Creation of the world system of socialism 1945 55. World history

The results of the war brought about fundamental changes in the international situation.

The war ended the half-century struggle of the imperialist states for world leadership, the United States becomes the dominant "superpower" in the capitalist world. Soviet Union, although he suffered heavy losses, came out of the mighty war military force acquired great prestige in the world community. This correlation of forces in the interformational contradiction largely determined social development in the post-war world.

world system capitalism as a result of the war was generally significantly weakened. In the Western European center: Germany and Italy - defeated; France, subjected to German occupation, reduced production to 30% of pre-war; England, whose debt increased 3 times, was directly dependent on the United States. Another center of the imperialist system (Japan) was also destroyed. The only country that dramatically increased its financial, economic, and military power as a result of the war was the United States of America. Second World War, like the First, turned into a "golden" rain for the United States. The volume of their industrial output has more than doubled, the national income has grown from $97 billion in 1941 to $161 billion in 1944. Taking advantage of the weakness of its competitors, the United States is seizing the bulk of the world market and laying claim to world domination.

In all capitalist countries, popular sympathy for the socialist idea has increased significantly, and the influence of the communist and socialist parties, which led the anti-fascist struggle, has increased, and their representatives entered the governments of many states. In the colonies and dependent countries, the struggle against the invaders caused an upsurge national consciousness, the desire for state independence and social restructuring.

The socialist and communist movements in the countries of various continents, the anti-imperialist struggle in the dependent states and the national liberation struggle of the colonial peoples merged into a single world revolutionary stream. The growth of the might of the USSR, its example and the Soviet Union's support for the peoples in the struggle against imperialism contributed to the development of democratic processes in the world.

Under the prevailing historical conditions, world social development included three main directions.

The first is the development of socialism. It proceeded in the following specific historical forms: 1) the development of the USSR as a stronghold of the world socialist system; 2) the transition to the socialist path of development of countries and peoples of various civilizations in Europe, Asia and Latin America, the formation of a world socialist system; 3) the development of elements of socialism within the capitalist countries - the continuation of the process of "socialization" of capitalism due to internal causes and under the influence of the example of the socialist countries. All this shows the general regularity of the transition of the world community to the socialist system.

The second is the transition of the capitalist formation to the world-monopoly stage. National state-monopoly capitalism (GMK), which was formed in the first half of the 20th century, is developing into a new stage, into world-monopoly capitalism (WMC) - "global imperialism" with the economic, political and military center in the United States.

The third is the national liberation movement in the colonial and dependent countries. As a result of the struggle for independence, these countries are moving on to an independent path of development in various forms social structure of society.

All three components of the world historical process developed in mutual connection in a concretely developing historical situation, closely intertwined with each other. Imperialism, led by the United States, by force of arms, economic, financial, informational and ideological pressure counteracted the development of the socialist system and the national liberation movement of a socialist orientation.

The most important event of the first post-war years The countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe began to switch to the socialist path of development, where, in the course of liberation from fascism, people's power was established and people's democratic republics were formed. Albania, Bulgaria, East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia fell away from the system of capitalism in Europe. They consistently carried out socialist transformations. Everywhere the property of those who collaborated with the fascists was confiscated, large-scale industry, banks, and transport were nationalized; carried out land reform. In a tense political struggle, the bourgeois elements were defeated, and the political parties of the working class and peasantry were established in power. The Soviet Union paralyzed imperialism's attempts to interfere in the internal affairs of the people's democratic states; the presence of Soviet troops prevented them from unleashing a civil war and organizing intervention. At the same time, the Soviet administration provided support to the forces of socialist orientation.

big historical meaning had a victory socialist revolution in China. As a result of many years of armed struggle, the power of the Kuomintang government was overthrown, and on October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was formed. The Communist Party of China came to power and began socialist reforms. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) embarked on the path of socialist development. In general, in the first years after the Second World War, eleven states went over to the construction of socialism. The world process of development of the socialist system began in the countries of various civilizations.

The transition of the United States to confrontation with the USSR, the creation of a NATO bloc Deployment " cold war»

Developing the contours of the post-war world order, the leaders of the great powers of the anti-Hitler coalition (which had treaties between themselves on friendship and cooperation after the war) agreed on the main approaches to the problems post-war world at conferences in Yalta and Potsdam (1945).

Their essence was that, along with the delimitation of spheres of influence between the victorious countries, it was envisaged to ensure broad international cooperation in eliminating the consequences of the war and develop a reliable mechanism international control for the security of all peoples, for political and military stability in the world by the activities of the United Nations (UN), established in 1945.

However, already during the Potsdam Conference (July-August 1945), differences emerged in the approaches of the Western powers and the USSR to the post-war order of the world. The leading political circles of the United States and Britain saw in the emerging historical situation a threat to their position in the world and the existence of capitalism as a whole. The first step in the official confrontation with the USSR was Truman's violation of Roosevelt's promise given at the Yalta Conference to Stalin to withdraw American troops from Europe 6 months after the end of the war. Then delays began in the preparation and conclusion of peace treaties with Germany's former allies. Only on February 10, 1947, agreements were signed with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland. The undoubted merit of the USSR in this peaceful settlement based on the cooperation of all the main powers of the anti-Hitler coalition was that the treaties did not contain provisions that infringe on the political and economic independence of the defeated states, the national dignity of their peoples. The treaties provided for territorial changes, taking into account the national interests of the states participating in the fight against fascism.

The retention by the United States, Britain and France of a powerful group of troops in their zones of occupation of Germany and the turn of the policy of the former allies towards confrontation with the USSR led to the deployment of the Soviet Army in Germany and other European countries. The Soviet Union failed to get the allies to fulfill the agreement on the creation of a united democratic Germany. In the western zone of occupation, a separate German state is being created - the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). In response to this, with the support of the USSR, an eastern German state is formed - the German Democratic Republic (GDR).

Economy European states and Japan, destroyed by the war, required great economic efforts and investments to restore. American imperialism used this situation to establish its hegemony by creating a single economic space of the capitalist world based on the dollar financial system and the development of transnational corporations (TNCs), tying Europe and Japan to the US economy. These goals corresponded to the "Marshall Plan" (US Secretary of State), which provided for economic assistance to countries on certain political conditions.

A kind of declaration of the "cold war" was the speech of W. Churchill in Fulton (USA) on March 5, 1946, in which he called for uniting forces against the "threat of communism" and creating a military-political alliance against the USSR. These ideas are set forth in President Truman's official message to Congress on March 12, 1947: "the fight against communism" is declared the main goal of US policy. A draft of the USSR ultimatum was found in the Truman archives. Beginning in September 1945, plans for a preventive war against the USSR using nuclear weapons were being developed at the headquarters of the US armed forces. As the US nuclear potential increased, these plans, in accordance with the military doctrine of "massive retaliation", became more and more dangerous. The threat of nuclear war against the USSR was real.

In 1949, the NATO military-political bloc (“North Atlantic Union”) was created, directed against the USSR. It is then adjoined by the created USA regional unions around the USSR and China. In 1954 and 1955 SEATO and CENTO were formed, in which the USA, Great Britain and France involved 25 more states of Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

In the period 1945 - 1955. the economy of the leading capitalist countries, having gone through several crises, recovered and picked up growth rates in the general system of world economic relations around the economic center - the United States. In the 60s. three centers have again formed in the capitalist world: the main center is the USA and Canada; the second is Western Europe, where the FRG is gaining more and more power; the third is Japan, which makes extensive use of American and European technologies, combining them with the national characteristics of the organization of labor at enterprises. In contrast to the pre-war system of state-monopoly capitalism, Europe and Japan are now closely linked politically, financially and technologically with the United States, which led the formation of global ties of world-monopoly capitalism in their national interests.

The formation of the CMC system was accompanied by a process of sharp confrontation with the developing world system of socialism and the waging of local wars against the national liberation movement in the colonial and dependent countries. In the period 1945 - 1969. The USA, England, France and other NATO countries participated in more than 70 wars and local conflicts in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. The United States during this period received the title of "gendarme of the world." United States of America launches a race nuclear weapons and go over to the conduct of the "cold war" against the USSR. After the expiration of the secrecy period, the plans for waging a nuclear war against the USSR and the countries of the socialist community, developed by the American command, were made public. All of them envisaged an attack on the USSR by the United States of America as the first to deliver massive nuclear strikes on cities: June 1946 - the Pinger plan - 20 cities of the USSR; August 1947 - Boiler plan - 25 cities in the USSR and 18 in Eastern Europe; January 1948 - Grabber plan, then Chariotir, Halfmoon, Fleetwood; June 1949 - "Drop Shot". According to the latest plan, it was planned to use 300 atomic bombs and 250 thousand tons of conventional bombs to destroy 85% of Soviet industry, 154 NATO divisions to occupy the USSR and divide it into 20-25 puppet states. The plan provided for the widespread use of "dissidents" to conduct " psychological warfare". “Psychological warfare is an extremely important weapon for promoting dissent and betrayal among the Soviet people; it will undermine his morals, sow confusion and create disorganization in the country. Achieve a combination of psychological, economic and underground warfare with plans for military operations. It is known that such plans were developed before 1982 with several thousand targets.

In the late 40s - early 50s. the US and NATO leadership are developing a comprehensive concept of the Cold War. Its ultimate goal is the overthrow of governments and the destruction of the socialist (“communist”) system. The Cold War, according to this concept, includes all forms of struggle characteristic of waging a full-scale total war: economic, diplomatic, ideological and psychological, subversive activities and the introduction of proteges into the country's leadership. The conduct of direct hostilities is replaced by the threat of the use of nuclear weapons with an exhausting arms race. The leading place in the complex of these measures was occupied by "psychological warfare". In the 50s. "" was accepted by NATO military theorists as a special form of modern warfare on a par with total nuclear, limited and local wars. The concept of the "cold war" was reflected in a number of works by NATO military theorists, among which was published in 1963 in the USSR a translation of the work of E. Kingston-McClory " Military policy and strategy."

In accordance with this concept, a long-term program of purposeful destructive actions has been developed using the superior economic potential of the capitalist countries and the achievements of science and technology. It was believed that the USSR lags behind the United States in development: industry by 15 years, technical by 5-10 years, transport by 10 years, and nuclear weapons by 5-10 years. And although these calculations, especially with regard to nuclear weapons, were not confirmed, the initial superiority of the combined economic potential of the developed capitalist countries created difficult conditions for the USSR in economic and military confrontation.

The arms race was a heavy burden on Soviet society, significantly reducing its ability to compete in social and economic competition with the world capitalist system. However, the real threat of war, when the United States achieved decisive military superiority, forced the leadership of the USSR to respond to it by increasing its military power as real conditions the preservation of the world. The struggle for peace also became the main direction of the diplomatic activity of the Soviet Union.

For the conduct of the "cold war" in the United States in the 50s - 60s. a powerful scientific base is being created for studying the state and developing methods for the destruction of the USSR and the world socialist system - research centers for "Sovietology" and "study of socialist countries". Centers for the training of personnel capable of active subversive activities - psychologists, economists, journalists and historians - specialists in anti-communism, closely cooperate with them. For this, materials and specialists exported from Nazi Germany, anti-Soviet emigrant centers, a secret network of agents that have been working against the USSR since the 1920s are used. All the experience of psychological warfare, accumulated during the Second World War by the United States and Nazi Germany, and a powerful financial force (26-28 billion dollars annually) are involved. The calculation was made for a long struggle against the change of generations in the leadership, for the natural departure of the “generation of winners”, for the decay and degeneration of a new generation of Soviet leaders.

Giving great importance information and psychological warfare, the US leadership creates a world information control center (USIA) and powerful propaganda centers - Voice of America, Freedom, Free Europe, Deutsche Welle, etc. In 1997, British television showed a program about how the CIA in the 50s. even created a special art, in every sense an alternative to Soviet socialist realism, called "abstract expressionism". With strong financial support through charitable societies, this direction in art began to be rapidly planted in many countries.

While deploying the "cold war" against the USSR and the socialist countries, the American leadership and its allies at the same time directed their efforts to strengthening their rear against the "threat of communism." In the 40s - 50s. in the USA and Western Europe an active struggle against the communist movement (“McCarthyism”) and subversive activities within it were launched, and bourgeois influence on the social democratic movement was growing stronger. Sophisticated anti-Soviet propaganda is being carried out in all countries in order to create an image of the enemy in the person of the USSR and the communists of all countries as "agents of the Kremlin." In the minds of the peoples of Europe and America, the image of the USSR as a fighter against fascism and a liberator of peoples under the influence of psychological warfare was gradually replaced by the image of a "red aggressor" and "occupier".

Raising the economy through American assistance and exploitation of the colonies, the bourgeoisie of Western Europe had the opportunity already in the mid-1950s. raise the standard of living of the population and introduce a number of social guarantees. The process of "socialization" of capitalism received a new impetus. Western propaganda skillfully presented these measures, opposing the "Western way of life" to the complexities of social development in the countries of the socialist community. This was how the rear of world capitalism was strengthened for the conduct of the Cold War, which played an important role in the general course of the confrontation between the two social systems.

Formation of the world system of socialism. The development of the anti-imperialist struggle, the collapse of colonialism

The formation of socialism in the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia took place under difficult conditions. Historically, socialism was established in the economically underdeveloped, predominantly agrarian countries (with the exception of Czechoslovakia, partly the GDR and Hungary). The war inflicted heavy damage on their economy (especially the GDR, China, Vietnam). The restoration of the economy destroyed by the war in the new socialist states was carried out simultaneously with the restructuring of the economy and social transformations on a socialist basis. This process took place with the active political and material support of the USSR. The "Marshall Plan", which provided for economic assistance to the United States of America on political terms, was rejected by the leadership of these countries. On the basis of a planned economy in all countries by 1948-1949. the pre-war level of production was reached (in the GDR by 1950) and, in accordance with the plans for economic development, industrialization and cooperative agriculture began. The rates of economic development, the growth of the living standards of the population and the development of the social sphere exceeded those of the capitalist countries.

In 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was established - an economic and political union of socialist countries to help organize systematic economic and cultural cooperation. The CMEA included Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Albania (from the end of 1961 it did not participate in the work of the CMEA). Subsequently, the organization included the GDR (1950), Mongolia (1962), Vietnam (1978), Cuba (1972). The creation of the CMEA formalized the formation of the world socialist system headed by the USSR and contributed to the rapid economic and social development of the states included in the Council.

An "iron curtain" is being lowered between the capitalist world and the socialist countries (by efforts on both sides). It prevents not only the hostile influence and penetration of the capitalist world into the socialist countries, but also the economic, scientific, technical and cultural exchange. Imperialism is also trying to "reject communism" by using military force against individual socialist countries: a war is unleashed in Korea, in Vietnam, and an invasion of Cuba is carried out. The firm foreign policy of the USSR, the active political struggle for peace, and its direct support for the struggle of the socialist countries do not allow imperialism to stop their development along the socialist path by force of arms.

The war in Korea (1950 - 1953) was the first large-scale military clash between imperialism and the countries of the socialist community formed after the Second World War, the first major local war of the postwar period. After the withdrawal of Soviet troops from North Korea, and later American troops from South Korea, two Korean states were formed: the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea. The desire to unify Korea by force of arms was shown by both Korean states.

The war began on June 25, 1950 with border clashes, after which the Korean People's Army (KPA) went on the offensive. The defeat of the South Korean troops and the threat of losing their foothold on the Asian continent caused the US to intervene in the civil war in Korea. The US government achieved a UN decision approving the participation of the armed forces of the US and 15 other capitalist states in the intervention. On July 1, the American command began the transfer of the 8th American Army from Japan and massive bombing of military facilities and troops of the DPRK. But the offensive under the leadership of Commander-in-Chief Kim Il Sung continued, the KPA liberated 90% of the territory of Korea.

On September 15, having accumulated superior forces, the enemy launched a counteroffensive with a powerful landing in the rear of the KPA. At the end of the month, the invaders took Seoul, and in October they captured Pyongyang and reached the Korean-Chinese border. The help of China and the USSR made it possible to restore the combat effectiveness of the KPA; at the end of October, the North Korean troops and parts of the Chinese volunteers launched a counteroffensive. Over the next 8 months, during stubborn battles, the territory of the DPRK was liberated and the front stabilized on the 38th parallel, from where hostilities began. The confrontation continued for another 2 years, when negotiations were underway. The DPRK held out, and on July 27, 1953, an armistice agreement was signed. The United States was unable to solve the "Korean problem" by military means.

The 64th Fighter Air Corps of the Soviet Armed Forces, which is part of the United Air Army, participated in the war. During the war, Soviet pilots shot down 1,097 enemy planes, 212 with anti-aircraft artillery fire. 3,504 military personnel were awarded orders and medals, 22 pilots received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Losses amounted to 125 pilots and 335 aircraft. (Russia (USSR) in local wars and military conflicts of the second half of the 20th century - M., 2000.)

In 1961, an attempt by the United States to intervene in Cuba ended in failure. Operation Pluto included air bombing and amphibious landings in the Playa Giron area on 17 April. The struggle against the aggressors assumed a nationwide character. Within 2 days, the Cuban army under the leadership of Fidel Castro defeated the landing, on April 20 completed the liquidation and capture of the surviving groups of mercenaries from Cuban counter-revolutionaries. On April 18, the Soviet Union issued a resolute statement of readiness to provide the Cuban people with the necessary assistance and support. The subsequent blockade of Cuba by the American fleet and the threat of a new intervention in October 1962 caused serious military measures by the USSR in support of the Cuban people. The outbreak of the crisis led to the threat of nuclear war. The United States was forced to retreat, to abandon the invasion, and the USSR, for its part, compromised on the deployment of its weapons in Cuba. Socialism on the island of Liberty survived.

The largest US aggression against a socialist country in Asia was the Vietnam War (1964-1973). The puppet "Saigon" regime in South Vietnam served as a springboard for the deployment of the war, against which an armed struggle arose for unification with North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam). People's Front liberation of South Vietnam. Having increased its grouping in South Vietnam to 90 thousand people, the United States is moving to open intervention. On August 2, 1964, they provoked a collision between their ships and DRV torpedo boats, and on August 7, the US Congress officially approved the aggression. The unfolding US war against Vietnam had two periods: the deployment of aggression from August 5, 1964 to November 1, 1968 and the curtailment of the scale of the war - from November 1968 to January 27, 1973.

Against the DRV, the United States used its air and naval forces in order to undermine the economy, the morale of the people and stop providing assistance to the patriots of South Vietnam. Bombing with napalm and the spraying of toxic agents was also carried out in Laos and Cambodia. Ground forces were actively used in military operations against the patriots of South Vietnam. As a result of prolonged fighting and partisan actions, the troops of the Popular Front managed to liberate the territory with a population of 1.5 million people. The Soviet Union carried out the supply of weapons and equipment to the DRV by sea, despite the blockade of the coast by the US Navy. The US leadership was forced to negotiate, and on November 1, 1968, the American bombing of North Vietnam ceased. Played an important role in the defense of the DRV missile systems supplied by the USSR.

In June 1969, the Congress of People's Representatives proclaimed the formation of the Republic of South Vietnam (RSV). The army of the Republic of South Ossetia numbered over 1 million people and increased its strikes against the enemy. The United States, in accordance with the "Nixon Doctrine", is moving to the "Vietnamization of the war" in Indochina, shifting the main burden of the struggle to the Saigon army. The crushing blows of the army of the South Vietnam, the political, economic and military support of the USSR and the progressive forces of the world, as well as the rise of the pacifist movement in the United States against the many years of war with heavy losses, forced the American political leadership to conclude an agreement to end the war. It was signed in Paris on January 27, 1973. The regime of South Vietnam was overthrown in 1975.

According to American data, the United States spent $140 billion on the war, 2.5 million American troops took part in it, 58,000 were killed, about 2,000 were missing, and 472 pilots were captured. The American nation felt defeated and humiliated. The "Vietnam Syndrome" affects the US to this day. In July 1976, reunification was completed and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was formed. On the whole, world imperialism has not succeeded in stopping the transition to socialism in the countries of Asia and Latin America by military force.

The strengthening of the NATO bloc caused retaliatory measures by the countries of the socialist community. Six years after its creation in 1955, a military-political union of socialist countries was formed - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVR). With the help of the USSR, the armed forces of Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia and Albania are being strengthened (withdrew from the organization in 1968).

In the 50s - 60s. the economy of the countries of the socialist community developed at a steady high rate (about 10% per year on average). The established world socialist system is rapidly building up its economic potential and military power. The Soviet Union, having reached the forefront of world scientific, technological and social progress, actively contributed to the rise of the countries of the socialist community. The countries of Eastern Europe have turned from agrarian to industrial-agrarian. From 1956 - 1957 CMEA member countries switched to specialization and co-production, and the practice of coordinating national economic plans was introduced. In 1964, the International Bank for Economic Cooperation was established to regulate international payments. The economies of China, Vietnam, and Korea developed more independently; cooperation with the USSR proceeded on a bilateral basis, taking into account the peculiarities of the economic development of countries and the specific historical situation.

The development of the world socialist system was supported communist parties in many countries of the world. The international communist movement has been an important factor in the world historical process. After the liquidation of the Comintern, international contacts of the CPSU(b) went on on a bilateral basis. In 1947, a new body was created - the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties. After its dissolution in April 1956, periodic meetings of the communist and workers' parties were held, at which political positions were agreed.

The formation of the world socialist system is a complex social process. Sharp differences in economic, political and social development, national cultures and traditions required a variety of approaches to the formation of a new social system, the originality of the ways and pace of social change in each country. The absolutization of the Soviet model in the development of socialism, under the influence of objective and subjective factors, in a number of cases came into conflict with the peculiarities of the national development of countries, and the class struggle did not die out in them. This led to crises with the use of military force: in the GDR in 1951, in Poland in 1953, in Hungary in 1956, in Czechoslovakia in 1968. The subversive activities of the West played a significant role in exacerbating the contradictions.

Simultaneously with the development of the world socialist system, a stormy process of national liberation movement is going on in the colonial and dependent countries. Centuries-old colonial empires are collapsing: British, French, Belgian, Portuguese. Indonesia, India, a number of countries in the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia are seeking independence in the Third World countries. The destruction of the colonial system has begun. The USSR, holding back the aggression of the USA, NATO, Israel, provides active assistance (including military) to the liberation movements and strengthens its influence in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The liberated countries are looking for independent ways of development, some of them are drawn into the military-military system, and some adjoin the world socialist system. The struggle of the colonial peoples for their independence and an independent path of development by the end of the 60s. led to the complete collapse of the colonial system. More than 100 new states have entered the world community.

The resolute support of the Arab movement against the US and Israel, as well as the Cuban revolution by the Soviet Union, stopped the aggressive actions of imperialism. The aggravation of the international situation during these years (the Middle East crisis of 1956 and 1957; the Caribbean crisis of 1962) several times brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. The growth of the military and economic might of the USSR, the consolidation of anti-imperialist forces, and a sober approach to assessing the international situation in moments of crisis made it possible to avoid a nuclear catastrophe. Kennedy and Khrushchev laid the foundation for harmonizing the interests of the USA and the USSR on the principles of compromise. However, Kennedy was soon killed, the mystery of his assassination has not yet been solved.

The nuclear missile power of the USSR forced the United States in the early 60s. change the military doctrine of nuclear "retaliation" to a "flexible response strategy", and the achievement by the Soviet Union by the end of the 60s. military-strategic parity ensured the stability of the international situation for many years.

In general, capitalism by the end of the 60s. turned out to be significantly reduced. But it retained its viability, its financial and economic power, and most importantly, the pace of scientific and technological progress. The United States managed to achieve the complete consolidation of all capitalist countries under its leadership in the general opposition to the socialist system, as well as to create new economic and political levers for subordinating the newly-liberated countries to the world capitalist system (“neo-colonialism”). The confrontation between the two world systems, the inter-formational contradiction of capitalism and socialism comes to the end of the 60s. into a new phase.

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World socialist system Formation of the world socialist system Stages of development of the world socialist system Disintegration of the world socialist system

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The first country in the history of mankind to build socialism Soviet Russia On December 29, 1922, the RSFSR, Belarus, Ukraine and the republics of Transcaucasia signed an agreement on the formation of a new state - the USSR.

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The emergence of the socialist model beyond the framework of one country and its spread to Southeast Europe and Asia laid the foundation for the emergence of a community of countries, called the "world system of socialism" (MSS). At the end of the 80s. the world system of socialism included 15 states occupying 26.2% of the territory the globe and accounting for 32.3% of the world population.

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How it all began? After a long struggle with the Chinese invaders and the Russian White Guards in 1921, Mongolia achieved independence with the help of Soviet Russia. After the death of the last lama (in fact, the monarch), on November 6, 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed, a constitution was adopted, proclaiming the Great People's Assembly as the supreme body of state power.

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The spread of socialism in Europe As a result of the liberation mission of the Soviet Army in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, a course was set for socialist transformations. Today there are quite heated discussions on this issue. A significant part of researchers tend to believe that in 1944-1947. there were no people's democratic revolutions in the countries of this region, and the Soviet Union imposed the Stalinist model of social development on the liberated peoples. We can only partly agree with this point of view, since, in our opinion, it should be taken into account that in 1945-1946. broad democratic transformations were carried out in these countries, and bourgeois-democratic forms of statehood were often restored.

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The concept of the socialist camp was realized in the conclusion of treaties of friendship and post-war cooperation. Already at the turn of war and peace, one can state on the world stage a group of countries that, in essence, were real military-political bloc. The basis of the relationship is the relationship of the communist parties with the USSR.

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The emerging system included 3 components: the fundamental unity of the socio-political goals of the regime that existed in the USSR and the communist parties in Eastern European countries; 2) partial mismatch of some specific interests of each of the parties - were limited in their manifestations; 3) hierarchy of relations within the camp: the USSR is the leading center.

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Capitalism was unambiguously presented only as "the path of suffering of peoples", and the procession of state socialism was portrayed as cloudless and triumphant. As a result, a "camp of socialism" appeared, opposed to the "camp of capitalism", and the division of the world economy into "two economies" was "theoretically" fixed.

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Terms of reforms In Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, immediately after the liberation, socialist transformations began. In the rest of the countries of South-Eastern Europe, the new course began to be implemented from the moment the essentially undivided power of national communist parties was established, as was the case in Czechoslovakia (February 1948), Romania (December 1947), Hungary (autumn 1947), Albania (February 1946), East Germany (October 1949), Poland (January 1947).

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"Model" of socialist construction: comprehensive nationalization of industrial sectors of the economy; forced cooperation, essentially nationalization of the agrarian sector; ousting private capital from the sphere of finance, trade: the establishment of total control of the state, the highest bodies of the ruling party over social life, in the field of spiritual culture, etc.; blind copying by the party leadership of the European socialist countries of the experience of the USSR without taking into account national specifics under the influence of Stalin's cruelest diktat in relation to the communist leadership of these countries.

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Negative consequences forced transformations The accelerated creation of heavy industry led to the emergence of national economic disproportions, which affected the pace of liquidation of the consequences of post-war devastation, and had a deplorable effect on the growth of the standard of living of the population of countries in comparison with countries that did not fall into the orbit of socialist construction. The forced cooperation of the countryside, as well as the displacement of private initiative from the sphere of handicrafts, trade and services, sharply reduced the production of consumer goods. Entrepreneurs who lost their property found themselves in opposition to the "people's power". Powerful social and political crises have repeatedly occurred in the countries of "people's democracy". The authorities reacted immediately, suppressing resistance to the new system. In 1953-1956. in Poland, Hungary, the GDR and Czechoslovakia, anti-government actions took place, which caused an increase in the repressive policy of the state against any dissent.

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Self-governing socialism in Yugoslavia In Yugoslavia, a model of self-governing socialism was created which assumed the following in general terms: economic freedom of labor collectives within enterprises, their activities on the basis of cost accounting with an indicative type of state planning; rejection of coercive cooperation in agriculture, fairly widespread use of commodity-money relations, etc.; maintaining the monopoly of the Communist Party in certain spheres of political and public life. The departure of the Yugoslav leadership from the "universal" Stalinist scheme of construction was the reason for its practical isolation for a number of years from the USSR and its allies.

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European Socialist Camp Socialist Republic of Albania (NSRA) People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) People's Republic of Hungary (HPR) German Democratic Republic (GDR) Polish People's Republic (PPR) Socialist Republic of Romania (SRR) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( Czechoslovakia) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)

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Asian Camp of Socialism Mongolia (MPR 1924-1992) China (PRC since 1949) Korea (DPRK since 1948) Vietnam (DRV since 1945, SRV since 1976) Laos (since 1975 Lao PDR) And etc.

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The Asian camp of socialism After the victory of the Chinese democratic revolution, the defeat of the army of Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975), on October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and with the great help of the USSR, the country began to restore the national economy. At the same time, China most consistently used the Stalinist model of transformation.

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The "Great Leap Forward" The concept of the accelerated construction of socialism by Mao Zedong (1893-1976) was essentially a repetition of the Stalinist experiment, but in an even more rigid form. The overriding task was to strive to catch up and overtake the USSR by drastically breaking social relations, using the labor enthusiasm of the population, barracks forms of work and life, and military discipline at all levels. social relations etc. Discontent was suppressed with extreme cruelty: the "cultural revolution" resulted in large-scale repression against dissidents, stretching until the death of Mao.

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Vietnam The most authoritative force leading the struggle for independence in Vietnam was the Communist Party. Its leader Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) headed in September 1945 the provisional government of the proclaimed Democratic Republic of Vietnam. These circumstances determined the Marxist-socialist orientation of the subsequent course of the state. It was carried out in the context of the anti-colonial war, first with France (1946-1954), and then with the United States (1965-1973) and the struggle for reunification with the south of the country until 1975.

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North Korea Korea gained independence from Japan in 1945 and was divided in 1948 into two parts. North Korea was in the zone of influence of the USSR, and South Korea - the United States. In North Korea (DPRK), the dictatorial regime of Kim Il Sung (1912-1994) was established, which carried out the construction of a barracks society closed from the outside world, based on the most severe dictatorship of one person, total nationalization of property, life, etc. Nevertheless, the DPRK managed to achieve in the 50s. certain positive results in economic construction thanks to the development of the foundations of the industry, laid down under the Japanese conquerors and a high work culture, combined with the most severe industrial discipline.

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Laos During World War II, Laos was occupied by the Japanese, and in 1949 gained independence as part of a kingdom led by King Sisawang Wong. After the end of the Vietnam War, the United States ceased military activities in Indochina. Civil War in Laos ended in February 1973 with the signing of the Vientiane Agreement. Violating the agreement, the forces of the Pathet Lao in December 1975 took power in the country into their own hands. On December 2, 1975, King Savang Wathana was forced to abdicate. With the support of the USSR and Vietnam, the Lao People's Democratic Republic was formed in 1975, which entered the socialist camp.

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Asia, Africa, America Europe - People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (PDR) - People's Republic of Angola (NRA) Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) People's Republic of Benin (PRB) Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) People's Democratic Republic of Yemen - People's Republic of Kampuchea ( PRC) - People's Republic of China (PRC) - People's Republic of the Congo (PRC) - Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) - Republic of Cuba - Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) - People's Republic of Mozambique (PRM) - Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) ) - Democratic Republic of Somalia - People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (NDRE) - Socialist Republic of Albania (NSRA) - People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) - People's Republic of Hungary (HPR) - German Democratic Republic (GDR) - Polish People's Republic (Poland) - Socialist Republic of Romania (SRR) - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) - Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czechoslovakia) - Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)

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Successes and contradictions of socialist construction In the late 50s, 60s, 70s. Most of the ICC countries have managed to achieve certain positive results in the development of the national economy, ensuring an increase in the living standards of the population. However, during this period, negative trends were also clearly identified, primarily in the economic sphere. The socialist (command-administrative) model, which had become stronger in all MCC countries without exception, fettered the initiative of economic entities and did not allow adequate response to new phenomena and trends in the global economic process. This became especially evident in connection with the beginning of the 1950s. scientific and technological revolution. Began stadial lag social. countries from the world pace of development.

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Contradictions within the MSS Despite the criticism of some of the most ugly features of Stalinism at the 20th Congress, the leadership of the CPSU left intact the regime of the undivided power of the party-state apparatus. Moreover, the Soviet leadership continued to maintain an authoritarian style in relations between the USSR and the ICC countries. To a large extent, this was the reason for the repeated deterioration of relations with Yugoslavia in the late 1950s. and a protracted conflict with Albania and China, although the ambitions of the party elite of the last two countries no less influenced the deterioration of relations with the USSR.

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The collapse of the "Prague Spring" The dramatic events of the Czechoslovak crisis of 1967-1968. In response to the broad public movement of citizens of Czechoslovakia for economic and political reforms, the leadership of the USSR, with the active participation of Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR and Poland, on August 21, 1968, sent its troops into an essentially sovereign state under the pretext of protecting it "from the forces of internal and external counter-revolution" . This action significantly undermined the authority of the MCC and clearly demonstrated the party nomenclature's rejection of genuine, rather than declarative, changes. The suppression of the Czechoslovakian democratic movement undermined the authority of the SSR at the world level.

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The Role of the CMEA An important milestone in the history of the formation of the world socialist system can be considered the creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in January 1949. CMEA promoted economic, scientific and technical cooperation between the originally European socialist countries. Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the Warsaw Pact created in May 1955.

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The tasks of the CMEA in 1949 - the task of regulating foreign trade relations on the basis of bilateral agreements 1954 - a decision was made to coordinate the national economic plans of the participating countries 60s. - a number of agreements on specialization and cooperation of production, on the international division of labor Large international economic organizations have been created, such as the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, Intermetall, the Institute for Standardization, etc. In 1971, a Comprehensive Program for Cooperation and Development of the Member Countries was adopted CMEA based on integration.

The Soviet Union is solving the tasks of communist construction not alone, but in the fraternal family of socialist countries.

The defeat of German fascism and Japanese militarism in the Second World War, with the decisive role of the Soviet Union, created favorable conditions for the overthrow of the power of the capitalists and landowners by the peoples of a number of European and Asian countries. The peoples of Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and even earlier the Mongolian People's Republic who formed the socialist camp together with the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia also embarked on the path of socialism. However, the Yugoslav leaders, with their revisionist policy, opposed Yugoslavia to the socialist camp and the international communist movement and created the threat of losing the revolutionary gains of the Yugoslav people.

The socialist revolutions in the countries of Europe and Asia dealt a powerful new blow to the positions of imperialism. The victory of the revolution in China was of particular importance. Revolutions in the countries of Europe and Asia are the largest event in world history since October 1917.

A new form has emerged political organization society- People's Democracy, one of the forms of the dictatorship of the proletariat. It reflected the peculiarity of the development of the socialist revolution under the conditions of the weakening of imperialism and the change in the correlation of forces in favor of socialism. It also reflects the historical and national characteristics of individual countries.

The world system of socialism has taken shape- social, economic and political community of free, sovereign peoples advancing along the path of socialism and communism, united by common interests and goals, close ties of international socialist solidarity.

Socialist production relations dominate in the people's democracies, and the socio-economic possibilities for the restoration of capitalism have been eliminated. The successes of these states have fully confirmed that in all countries, regardless of their level of economic development, size of territory and population, genuine progress can be ensured only along the paths of socialism.

The united forces of the socialist camp reliably guarantee every socialist country against encroachments by imperialist reaction. The rallying of the socialist states into a single camp, its growing unity and continuously growing might ensure the complete victory of socialism and communism within the framework of the entire system.

The countries of the socialist system have accumulated rich collective experience in transforming the lives of hundreds of millions of people, and have introduced many new and original forms of political and economic organization society. This experience is the most valuable asset of the international revolutionary movement.

It has been confirmed by practice and recognized by all Marxist-Leninist parties that the processes of socialist revolution and socialist construction are based on a number of main rules, inherent in all countries embarking on the path of socialism.

The world system of socialism - a new type of economic and political relations between countries. The socialist countries have the same type of economic basis - public ownership of the means of production; the same type of state "troy" - the power of the people, led by the working class; a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in the defense of revolutionary gains and national independence from the encroachments of the imperialist camp; one great goal - communism. This socio-economic and political community creates an objective basis for stable and friendly interstate relations in the socialist camp. Complete equality, mutual respect for independence and sovereignty, fraternal mutual assistance and cooperation - character traits relations between the countries of the socialist community. In the socialist camp or - which is the same thing - in the world community of socialist countries, no one has and cannot have any special rights and privileges.

The experience of the world socialist system has confirmed the need closest union countries falling away from capitalism, uniting their efforts in building socialism and communism. The policy of building socialism isolated from the world community of socialist countries is unsound in the theoretical sense, since it contradicts the objective laws of the development of socialist society. It is harmful economically, as it leads to the waste of social labor, a decrease in the rate of growth of production, and the dependence of the country on the capitalist world. It is reactionary and politically dangerous, because it does not unite, but divides the peoples in front of the united front of imperialist forces, nourishes bourgeois-nationalist tendencies and, in the end, can lead to the loss of socialist gains.

Combining their efforts in building a new society, the socialist states actively support and expand political, economic and cultural cooperation with countries that have thrown off the colonial yoke. They maintain and are ready to maintain extensive mutually beneficial trade and cultural ties with the capitalist countries.

The development of the world socialist system and the world capitalist system proceeds according to directly opposite laws. If the world system of capitalism took shape and developed in a fierce struggle between the states that formed it, by subjugating and exploiting weak countries by strong ones, enslaving hundreds of millions of people and turning entire continents into colonial appendages of imperialist metropolises, then the process of formation and development of the world socialist system takes place on the basis of sovereignty, full voluntariness and in accordance with the fundamental vital interests of the working people of all states of this system.

If the law of uneven economic and political development operates in the world capitalist system, leading to clashes between states, then opposite laws operate in the world socialist system, ensuring the steady, planned growth of the economy of all its member countries. In the world of capitalism, the growth of production in one country or another deepens the contradictions between states, intensifies the competitive struggle, and the development of each socialist country leads to a general upsurge and strengthening of the world socialist system as a whole. While the economy of world capitalism is developing at a slow pace and is experiencing crises and upheavals, the economy of world socialism is characterized by rapid and stable growth rates and a general uninterrupted economic upswing in all socialist countries.

All socialist states are making their contribution to the construction and development of the world socialist system, to strengthening its might. The existence of the Soviet Union greatly facilitates and accelerates the building of socialism in the People's Democracies. The Marxist-Leninist parties and peoples of the socialist states proceed from the premise that the success of the entire world socialist system depends on the contribution and efforts of each country, and therefore consider it an international duty to develop the productive forces of their country in every possible way. The cooperation of the socialist states allows each of them to make the most rational and full use of their resources and develop their productive forces. In the process of economic, scientific and technical cooperation of the socialist countries, coordination of their national economic plans, specialization and co-operation of production, a new type of international division of labor.

The emergence of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and then the world system of socialism, is the beginning of the historical process of the all-round rapprochement of peoples. In the fraternal family of socialist states, with the disappearance of class antagonisms, antagonisms between nations also disappear. The flourishing of the culture of the peoples of the socialist community is accompanied by an ever greater mutual enrichment of national cultures and the active formation of internationalist traits characteristic of a person in a socialist society.

The practice of the peoples of the world socialist community has confirmed that their fraternal unity and cooperation meet the highest national interests of each country. Strengthening the unity of the world socialist system on the basis of proletarian internationalism is an indispensable condition for the further success of all its member states.

The socialist system has to overcome certain difficulties, mainly due to the fact that most of the countries of this system had in the past an average and even low level economic development, and also by the fact that world reaction is striving with all its might to hinder the building of socialism.

The experience of the Soviet Union and the people's democracies confirmed the correctness of Lenin's thesis that the class struggle does not disappear during the building of socialism. The general trend in the development of the class struggle within the socialist countries under conditions of successful socialist construction leads to the strengthening of the positions of the socialist forces and to the weakening of the resistance of the remnants of the hostile classes. But this development does not proceed in a straight line. In connection with certain changes in the internal and external situation, the class struggle may intensify in certain periods. Therefore, constant vigilance is required in order to stop in time the intrigues of both internal and external hostile forces, which do not give up their attempts to undermine the people's system and bring discord into the fraternal family of socialist countries.

The main political and ideological weapon used by international reaction and the remnants of internal reactionary forces against the unity of the socialist countries is nationalism. Manifestations of nationalism and national narrow-mindedness do not automatically disappear with the establishment of the socialist system. Nationalist prejudices and the remnants of former national strife are the area where resistance to social progress can be the most prolonged and stubborn, fierce and resourceful.

Communists consider it their primary duty to educate the working people in the spirit of internationalism and socialist patriotism, intransigence towards any manifestations of nationalism and chauvinism. Nationalism damages the common interests of the socialist community and, above all, harms the people of the country in which it manifests itself, since isolation from the socialist camp hinders its development, makes it impossible to enjoy the advantages of the world socialist system, and encourages the attempts of the imperialist powers to use nationalist tendencies for their own purposes. Nationalism can only prevail where there is no consistent struggle against it. Marxist-Leninist internationalist policy, a determined struggle to overcome the survivals of bourgeois nationalism and chauvinism - important condition further strengthening of the socialist community. Coming out against nationalism and national egoism, the Communists at the same time always treat the national feelings of the masses with the utmost attention.

The world socialist system is confidently moving towards a decisive victory in the economic competition with capitalism. Already in the near future it will surpass the world capitalist system in terms of the total volume of industrial and agricultural production. The influence of the world socialist system on the course of social development in the interests of peace, democracy and socialism is growing ever stronger. The majestic building of the new world, erected by the heroic labor of free peoples in the vast expanses of Europe and Asia, is the prototype of a new society, the future of all mankind.

an ideological and political term denoting the social, economic and political community of free sovereign countries that have chosen the path of building socialism. It began to take shape in 1944-1949, when, after the end of the Second World War of 1939-1945. the influence of the USSR spread to a number of states in Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia) and Asia (China - China, North Korea - North Korea). These countries, together with the USSR and Mongolia, formed a socialist camp, which was joined by the German Democratic Republic (GDR since October 1949), the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (in 1976 reunited with South Vietnam to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam - SRV), the Republic of Cuba (since 1959) and Laos (in 1975). The ideological and organizational basis of all forms of cooperation was the interaction of the communist and workers' parties that were in power. In January 1949, in order to strengthen economic ties between the countries of the socialist camp, a special association, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), was created. In May 1955, a military-political union was formed - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD). It had a significant impact on the growth of the national liberation and anti-colonial movements; changed the geopolitical situation in the world for almost 50 years. However, the desire of the leadership of the USSR to impose its socio-political line on the members of the commonwealth often led to serious conflicts - in 1948-1949. there was a rupture of Soviet-Yugoslav ties (began to normalize since 1955); in 1961-1962 Soviet-Albanian relations were violated, in the mid-1960s. - Soviet-Chinese. In the late 1980s The world socialist system included 15 countries occupying 26.2% of the earth's territory and producing up to 40% of world industrial output. It broke up in 1989 - as a result of democratic revolutions in European countries, the communist parties lost power (in Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland and Czechoslovakia - peacefully, in Romania - after an armed uprising). Germany absorbed the GDR, Czechoslovakia was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was divided into five states. On July 1, 1991, the Warsaw Pact of 1955 was liquidated. The People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Republic of Cuba remained in the positions of building socialism.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

THE WORLD SYSTEM OF SOCIALISM

socio-economic and political a community of free, equal countries following the path of socialism and communism. M. s. With. - the greatest ist. conquest between people. working class, ch. revolutionary the strength of our era, a reliable support of the peoples fighting for peace, nat. independence, democracy and socialism. M.'s countries with. With. have the same economic basis - societies. socialist. ownership of the means of production; the same type of state system - the power of the people, led by the working class and its vanguard - the communist. and labor parties; a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in the defense of the revolution. conquests and national independence from imperialist encroachments. camps, in the struggle for world peace and helping the peoples fighting for nat. independence; common goal - communism. Socialist construction in the countries of M. with. With. is based on general patterns, which are implemented by each country taking into account the specific features of its development. Education and development of M. page. With. occurs on the basis of compliance with the principles of state. sovereignty, full voluntariness, on the basis of strengthening friendships. relations between the countries forming this system, in accordance with the fundamental vital interests of the working people. M.'s emergence with. With. lays the foundation for the formation of a new, socialist type of political and economic relations between countries. The principles of these relations are: complete equality, respect for the territory. integrity, Mrs. independence and sovereignty, non-interference in internal. each other's affairs, fraternal cooperation and mutual assistance, mutual benefit . In these principles, socialism is manifested in practice. internationalism. These relations are most conducive to the development of productive forces, the historical process of economic, political and cultural rapprochement between peoples. The beginning of the transition of human society from capitalism to socialism was laid by Vel. Oct. socialist. revolution. With its victory, the world split into two opposite systems: socialist and capitalist. Soviet Russia rendered fraternal support to Mongolia, before which, after the victory in 1921 Nar. revolution opened the way for development to socialism, bypassing capitalism. The successes of the USSR in the construction of socialism, its decisive role in the defeat of the Germans. fascism and Japan. militarism in World War II had a strong influence on the development of the revolution. movement, facilitated and accelerated the victory of the People's Democratic. and socialist. revolutions in a group of countries in Europe and Asia. The peoples of Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, the DRV, the GDR, the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia took the path of socialism. A new form of organization of society has emerged - people's democracy. In the 2nd floor. 40s 20th century began the transformation of socialism into a world system. M.'s emergence with. With. - the largest event in world history after the victory of Vel. Oct. socialist. revolution. It confirmed the conclusion of Leninism that the development of the world socialist. revolution will take place through the revolutionary falling away of individual countries from the capitalist. systems. An important event in the process of M.'s folding with. With. was the victory in 1959 in Cuba of the people's, anti-imperialist. revolution that developed into a socialist one. The Republic of Cuba is the first country in the West. hemisphere, embarking on the path of building socialism. The treaties and agreements concluded between them contributed to the strengthening of relations between the countries that embarked on the path of socialism. In 1945, an agreement was signed on friendship, mutual assistance and post-war cooperation between the USSR and Poland (extended in 1965), in 1946 - an agreement and an agreement with Mongolia (a new agreement was concluded in 1966; the first Soviet-Mongolian agreement dates back to 1921), in 1948 - treaties of friendship, mutual assistance and post-war cooperation with Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria, in 1950 - with China, in 1961 - with the DPRK, in 1964 - with the GDR (an agreement on relations between the GDR and the USSR was concluded in 1955); The Soviet-Czechoslovak Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance and Post-War Cooperation was signed as early as 1943 (extended in 1965). Agreements were also signed between foreign socialist. countries: in 1947 - between Albania and Bulgaria, between Poland and Czechoslovakia, in 1948 - between Bulgaria and Romania, between Romania and Czechoslovakia, between Hungary and Poland, between Hungary and Romania, in 1949 - between Romania and Poland, etc. The efforts of countries M. s. With. aimed at ensuring the successful construction of socialism in every possible way. At the same time, the socialist countries use the experience of each other and, above all, the experience of the socialist. construction of the Soviet Union, which created by the end of the 50s. the necessary prerequisites for the construction of material and technical. the basis of communism and the gradual development of the socialist. public relations in the communist. Already at the beginning of the first period of development of M. page. With. in the countries of Democracy were nationalized large industry, banks, railway. e. Importance in the construction of socialism in the countries of M. s. With. had a socialist industrialization and cooperation with. x-va (see in the articles Industrialization and Cooperation of Agriculture). An essential role in the restoration of bunks. the economy and its further development in the young socialist countries was played by help from the USSR with loans, supplies of equipment, raw materials and food; in a number of countries, at the request of the governments of these countries, Sov. specialists. Between the socialist countries gradually expanded, along with foreign trade, scientific and technical cooperation. To implement a broader economic cooperation and socialism. division of labor within M. with. With. in 1949 the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was established. In connection with the threat to peace in Europe, created as a result of the ratification of app. states of the Paris Agreements of 1954, which provided for the formation of an aggressive military. groupings - Western-European. Union with the participation of Germany and its inclusion in the North Atlantic Pact, was signed by 8 europ. socialist. the Warsaw Pact of 1955. The purpose of the agreement is to take the necessary measures to ensure the security of peace-loving states and maintain peace in Europe, it is strictly defended. character. Development and strengthening of the socialist. productions. relations and the protection of world peace are the most important political. M.'s tasks with. With. and at the second stage of its development, in to-ry M. page. With. entered in the late 1950s. At this stage of development of M. page. With. The USSR launched the construction of communism; other countries of the M. s. With. solve the problems of all-round strengthening and improvement of the socialist. productions. relations, completion of construction of material and technical. the foundations of socialism and the creation of prerequisites for a gradual transition to the building of communism. At the same time, ist. the terms for solving these problems are different for departments. countries. M.'s countries with. With. through the development of its national economies contribute to the strengthening of M. s. With. in general, and the features of building socialism in individual countries are a contribution to the common treasury of Marxism-Leninism. In the countries of M. with. With. a developed industry has been created. Those countries M. s. with., to-rye in the past were agrarian, have turned or are turning into an industry. and industrial-agrarian. Despite the very high growth rates of prom. pro-va in countries that had a low level of economic in the past. development, the volume of production per capita in them still lags behind similar indicators in the developed socialist countries. Persistent differences in economic levels. development and a certain one-sidedness of the economy of some countries M. s. s., inherited from capitalism, create the possibility of a discrepancy between specific economic. interests and require daily attention to the coordination of economic. politicians. Since 1963 in a number of countries M. of page. With. (GDR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, USSR, etc.) are reforming the management of the people. economy, aimed at improving the efficiency of societies. production The restructuring of management provides for a more complete use of commodity-money relations (the law of value), the improvement of planning in order to raise the level of production and raise labor productivity. Successes in the development of the national economics and the accumulated experience of economic. cooperation allowed the socialist. countries to begin a gradual transition from indirect harmonization of productions. efforts (through foreign trade. relations) to direct production. cooperation. Every socialist country, taking into account its capabilities and facing Nar. x-vom tasks, sovereignly and voluntarily resolves the issue of its participation in various forms of economic. cooperation. Much attention is paid to economic development. cooperation of countries M. with. With. was given at meetings of representatives of the communist. and workers' parties of the countries - members of the CMEA 1958, 1960 (February), 1962 and 1963. Ch. means of systematic deepening of international division of labor and unification of industries. efforts of the CMEA member countries is in modern conditions national coordination. national economy plans, and also specialization and cooperation of production, joint construction by the countries of M. of page. With. large national economy. objects. By the end of 1964, more than 1,500 types of machinery and equipment were covered by specialization. The Druzhba oil pipeline, built by the joint efforts of the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary and the GDR, came into operation. The Mir energy system was created: in 1962, the energy system Zap. Ukraine (USSR), in 1963 - Romania and in 1964 - Bulgaria. From 1 Jan. 1964 started work of the Intern. economic bank. cooperation, created and (since 1963) the Inst. CMEA for standardization began to operate. In 1964, the Intermetall international production association and an organization for cooperation in the production of bearings were created, and a common fleet of freight cars began to function. The turnover of foreign trade of the countries of M. with. With. increased in 1964 by more than 3.8 times compared with 1950 and amounted to St. 40.4 billion rubles Leading position in economic and scientific and technical. cooperation of the countries M. of page. With. occupied by the Soviet Union. During the post-war years, he provided foreign socialist. assistance to countries in the construction of more than 600 prom. enterprises and buildings. In 1964, the USSR provided technical assistance. assistance in the construction of another 620 enterprises and facilities. The amount of loans provided by the Sov. Union, exceeds 9 billion rubles. Scientific communications of the countries of M. of page develop. With. The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna (USSR) was formed in 1956, and contacts between research institutes of the countries M. of page. with., the exchange of technical documentation. Cultural ties are expanding (translation of literature, publication of magazines, theater and concert tours, film festivals, exchange of radio and television programs, etc.). In M.'s development with. With. encountered a number of difficulties. They stem primarily from differences in economic levels. development department countries by the time construction of socialism in these countries began; they are also associated with well-known differences in the approach to a number of problems that arise in the process of establishing a new type of relationship. In the setting of Stalin's personality cult, there were cases of violations of equal and mutually beneficial relations between the USSR and certain other countries. With. They were decisively corrected after the 20th Congress of the CPSU. An important role in this matter was played by the Declaration of Sov. pr-va on the foundations of development and further strengthening of friendship and cooperation between the USSR and other socialist. countries from 30 Oct. 1956. The cause of strengthening M. s. With. contributed to Moscow. meetings of 1957 and 1960 representatives of the communist. and labor parties. In 1960, disagreements between the leaders of the Communist Party came to light. the Party of China and the Party of Labor of Albania with the CPSU and other fraternal parties. USSR and most other socialist. countries are showing full readiness to the establishment of friendly relations with China and Albania, to overcoming, on a Marxist-Leninist basis, differences with the CPC and the PLA, which are especially dangerous in the conditions of the activation of imperialist. forces, to-rye try to use any means to weaken M. s. With. and undermining the struggle of the peoples of the entire globe for peace. M.'s strengthening with. With. is inextricably linked with observance of fidelity to the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, the principles of proletarian internationalism, and also with the need for the correct combination by each state of M. with. With. nat. interests and international tasks. Cooperation and solidarity is one of Ch. sources of strength M. s. With. The development and deepening of this cooperation meets the fundamental interests of each country individually and of the entire international community. With. on the whole, it contributes to the rallying of its ranks in the struggle against imperialism. As a result of its growing economic and political M.'s power with. With. becomes a decisive factor in the progressive development of man. about-va. The determining influence on the world development of M. s. With. provides its hosts. success. In 1951-64, the average annual growth rate of prom. production was made in the socialist. countries 11.7% compared with 5.5% in the capitalist. countries. Release prom. production in the socialist countries as a whole for 1961-65 increased by 43%, and in the capitalist countries. systems - by 34%; at the same time, the growth of the economies of the countries of M. s. with., in contrast to the capitalist. countries, ensures a steady rise in the material and cultural level of the working people. However, since the majority of M.'s countries with. With. began to build socialism, having a backward economy, M. s. With. in per capita output of industrial output in a number of industries has not yet caught up with such economically developed capitalist countries as the USA, England and the FRG. The Communist and Workers' Parties of the socialist countries, according to the Statement of the Moscow Conference of 1960 (November), their international. responsibility is seen in the decision by joint efforts and in the shortest time historical tasks - to surpass the world capitalist. system by absolute volume prom. and s.-x. pro-va, and after that overtake the most developed in economic. in relation to the capitalist countries in terms of production per capita and life-long levels. Successes of the countries of M. with. With. create favorable conditions for the labor movement in the developed capitalist. countries, for nat.-liberate. movements of the peoples of Asia, Africa, Lat. America. M.'s education with. With. in means. degree contributed to the process of collapse of the columns. imperialist systems. Help countries M. s. With. relieves those released from under the columns. domination of the peoples the creation of a developed, independent economy. In the young states of Asia, Africa and Latin America, with the help of M.'s countries, s. With. about 1,500 enterprises are being built, of which 600 are with economic and technical assistance from the USSR. Socialist countries provided these countries with long-term concessional loans for the development of the national economy in the amount of about 5.5 billion rubles. The strength and power of M. s. With. led to the termination of the imp. aggression against Egypt in 1956 saved Cuba from the Amer. invasions in 1962, etc. Powerful support of M. s. With. helps the Vietnamese people repel the aggression of US imperialism. M.'s successes with. With. exert a powerful influence on people's minds, increase the attractive force of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, and develop the revolutionary energy and activity of the working masses. M. s. With. creates favorable conditions for the development of world socialism. revolution, for the falling away of more and more countries from the world capitalist. systems. Achievements of the countries M. with. With. in the field of science, the outstanding successes of the Soviet Union in space exploration and in the peaceful use of atomic energy, the flourishing of the socialist. cultures render increasingly mean. impact on the development of world science and culture. In present time (1966) as part of M. s. With. includes 14 countries with a total area. 35.2 million km2 (26% of the territory of the globe); they were inhabited (at the beginning of 1965) by 1,144,000,000 people. (35% of us. Globe). -***-***-***- Table. Countries of the world socialist system (territory and population) [s] WORLD_SOC_SIST.JPG Source: Socialist Economics. countries in numbers 1964 M., 1965, p. 3. Lit.: V. I. Lenin, Initial outline of theses on national and colonial questions, Soch., 4th ed., vol. 31, p. 163-66; Resolution of the XII Congress of the RCP(b) "On national question", in the book: CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee, 7th ed., Part 1, M., 1954, pp. 709-16; Program of the CPSU. Adopted by the XXII Congress of the CPSU, M., 1965; Government Declaration USSR on the foundations for the development and further strengthening of friendship and cooperation between the Soviet Union and other socialist states, Pravda, 1956, Oct. 31, No. 305; Declaration of the Meeting of representatives of the communist and workers' parties of the socialist countries ..., M., 1958; Statement of the Meeting of Representatives of the Communist and Workers' Parties, in the book: Program Documents of the Struggle for Peace, Democracy and Socialism, M., 1961; Basic principles of the international socialist division of labor, M., 1964; Socialist camp Brief illustration. polit.-econ. reference book, M., 1962; The world of socialism in figures and facts. (Handbook), M., 1964; Economy of the socialist countries in figures, M., 1963-65; Brief statistical collection, M., 1964; Competition between two systems. Handbook, M., 1964; Dudinskiy IV, World system of socialism and laws of its development, M., 1961; The victory of the Leninist cooperative plan in the countries of socialism, M., 1963; Socialist industrialization of the people's democracies, M., 1960; Zolotarev V.I., Foreign trade of the socialist countries, M., 1964; Ivanov N.I., Economic cooperation and mutual assistance of the countries of socialism, M., 1962; Sanakoev Sh. P., Great Commonwealth of Free and Sovereign Peoples, M., 1964; Sergeev SD, Economic cooperation and mutual assistance of the socialist countries, (3rd ed.), M., 1964; Socialist international division of labor, M., 1961; Faddeev N.V., Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, M., M., 1964; The construction of communism in the USSR and the cooperation of the socialist countries, M., 1962; Airapetyan M. E., Sukhodeev V. V., new type international relations, M., 1964; Harakhashyan G. M., Some questions of the theory of the world economy of socialism, M., 1960; Shiryaev Yu. S., World socialist community, M., 1963; Economic efficiency of the international socialist division of labor, M., 1965; Comparison of levels of economic development of the socialist countries, M., 1965; Kishsh T., Economic cooperation of socialist countries, M., 1963; Popisakov G., International division of labor under socialism, Sofia, 1960; April? A., A szocialista orszagok gazdas?gi egy?ttm?k?de seert, (Bdpst), 1964; Gr?big G., Internationale Arbeitsteilung und Au?enhandel im sozialistischen Weltsystem, V., 1960; Krause M., Das Entwicklungstempo der sozialistischen L?nder im ?konomischen Wettbewerb der beiden Weltsysteme, V., 1960; Kunz W., Grundfragen der Internationalen Wirtschaftszusammenarbeit der L?nder des Rates f?r Gegenseitige Wirtschaftschilfe (RGW), V., 1964; Bodnar A., ​​Gospodarka europejskich Kraj?w socjalistycznych, Warsz., 1962; Margineanu I., George V., J?nosi J., Sistemul mondial socialist, Buc., 1961; Bantea E., Dreptatea si taria sont de partea socialismului, Buc., 1962; B?lek A., Havelkova B., Titera D., Zame socialisticke Soustavy, Praha, 1961; Machov? D., CSSRv socialisticke mezinarodni delbe pr?ce, (Praha), 1962; Mal? V., Svetov? socialistick? hospod?rsk? soustava, Praha, 1961. L. I. Abalkin. Moscow.

• Foreign policy European countries in the 18th century
  • International relations in Europe
    • Succession Wars
    • Seven Years' War
    • Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774
    • Foreign policy of Catherine II in the 80s.
  • Colonial system of European powers
  • War of Independence in the English Colonies North America
    • Declaration of Independence
    • US Constitution
    • International Relations
• Leading countries of the world in the XIX century.
  • Leading countries of the world in the XIX century.
  • International relations and the revolutionary movement in Europe in the 19th century
    • Defeat of the Napoleonic Empire
    • Spanish Revolution
    • Greek uprising
    • February Revolution in France
    • Revolutions in Austria, Germany, Italy
    • Formation of the German Empire
    • National Unification of Italy
  • Bourgeois revolutions in Latin America, USA, Japan
    • American Civil War
    • Japan in the 19th century
  • Formation of an industrial civilization
    • Features of the industrial revolution in various countries
    • Social Consequences industrial revolution
    • Ideological and political currents
    • Trade union movement and the formation of political parties
    • State monopoly capitalism
    • Agriculture
    • Financial oligarchy and concentration of production
    • Colonies and colonial policy
    • Militarization of Europe
    • State legal organization of capitalist countries
• Russia in the 19th century
  • Political and social - economic development Russia at the beginning of the 19th century.
    • Patriotic War 1812
    • The position of Russia after the war. Decembrist movement
    • "Russian Truth" Pestel. "Constitution" by N. Muravyov
    • Decembrist revolt
  • Russia of the era of Nicholas I
    • Foreign policy of Nicholas I
  • Russia in the second half of the XIX century.
    • Implementation of other reforms
    • Transition to reaction
    • Post-reform development of Russia
    • Socio-political movement
• World Wars of the XX century. Causes and consequences
  • The World Historical Process and the 20th Century
  • Causes of World Wars
  • World War I
    • The beginning of the war
    • The results of the war
  • The birth of fascism. The world on the eve of World War II
  • The Second World War
    • Progress of World War II
    • Results of World War II
• major economic crises. The phenomenon of the state-monopoly economy
  • Economic crises of the first half of the XX century.
    • Formation of state-monopoly capitalism
    • The economic crisis of 1929-1933
    • Ways out of the crisis
  • Economic crises of the second half of the XX century.
    • Structural crises
    • World economic crisis 1980-1982
    • Anti-crisis state regulation
• The collapse of the colonial system. Developing countries and their role in international development
  • colonial system
  • Stages of the collapse of the colonial system
  • Third World countries
  • Newly industrialized countries
• • Stages of development of the world socialist system
  • The collapse of the world socialist system
• Third scientific and technological revolution
  • Stages of modern scientific and technological revolution
    • Achievements of scientific and technological revolution
    • Consequences of scientific and technological revolution
  • Transition to post-industrial civilization
• The main trends in world development at the present stage
  • Internationalization of the economy
    • Integration processes in Western Europe
    • Integration processes of North American countries
    • Integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region
  • Three world centers of capitalism
  • Global problems modernity
• Russia in the first half of the 20th century
  • Russia in the XX century
  • Revolutions in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
    • Bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1905-1907
    • Russia's participation in the First World War
    • February Revolution of 1917
    • October armed uprising
  • The main stages in the development of the country of the Soviets in the pre-war period (X. 1917 - VI. 1941)
    • Civil war and military intervention
    • New Economic Policy (NEP)
    • Formation of the USSR
    • Accelerated construction of state socialism
    • Planned centralized management of the economy
    • Foreign policy of the USSR in the 20-30s.
  • Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)
    • War with Japan. End of World War II
• • Russia in the second half of the 20th century
  • Post-war restoration of the national economy
    • Post-war restoration of the national economy - page 2
  • Socio-economic and political reasons that made it difficult for the country to reach new frontiers
    • Socio-economic and political reasons that made it difficult for the country to reach new frontiers - page 2
    • Socio-economic and political reasons that made it difficult for the country to reach new frontiers - page 3
  • The collapse of the USSR. Post-communist Russia
    • The collapse of the USSR. Post-communist Russia - page 2

Formation of the world system of socialism

A significant historical event of the post-war period was the people's democratic revolutions in a number of European countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Asia: Vietnam, China, Korea and a little earlier - the revolution in Mongolia.

To a large extent, the political orientation in these countries was determined under the influence of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of most of them, carrying out a liberation mission during the Second World War.

This also largely contributed to the fact that in most countries cardinal transformations began in the political, socio-economic and other spheres in accordance with the Stalinist model, characterized by the highest degree of centralization of the national economy and the dominance of the party-state bureaucracy.

The emergence of the socialist model beyond the framework of one country and its spread to South-Eastern Europe and Asia laid the foundation for the emergence of a community of countries, called the "world system of socialism" (MSS). In 1959 Cuba and in 1975 Laos entered the orbit of a new system that lasted more than 40 years.

At the end of the 80s. The world system of socialism included 15 states occupying 26.2% of the earth's territory and numbering 32.3% of the world's population.

Taking even just these quantitative indicators into account, one can speak of the world system of socialism as an essential factor in post-war international life, requiring more in-depth consideration.

Eastern European countries. As noted, an important prerequisite for the formation of the MSS was the liberation mission of the Soviet Army in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Today there are quite heated discussions on this issue. A significant part of researchers tend to believe that in 1944-1947. there were no people's democratic revolutions in the countries of this region, and the Soviet Union imposed the Stalinist model of social development on the liberated peoples.

We can only partly agree with this point of view, since, in our opinion, it should be taken into account that in 1945-1946. broad democratic transformations were carried out in these countries, and bourgeois-democratic forms of statehood were often restored. This is evidenced, in particular: by the bourgeois orientation of agrarian reforms in the absence of land nationalization, the preservation of the private sector in small and medium-sized industry, retail trade and the service sector, and finally the presence of a multi-party system, including highest level authorities.

If in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia immediately after liberation a course was taken for socialist transformations, then in the rest of the countries of South-Eastern Europe the new course began to be implemented from the moment the essentially undivided power of the national communist parties was established, as was the case in Czechoslovakia (February 1948), Romania (December 1947), Hungary (autumn 1947), Albania (February 1946), East Germany (October 1949), Poland (January 1947). Thus, in a number of countries, during the one and a half to two years after the war, the possibility of an alternative, non-socialist path remained.

1949 can be considered a kind of pause that drew a line under the prehistory of the MSS, and the 50s can be distinguished as a relatively independent stage of the forced creation of a “new” society, according to the “universal model” of the USSR, the constituent features of which are quite well known.

This is a comprehensive nationalization of industrial sectors of the economy, forced cooperation, and in essence the nationalization of the agricultural sector, the displacement of private capital from the sphere of finance, trade, the establishment of total control of the state, the supreme bodies of the ruling party over public life, in the field of spiritual culture, etc.

Assessing the results of the course of building the foundations of socialism in the countries of South-Eastern Europe, one should state, on the whole, rather the negative effect of these transformations. Thus, the accelerated creation of heavy industry led to the emergence of national economic disproportions, which affected the pace of liquidation of the consequences of post-war devastation and could not but affect the growth in the standard of living of the population of countries in comparison with countries that did not fall into the orbit of socialist construction.

Similar results were obtained in the course of coercive cooperation of the village, as well as the displacement of private initiative from the sphere of handicrafts, trade and services. As an argument confirming such conclusions, one can consider powerful socio-political crises in Poland, Hungary, the GDR and Czechoslovakia in 1953-1956, on the one hand, and a sharp increase in the repressive policy of the state against any dissent, on the other.

Until recently, a fairly common explanation for the causes of such difficulties in building socialism in the countries we are considering was blind copying by their leadership of the experience of the USSR without taking into account national specifics under the influence of Stalin's cruelest diktat in relation to the communist leadership of these countries.

Self-governing socialism in Yugoslavia. However, there was another model of socialist construction that was carried out in those years in Yugoslavia - the model of self-governing socialism. It assumed in general terms the following: the economic freedom of labor collectives within the framework of enterprises, their activity on the basis of cost accounting with an indicative type of state planning; renunciation of coercive cooperation in agriculture, fairly widespread use of commodity-money relations, etc., but on the condition that the Communist Party's monopoly in certain spheres of political and public life is maintained.

The departure of the Yugoslav leadership from the "universal" Stalinist construction scheme was the reason for its practical isolation for a number of years from the USSR and its allies. Only after the condemnation of Stalinism at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, only in 1955 did relations between the socialist countries and Yugoslavia begin to gradually normalize.

Some positive economic and social effect obtained from the introduction of a more balanced economic model in Yugoslavia would seem to confirm the argument of the supporters of the above point of view on the causes of the crises of the 1950s. CMEA formation. An important milestone in the history of the formation of the world socialist system can be considered the creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in January 1949. Through the CMEA, economic, scientific and technical cooperation was carried out initially by the European socialist countries. Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the Warsaw Pact created in May 1955.

It should be noted that the socialist countries of Europe remained a relatively dynamically developing part of the MSS. At its other extreme were Mongolia, China, North Korea, and Vietnam. These countries most consistently used the Stalinist model of building socialism, namely: within the framework of a rigid one-party system, they resolutely eradicated elements of market, private property relations.

• Socialist regimes in Asia