropriate document (certificate) certifying the quality of the product. In accordance with the listed tasks, the quality control department performs a number of functions: 1. planning and development of methods for ensuring product quality, quality control and stimulation. 2. level of product quality, planning of quality control and technical means of control; 3. collection of information on quality, determination of costs for quality assurance, processing of information and analysis of quality data from the sphere of production and operation; 4. quality management of products supplied by suppliers and products of one’s own enterprise; 5. development of control methods that ensure comparability and reliability of quality control results; 6. development (together with technical departments) of technical conditions, standards, standards for product quality management.

Regulations on the technical control department (otk)

Analysis and technical accounting of defects and defects in the company's products noted in complaints and test reports, participation in the development and monitoring of the implementation of measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of defects and eliminating defects; identification of persons guilty of manufacturing substandard products. 4. Organization of receiving from consumers and systematization of information on the quality and reliability of products. 5. Quality control of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products and components supplied to the plant for the manufacture of main production products from supplier factories; drawing up reports on low-quality raw materials, materials, semi-finished products and finished products for filing claims with suppliers.
6. Control over the acquisition, packaging and preservation of finished products. 7.

Introduction

When controlling product quality, physical, chemical and other methods are used, which can be divided into two groups: destructive and non-destructive. Destructive methods include the following tests: - tensile and compression tests; — impact tests; — tests under repeatedly variable loads; — hardness tests. Non-destructive methods include: - magnetic (magnetographic methods); — acoustic (ultrasonic flaw detection); — radiation (flaw detection using X-rays and gamma rays); Thus, the product quality control system is a set of interrelated objects and subjects of control, types used, methods and means for assessing the quality of products and preventing defects at various stages of the product life cycle and levels of quality management.

Regulations on the quality control department

With the standardization department on issues: Obtaining: - standards; — instructions; — technical conditions; — other technical documentation to determine product quality; - [fill in what you need]. Providing: — suggestions and comments on the provided documentation; — information about violations of standards and technical conditions; - [fill in what you need]. 6.2. With the department of the chief technologist regarding: Obtaining: - conclusions on compliance material resources(raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, etc.) standards and technical conditions; — conclusions about the possibility of using material resources in production; - [fill in what you need].

Providing: - material resources (raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, etc.) for the analysis of its compliance with standards and specifications; - [fill in what you need]. 6.3.

Structure of the technical control service.

The department may include bureaus, groups, laboratories for technical control of external acceptance, technical bureau of quality control department, bureau of technical control in workshops (VTC), central measurement laboratory.IV. Functions1. Control over the quality and completeness of parts, assemblies and finished products manufactured by the enterprise, for compliance with their standards, technical specifications, norms, standards and drawings, branding of accepted and rejected products, preparation of documentation for accepted and rejected products in the prescribed manner, as well as control over withdrawal from the production of finally rejected products to specially organized reject isolators and their disposal as waste.2. Presentation of accepted products to customer representatives, if provided technical specifications or by agreement.3.
Technical control is designed to ensure the required alignment of the production process and maintain its stability, that is, the stable repeatability of each operation in the prescribed technological modes, norms and conditions. The objects of technical control at a machine-building enterprise are incoming materials, semi-finished products at different stages of manufacturing, finished products (parts, small assembly units, units, blocks, products), means of production (equipment, tools, devices, devices, etc.), technological processes and processing modes, general production culture. The functions of technical control are determined largely by the tasks and objects of production. This includes monitoring the quality and completeness of manufactured products, accounting and analysis of product returns, defects, defects, complaints, etc.

What is the technical control department responsible for?

Attention

5.
In fact, the quality control department is responsible for the reliability of control, which can be assessed by two main indicators: H1 and H2. N1 – the ratio of the number of non-conforming products in the controlled batch to the number of rejected ones. Ideally H1=1, i.e. all non-conforming products were found and confiscated. H2 – the ratio of the number of products among those rejected that were found to be appropriate by repeated inspection. Ideally H2=0, i.e. Among the rejected ones there is not a single one suitable. It is difficult to directly calculate H1, so indirect estimates are used: for example, the number of returns from the consumer (number of complaints, reclamations), i.e.

any information that indicates that a non-conforming product has passed inspection. And here we must also keep in mind that the quality control department controls (in accordance with its name) “technical” quality, i.e. compliance with established standards and norms (understanding this in the broadest sense).

It consists of three main parts:

• cerebral hemispheres;

It is also customary to distinguish five sections of the brain:

• forebrain (cerebral hemispheres);

hindbrain (cerebellum, pons);

• Hard, representing the periosteum of the inner surface of the skull. A large number of pain receptors are concentrated in this shell.

The arachnoid, which is closely adjacent to the cerebral cortex, but does not line the gyri. The space between it and the dura mater is filled with serous fluid, and the space between it and the cerebral cortex is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Soft, consisting of a system of blood vessels and connective tissue, in contact with the entire surface of the brain substance, and nourishing it.

Functions and tasks

Our brain takes part in processing information coming from the entire set of receptors, controls the movements of the human body, and also carries out the highest function of the human body - thinking. Each part of the brain is responsible for performing certain functions.

The diencephalon includes:

• The thalamus is a kind of “switchboard” that processes and forms sensations from information from temperature, pain, vibration, muscle, taste, tactile, auditory, olfactory receptors, one of the subcortical visual centers. This area is also responsible for changing sleep and wakefulness states in the body.

Hypothalamus - this small area performs the most important task of controlling heart rate, body thermoregulation, and blood pressure. It also “manages” the mechanisms of emotional regulation - it influences the endocrine system in order to produce the hormones necessary to overcome stressful situations. The hypothalamus regulates feelings of hunger, thirst and satiety. It is the center of pleasure and sexuality.

Pituitary gland – This brain appendage produces growth hormones for puberty, development and function.

Epithalamus - includes the pineal gland, which regulates daily biological rhythms, releasing hormones at night for normal falling asleep and long, healthy sleep, and during the day - for normal wakefulness and activity. Directly related to the regulation of sleep and wakefulness patterns is the control of the body’s adaptation to lighting conditions. The pineal gland is able to detect vibrations of light waves even through the skull, and respond to them by releasing the necessary hormones. This small area of ​​the brain also regulates the rate of metabolism in the body (metabolism).

Actions of a voluntary nature, their planning, mastering skills and abilities also depend on the frontal lobes. Here frequently repeated actions are brought to the point of automation.

Brain diseases

The list of brain diseases is quite large; here are the most common and dangerous ones.

• tumor;

Tumor diseases. The number of brain tumors varies widely. They can be malignant or benign. Tumors arise as a result of a failure in cell reproduction, when cells must die and give way to others. Instead, they begin to multiply uncontrollably and rapidly, displacing healthy tissue.

In general, we still have to learn how to properly use our brain. Give more time to mental exercises, wear a hat and take care of this main organ of our body.

Brain: structure and functions

Scientists distinguish three main parts of the human brain: the hindbrain, the midbrain and the forebrain. All three are clearly visible already in a four-week embryo in the form of “brain bubbles.” Historically, the hindbrain and midbrain are considered more ancient. They are responsible for vital internal functions of the body: maintaining blood flow, breathing. The forebrain is responsible for human forms of communication with the outside world (thinking, memory, speech), which will interest us primarily in the light of the problems discussed in this book.

To understand why each disease affects the patient's behavior differently, you need to know the basic principles of brain organization.

1. The first principle is the division of functions into hemispheres - lateralization. The brain is physically divided into two hemispheres: left and right. Despite their external similarity and active interaction provided by a large number of special fibers, functional asymmetry in the functioning of the brain can be seen quite clearly. Some functions are better handled by the right hemisphere (for most people it is responsible for imaginative and creative work), while others are handled better by the left hemisphere (associated with abstract thinking, symbolic activity and rationality).
2. The second principle is also related to the distribution of functions across different zones brain Although this organ works as a single whole and many higher human functions are ensured by the coordinated work of different parts, the “division of labor” between the lobes of the cerebral cortex can be seen quite clearly.

The cerebral cortex can be divided into four lobes: occipital, parietal, temporal and frontal. In accordance with the first principle - the principle of lateralization - each lobe has its own pair.

The frontal lobes can be called the command post of the brain. Here are centers that are not so much responsible for an individual action, but rather provide such qualities as a person’s independence and initiative, his ability to critically self-assessment. Damage to the frontal lobes causes carelessness, meaningless aspirations, fickleness and a tendency to make inappropriate jokes. With the loss of motivation due to atrophy of the frontal lobes, a person becomes passive, loses interest in what is happening, and remains in bed for hours. Often others mistake this behavior for laziness, not suspecting that changes in behavior are a direct consequence of the death of nerve cells in this area of ​​the cerebral cortex

According to modern science, Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common causes of dementia, is caused by the formation of protein deposits around (and inside) neurons, which prevent these neurons from communicating with other cells and lead to their death. Because the effective ways Scientists have not found a way to prevent the formation of protein plaques; the main method of drug control against Alzheimer’s disease remains the impact on the work of mediators that ensure communication between neurons. In particular, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors affect acetylcholine, and memantine drugs affect glutamate. Others mistake this behavior for laziness, not suspecting that changes in behavior are a direct consequence of the death of nerve cells in this area of ​​the cerebral cortex.

An important function of the frontal lobes is to control and manage behavior. It is from this part of the brain that the command comes, preventing the performance of socially undesirable actions (for example, the grasping reflex or unseemly behavior towards others). When this zone is affected in dementia patients, it is as if their internal limiter is turned off, which previously prevented them from expressing obscenities and using obscene words.

The frontal lobes are responsible for voluntary actions, their organization and planning, as well as the development of skills. It is thanks to them that gradually work that initially seemed complex and difficult to complete becomes automatic and does not require much effort. If the frontal lobes are damaged, a person is doomed to do his work every time as if for the first time: for example, his ability to cook, go to the store, etc. falls apart. Another variant of disorders associated with the frontal lobes is the patient’s “fixation” on the action being performed, or perseveration. Perseveration can manifest itself both in speech (repetition of the same word or whole phrase) and in other actions (for example, aimlessly moving objects from place to place).

The dominant (usually left) frontal lobe has many areas responsible for different aspects of a person’s speech, attention and abstract thinking.

Let us finally note the participation of the frontal lobes in maintaining the vertical position of the body. When they are affected, the patient develops a shallow mincing gait and a bent posture.

The temporal lobes in the upper regions process auditory sensations, turning them into sound images. Since hearing is the channel through which speech sounds are transmitted to humans, the temporal lobes (especially the dominant left) play a critical role in facilitating speech communication. It is in this part of the brain that the words addressed to a person are recognized and filled with meaning, as well as the selection of language units to express their own meanings. The non-dominant lobe (right in right-handed people) is involved in recognizing intonation patterns and facial expressions.

The anterior and medial parts of the temporal lobes are associated with the sense of smell. Today it has been proven that the appearance of problems with the sense of smell in an elderly patient may be a signal of developing, but not yet identified, Alzheimer's disease.

A small, seahorse-shaped area on the inner surface of the temporal lobes (the hippocampus) controls long-term memory in humans. It is the temporal lobes that store our memories. The dominant (usually left) temporal lobe deals with verbal memory and object names, the non-dominant is used for visual memory.

Simultaneous damage to both temporal lobes leads to serenity, loss of visual recognition and hypersexuality.

The functions performed by the parietal lobes differ for the dominant and non-dominant sides.

The dominant side (usually the left) is responsible for the ability to understand the structure of the whole through the correlation of its parts (their order, structure) and for our ability to put the parts together into a whole. This applies to a variety of things. For example, to read you need to be able to put letters into words and words into phrases. Same with numbers and figures. The same lobe allows you to master the sequence of related movements necessary to achieve a certain result (a disorder of this function is called apraxia). For example, the inability to dress independently, often noted in patients with Alzheimer's disease, is not caused by impaired coordination, but by forgetting the movements necessary to achieve a specific goal.

The dominant side is also responsible for the sensation of your body: for distinguishing its right and left parts, for knowing the relationship of a separate part to the whole.

The non-dominant side (usually the right) is the center that, by combining information from the occipital lobes, provides three-dimensional perception of the world around us. Disruption of this area of ​​the cortex leads to visual agnosia - the inability to recognize objects, faces, or the surrounding landscape. Because visual information is processed in the brain separately from information coming from other senses, the patient in some cases has the opportunity to compensate for problems in visual recognition. For example, a patient who does not recognize loved one in person, can recognize him by his voice when talking. This side is also involved in the spatial orientation of the individual: the dominant parietal lobe is responsible for the internal space of the body, and the non-dominant one is responsible for recognizing objects in external space and for determining the distance to these objects and between them.

Both parietal lobes are involved in the perception of heat, cold and pain.

The occipital lobes are responsible for processing visual information. In fact, everything that we see, we do not see with our eyes, which only record the irritation of the light acting on them and translate it into electrical impulses. We “see” with the occipital lobes, which interpret signals from the eyes. Knowing this, it is necessary to distinguish between weakened visual acuity in an elderly person and problems associated with his ability to perceive objects. Visual acuity (the ability to see small objects) depends on the work of the eyes, perception is a product of the work of the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain. Information about color, shape, and motion is processed separately in the occipital lobe of the cortex before being received in the parietal lobe to be converted into a three-dimensional representation. When communicating with dementia patients, it is important to take into account that their failure to recognize surrounding objects may be caused by the inability of normal signal processing in the brain and has nothing to do with visual acuity.

Completing short story about the brain, it is necessary to say a few words about its blood supply, since problems are in its vascular system– one of the most common (and in Russia, perhaps the most common) causes of dementia.

For neurons to function normally, they need constant energy supply, which they receive thanks to three arteries supplying blood to the brain: two internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery. They connect to each other and form an arterial (Willisian) circle, which allows you to nourish all parts of the brain. When, for some reason (for example, a stroke), the blood supply to certain parts of the brain is weakened or completely stopped, neurons die and dementia develops.

Often in science fiction novels (and in popular science publications) the work of the brain is compared to the work of a computer. This is not true for many reasons. Firstly, unlike a man-made machine, the brain was formed as a result of a natural process of self-organization and does not require any external program. Hence the radical differences in the principles of its operation from the functioning of an inorganic and non-autonomous device with an embedded program. Secondly (and for our problem this is very important), the various fragments of the nervous system are not connected in a rigid way, like computer blocks and cables stretched between them. The connection between cells is incomparably more subtle, dynamic, responding to many different factors. This is the power of our brain, allowing it to sensitively respond to the slightest failures in the system and compensate for them. And this is also its weakness, since not a single one of these failures goes away without a trace, and over time their combination reduces the potential of the system, its ability to perform compensatory processes. Then changes begin in a person’s condition (and then in his behavior), which scientists call cognitive disorders and which over time lead to a disease such as dementia.

Sections of the brain, their structure and functions

The brain is the main component of the central nervous system; it is here that the most important processes in our body. However, few people know about its structure and what departments this organ actually consists of.

Main parts of the brain

There are six main divisions.

1. The medulla oblongata is responsible for connecting the brain with the spinal cord.
2. The pons controls the contractions of all muscles during complex movements.
3. The midbrain is responsible for hearing, vision and muscle tone.
4. The diencephalon is responsible for interaction with the outside world.
5. The cerebellum is responsible for coordination of movements, as well as orientation in space.
6. The cerebral hemispheres are responsible for thought processes.

Medulla

This section is located in the skull, it is the beginning of the brain stem. In its rear part there is a groove and two cords, which are the connecting link with the spinal cord. This is where the white and gray substances are located, the first outside, the second inside. The medulla oblongata is responsible for two main functions: reflex and conduction. Thanks to this, human cardiovascular activity, breathing, different kinds reflexes, and also the connection between the brain and spinal cord. The formation of this department is completed by the age of 7.

Pons

This department is a continuation of the previous one. In fact, it consists of transverse fibers, between which the kernels are located. Functionally, the pons is responsible for contractions of the muscles of the entire torso and limbs that occur during complex movements. Here are centers similar to the spinal cord, but more developed. This section changes by preschool age, when it shifts and occupies the position in which it will remain forever.

Cerebellum

This department is located above the previous two. It is divided into two hemispheres, which are connected by a structure called the “worm”. The parts of the brain and the cerebellum are united by nerve fibers, which, accordingly, form “legs” connecting it with the spinal cord and medulla oblongata.

Structure and functions

The cerebellum is formed from white and gray matter. The first is located under the bark, and the second is located outside, forming the cortex of the department. The cerebellum is responsible for such important parameters as coordination of movements and maintaining body balance. This department is also responsible for muscle contraction. People whose cerebellum is affected suffer from problems with spatial orientation, speech disorders and smooth movement. The growth of the department ends by the age of 15.

Midbrain

This department is located above the bridge. It is here that the signals received by the retina are transmitted to the brain, where they are processed by the nuclei of the superior colliculus, allowing us to see. The lower nuclei are responsible for the functioning of the human auditory system. They receive impulses produced in the outside world, implementing the human guard reflex, that is, the body can instantly engage in an action that requires a quick reaction.

Functions

This department plays an important role in fine motor skills and the acts of chewing and swallowing, ensuring their correct sequence. Like the parts of the brain described above, the midbrain is directly related to muscle function. Thus, it controls work during prolonged stress, for example, when some part of the body must remain in one position for a long time, then it maintains muscle tone so that it can suddenly move to another position. The development of the midbrain directly depends on the formation of other parts.

Diencephalon

This section is located between the midbrain and the corpus callosum. There are visual hillocks here that have a number of important functions, in particular the processing of centripetal impulses coming from the outside world and their transmission to the brain. In addition, they are responsible for such parameters of emotional behavior as pulse, breathing, blood pressure, facial expressions, etc.

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Most important element The hypothalamus is considered to be the diencephalon, since it contains many autonomic centers. It is responsible for metabolism, feelings of fear and rage, body temperature, nerve connections, etc. The hypothalamus also produces cells that influence the functioning of the pituitary gland, which regulates some of the body's autonomic functions. The thermal stage of diencephalon development ends in adolescence.

Finite brain

The parts of the human brain directly depend on the functioning of the hemispheres, or telencephalon. The two hemispheres, which make up up to 80% of the mass of the entire brain, are connected through the corpus callosum and other commissures. The cortex covering the elements of the department consists of several layers of gray matter. It is thanks to it that the realization of higher mental activity is possible. The work performed by both hemispheres is unequal. The left, dominant, is responsible for thought processes, counting, writing, the right is for the perception of signals from the outside world. This department develops most actively until puberty; later the pace decreases.

All parts of the brain influence the functioning of the body in one way or another, regulating its vital functions. Their totality has gone through long centuries of evolution, changing, improving and adapting to changes, which, in fact, ensured the survival of the human species. The parts of the brain collectively and each individually are indispensable centers for controlling the autonomic functions of the body.

The structure of the brain - what is each department responsible for?

The human brain is a big mystery even for modern biology. Despite all the successes in the development of medicine, in particular, and science in general, we still cannot clearly answer the question: “How exactly do we think?” In addition, understanding the difference between consciousness and subconscious, it is also not possible to clearly identify their location, much less separate them.

However, even people who are distant from medicine and anatomy should clarify some aspects for themselves. Therefore, in this article we will look at the structure and functionality of the brain.

Brain Definition

The brain is not the prerogative of humans alone. Most chordates (which include homo sapiens) have this organ and enjoy all its advantages as a support point for the central nervous system.

How does the brain work?

The brain is an organ that has been studied rather poorly due to the complexity of its design. Its structure is still the subject of debate in scientific circles.

Nevertheless, there are these basic facts:

1. The adult human brain consists of twenty-five billion neurons (approximately). This mass makes up the gray matter.
2. There are three shells:
   • Solid;
   • Soft;
   • Arachnoid (cerebrospinal fluid circulation channels);

They perform protective functions, responsible for safety during impacts and any other damage.

In the most common aspect, the brain is divided into three sections such as:

It is impossible not to highlight another common view of this organ:

In addition, it is necessary to mention the structure of the telencephalon and the united hemispheres:

Functions and tasks

Quite a difficult topic to discuss, since the brain does almost everything that you do (or controls these processes).

We need to start with the fact that it is the brain that performs the highest function that determines the intelligence of a person as a species - thinking. It also processes signals received from all receptors - vision, hearing, smell, touch and taste. In addition, the brain controls sensations in the form of emotions, feelings, etc.

What is each part of the brain responsible for?

As mentioned earlier, the number of functions performed by the brain is very, very extensive. Some of them are very important because they are noticeable, some are the opposite. However, it is not always possible to accurately determine which part of the brain is responsible for what. The imperfection of even modern medicine is obvious. However, those aspects that have already been sufficiently researched are presented below.

In addition to the various departments, which are highlighted in separate paragraphs below, there are just a few departments that need to be mentioned, without which your life would become a real nightmare:

• The medulla oblongata is responsible for all the body's defensive reflexes. This includes sneezing, vomiting and coughing, as well as some important reflexes.
• The thalamus is a translator of information received by receptors about environment and the state of the body into signals understandable to humans. Thus, it controls pain, muscle, auditory, olfactory, visual (partial), temperature and other signals entering the brain from various centers.
• The hypothalamus simply controls your life. Keeps his finger on the pulse, so to speak. It regulates heart rhythm. In turn, this also affects the regulation of blood pressure and thermoregulation. In addition, the hypothalamus can influence the production of hormones in case of stress. It also controls feelings such as hunger, thirst, sexuality and pleasure.
• Epithalamus - controls your biorhythms, that is, it makes it possible to fall asleep at night and feel alert during the day. In addition, he is also responsible for metabolism, “in charge.”

This is far from full list, even if you add here what you read below. However, most of the functions are displayed, while others are still under debate.

Left hemisphere

The left cerebral hemisphere is the controller of such functions as:

• Oral speech;
• Analytical activities of various kinds (logic);
• Mathematical calculations;

In addition, this hemisphere is also responsible for the formation of abstract thinking, which distinguishes humans from other species of animals. It also controls the movement of the left limbs.

Right hemisphere

The right cerebral hemisphere is a kind of HDD person. That is, it is there that memories of the world around you are stored. But such information by itself is of rather little use, which means that along with the preservation of this knowledge, algorithms for interaction with various objects of the surrounding world, based on past experience, are also preserved in the right hemisphere.

Cerebellum and ventricles

The cerebellum is, to a certain extent, a branch from the connection of the spinal cord and the cerebral cortex. This location is quite logical, since it makes it possible to receive duplicate information about the position of the body in space and the transmission of signals to various muscles.

The cerebellum is mainly engaged in constantly adjusting the position of the body in space, being responsible for automatic, reflexive movements, and for conscious actions. Thus, it is the source of such a necessary function as coordination of movements in space. You might be interested in reading about how to test your motor coordination.

In addition, the cerebellum is also responsible for regulating balance and muscle tone, while also working with muscle memory.

Frontal lobes

The frontal lobes are like the dashboard of the human body. It supports him in an upright position, allowing him to move freely.

In addition, it is through the frontal lobes that a person’s curiosity, initiative, activity and independence are “calculated” at the time of making any decisions.

Also, one of the main functions of this department is critical self-assessment. Thus, this makes the frontal lobes something of a conscience, at least in relation to social markers of behavior. That is, any social deviations that are unacceptable in society do not pass the control of the frontal lobe, and, accordingly, are not carried out.

Any injuries to this part of the brain are fraught with:

• behavioral disorders;
• mood changes;
• general inadequacy;
• the meaninglessness of actions.

Another function of the frontal lobes is voluntary decisions and their planning. Also, the development of various skills and abilities depends on the activity of this department. The dominant share of this department is responsible for the development of speech and its further control. Equally important is the ability to think abstractly.

Pituitary

The pituitary gland is often called the medullary appendage. Its functions are reduced to the production of hormones responsible for puberty, development and functioning in general.

Essentially, the pituitary gland is something like a chemical laboratory in which it is decided what kind of person you will become as your body grows.

Coordination

Coordination, as the skill of navigating in space and not touching objects with different parts of the body in a random order, is controlled by the cerebellum.

In addition, the cerebellum controls such brain functions as kinetic awareness - in general, this highest level coordination, allowing you to navigate the surrounding space, noting the distance to objects and calculating the ability to move in free zones.

Such important function, as we speak, heads several departments at once:

• The dominant part of the frontal lobe (mentioned above), which is responsible for the control of spoken language.
• The temporal lobes are responsible for speech recognition.

Basically, we can say that speech is responsible left hemisphere brain, if you do not take into account the division of the telencephalon into various lobes and sections.

Emotions

Emotional regulation is an area controlled by the hypothalamus, along with a number of other important functions.

Strictly speaking, emotions are not created in the hypothalamus, but it is there that the human endocrine system is influenced. Already after a certain set of hormones has been produced, a person feels something, however, the gap between the orders of the hypothalamus and the production of hormones can be completely insignificant.

Prefrontal cortex

The functions of the prefrontal cortex lie in the area of ​​mental and motor activity of the body, which correlates with future goals and plans.

In addition, the prefrontal cortex plays a significant role in the creation of complex mental patterns, plans and action algorithms.

The main feature is that this part of the brain does not “see” the difference between regulating the internal processes of the body and following the social framework of external behavior.

When you find yourself faced with a difficult choice that was created largely by your own conflicting thoughts, thank your prefrontal cortex for that. It is there that differentiation and/or integration of various concepts and objects is carried out.

Also in this department, the result of your actions is predicted and adjustments are made in comparison with the result that you want to get.

Thus, we are talking about volitional control, concentration on the subject of work and emotional regulation. That is, if you are constantly distracted while working and cannot concentrate, it means that the conclusion made by the prefrontal cortex was disappointing, and you will not be able to achieve the desired result this way.

The last proven function of the prefrontal cortex to date is one of the substrates of short-term memory.

Memory

Memory is very broad concept, which includes descriptions of higher mental functions that allow one to reproduce previously acquired knowledge, skills and abilities at the right time. All higher animals possess it, however, it is most developed, naturally, in humans.

The mechanism of memory action is as follows: in the brain, a certain combination of neurons is excited in a strict sequence. These sequences and combinations are called neural networks. Previously, the more common theory was that individual neurons were responsible for memories.

Brain diseases

The brain is an organ like all others in the human body, and therefore also susceptible to various diseases. The list of such diseases is quite extensive.

It will be easier to consider it if you divide them into several groups:

1. Viral diseases. The most common of these are viral encephalitis (muscle weakness, severe drowsiness, coma, confusion and difficulty thinking in general), encephalomyelitis (fever, vomiting, loss of coordination and motor skills of the limbs, dizziness, loss of consciousness), meningitis ( heat, general weakness, vomiting), etc.
2. Tumor diseases. Their number is also quite large, although not all of them are malignant. Any tumor appears as the final stage of a failure in cell production. Instead of the usual death and subsequent replacement, the cell begins to multiply, filling all the space free from healthy tissue. Symptoms of tumors include headaches and seizures. Their presence can also be easily determined by hallucinations from various receptors, confusion and problems with speech.
3. Neurodegenerative diseases. By general definition, these are also disturbances in the life cycle of cells in different parts brain. Thus, Alzheimer's disease is described as impaired conduction of nerve cells, which leads to memory loss. Huntington's disease, in turn, is the result of atrophy of the cerebral cortex. There are other options. The general symptoms are as follows: problems with memory, thinking, gait and motor skills, the presence of convulsions, tremors, spasms or pain. Also read our article about the difference between seizures and tremors.
4. Vascular diseases are also quite different, although, in essence, they come down to disturbances in the structure of blood vessels. So, an aneurysm is nothing more than a protrusion of the wall of a certain vessel - which does not make it any less dangerous. Atherosclerosis is a narrowing of blood vessels in the brain, but vascular dementia is characterized by their complete destruction.

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Brain structure. Parts of the brain and what they are responsible for

The medulla oblongata can be confused with the functions of the spinal cord! In the nuclei of gray matter (accumulation of dendrites) there are defense reflex centers- blinking and vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and also the medulla oblongata allows you to inhale and exhale, secrete saliva (automatically, we cannot control this reflex), swallow, secrete gastric juice - also automatically. The medulla oblongata performs reflex and conductive functions.

The pons is responsible for the movement of the eyeballs and facial expressions.

The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movement.

The midbrain is responsible for clarity of vision and hearing. It regulates the size of the pupil and the curvature of the lens. Regulates muscle tone. It contains the centers of the orienting reflex

The forebrain is the largest section of the brain and is divided into two halves.

1) The diencephalon, which is divided into three parts:

b) Lower (aka hypotholamus) - regulates metabolism and energy, that is: fasting - saturation, thirst - quenching.

c) Central (thalamus) - here the first processing of information from the senses occurs.

2) Large hemispheres of the brain

a) Left hemisphere - for right-handed people, speech centers are located here, and the left hemisphere is responsible for the movement of the right leg, right arm, etc.

b) Right hemisphere - in right-handed people, the whole situation is perceived here (at what distance is the fence, what volume is it, etc.), and is also responsible for the movement of the left leg, left hand, etc.

Occipital lobe- location of visual areas formed by neurons.

Temporal lobe- location of auditory zones.

Parietal lobe- responsible for musculocutaneous sensitivity.

The inner surface of the temporal lobes is the olfactory and gustatory zones.

Frontal lobes front part - active behavior.

In front of the central gyrus is the motor zone.

Autonomic nervous system. According to its structure and properties autonomic nervous system (ANS) is different from somatic(SNS) with the following features:

1. ANS centers are located in different parts of the central nervous system: in the middle and medulla oblongata of the brain, sternolumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord. Nerve fibers extending from the nuclei of the midbrain and medulla oblongata and from the sacral segments of the spinal cord form parasympathetic division of the ANS. Fibers emerging from the nuclei of the lateral horns of the sternolumbar segments of the spinal cord form sympathetic division of the ANS.

2. Nerve fibers, leaving the central nervous system, do not reach the innervated organ, but are interrupted and come into contact with the dendrite of another nerve cell, the nerve fiber of which already reaches the innervated organ. At the points of contact, clusters of nerve cell bodies form nodes, or ganglia, of the ANS. Thus, the peripheral part of the motor sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve pathways is built from two neurons sequentially following each other (Fig. 13.3). The body of the first neuron is located in the central nervous system, the body of the second is in the autonomic nerve node (ganglion). The nerve fibers of the first neuron are called preganglionic, second -postganglionic

Fig.3. Reflex arc diagram of somatic (a) and autonomic (6) reflexes: 1 - receptor; 2 - sensory nerve; 3 - central nervous system; 4 - motor nerve; 5 -working body -muscle, gland; TO - contact (intercalary) neuron; G - autonomic ganglion; 6.7 - pre- and postganglionic nerve fiber.

3. The ganglia of the sympathetic division of the ANS are located on both sides of the spine, forming two symmetrical chains of nerve nodes connected to each other. The ganglia of the parasympathetic division of the ANS are located in the walls of the innervated organs or near them. Therefore, in the parasympathetic section of the ANS, post-ganglionic fibers, unlike sympathetic ones, are short.

4. Nerve fibers of the ANS are 2-5 times thinner than the fibers of the SNS. Their diameter is 0.002-0.007 mm, therefore the speed of excitation through them is lower than through SNS fibers, and reaches only 0.5-18 m/s (for SNS fibers - m/s). Most internal organs have double innervation, i.e., nerve fibers of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS approach each of them. They have the opposite effect on the functioning of organs. Thus, excitation of the sympathetic nerves increases the rhythm of contractions of the heart muscle and narrows the lumen of blood vessels. The opposite effect is associated with excitation of the parasympathetic nerves. The meaning of the double innervation of internal organs lies in the involuntary contractions of the smooth muscles of the walls. In this case, reliable regulation of their activity can only be ensured by double innervation, which has the opposite effect.

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