Why was the World Health Organization created? Health, as defined by the WHO Charter, is
The World Health Organization is a specialized agency whose activities focus on public health issues. The organization was founded on April 7, 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. WHO is part of the United Nations Development Group. Its "predecessor", the Public Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations. The Constitution of the World Health Organization was signed on July 22, 1946 by 61 countries. The first meeting of the World Health Assembly ended on July 24, 1948. It was attended by the Office International d'Hygiène Publique and the Health Organization of the League of Nations. Since its inception, WHO has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. WHO's priorities currently include infectious diseases, in particular malaria and tuberculosis; mitigation is not infectious diseases; sexual and reproductive health, development and aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; substance abuse; as well as publications social activity and work in the Internet field. WHO annually publishes the World Health Report, the main cross-national report on the state of global health, and is also responsible for conducting World Day Health (April 7th of each year). The current head of WHO is Margaret Chan. WHO's reported budget for 2014/2015 was approximately US$4 billion. About $930 million is provided by UN member countries, and the remaining $3 billion is provided by voluntary donors.
Story
Establishment
During the 1945 UN Conference, Dr. Szeming Sze, a delegate from China, raised the issue of creating an international health organization under the patronage of the UN with his Norwegian and Brazilian colleagues. Since it was not possible to reach a consensus on this issue, Alger Hiss, general secretary conference, made a recommendation to use the declaration to establish such an organization. Dr. Sze and other delegates lobbied this project, resulting in the adoption of a declaration establishing a world health conference. The use of the word "worldwide" rather than "international" emphasizes the global nature of the organization's goals. The WHO Constitution was signed by all UN member countries (51 countries) and 10 other countries on July 22, 1946. WHO became the first UN specialized agency to include all UN members. Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day, April 7, 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member of the UN. The first meeting of the World Health Assembly concluded on 24 July 1948, after which a budget of US$5 million (then £1,250,000) for 1949 was set. Andriya Stempar became the first President of the Assembly, and G. Brock Chisholm, who served as Executive Secretary during the planning of the organization's creation, was appointed Director General of WHO. WHO's primary objectives were to control the spread of malaria, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases, as well as improve maternal and child health, nutrition and hygiene. environment. First legislative act WHO was concerned with compiling accurate statistics on the spread of diseases. The WHO logo became the staff of Asclepius (a snake wrapped around a stick).
Job
WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex in 1947. By 1950, mass vaccination against tuberculosis was carried out (using the BCG vaccine). In 1955, a malaria control program was launched. In 1965, the first report on diabetes mellitus and the International Agency for Research on Cancer was created. In 1966, WHO moved into its headquarters building. In 1974, the Expanded Vaccination Program and Control Program for Onchocerciasis was launched, an important collaboration between the World Food Organization, the United Nations Development Program and the World Bank. The following year it was also launched Special Program Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. In 1976, the World Health Assembly voted to approve a resolution on disease prevention and rehabilitation, focusing on medical care provided by communities. The first list of vital and essential medicines was approved in 1977, and a year later the ambitious slogan “health for all” was proclaimed. In 1986, WHO launched its global program to address the growing problem of HIV/AIDS, and two years later it focused on preventing discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS. In 1996, the UNAIDS program (Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS) was created. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established in 1988. In 1958, Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health of the USSR, approached the World Health Assembly with a proposal to introduce a global program to combat smallpox, which led to the adoption of WHO Resolution 11.54. By that time, smallpox was killing 2 million people annually. In 1967, the World Health Organization strengthened the smallpox program by increasing annual contributions to the program by $2.4 million per year and introducing new method epidemiological surveillance. The initial problem that WHO faced was that of inadequate reporting of smallpox cases. WHO has established a network of advisers to help countries carry out surveillance and help contain the spread of the disease. WHO also helped suppress the last outbreak of the disease in Europe (Yugoslavia, 1972). After two decades of fighting smallpox, the WHO announced in 1979 that the disease had been successfully eradicated—the first disease in history to be eradicated by human will. In 1998, WHO's director-general highlighted the organization's progress in child survival, reduced infant mortality, increased life expectancy, and reduced the spread of dangerous diseases such as smallpox and polio at the fifteenth anniversary of WHO's founding. He noted, however, that much remains to be done on maternal health issues and that progress in this area has been slow. Cholera and malaria have remained unresolved problems since the founding of WHO, but there has been a significant decline in their prevalence during this period. In 2000, the Stop TB Partnership (a movement against the spread of tuberculosis) was founded and the UN Millennium Development Goals were set. In 2001, a measles initiative was created, which reduced the total number of deaths due to the disease by 68% by 2007. In 2002, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was founded. In 2006, the organization launched the world's first official fundraiser to fight HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe, forming the basis for a global plan to prevent, treat and sustain the AIDS epidemic.
Common goals
The WHO Constitution states that the organization's purpose is “the achievement of the highest possible standard of health by all the people of the world.” WHO achieves this goal by fulfilling its functions, also defined by the Constitution: (a) acting as the organizing and coordinating body on health issues throughout the world; (b) establishing and maintaining effective cooperation with the UN, specialized agencies, ministries of health of various countries, professional groups and other organizations; © helping governments different countries, if necessary, resolve issues to improve the healthcare system; (d) providing appropriate technical support and, in emergency cases, providing the necessary assistance at the request or consent of States; (e) by providing for the health care system or assisting in the provision, as required by the United Nations, of equipment for special groups, such as people from Trust Territories; (f) establishing and maintaining administrative and technical services, including epidemiological and statistical services; (g) stimulating and encouraging efforts to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases; (h) promoting, in cooperation with other specialized services, the prevention of accidental injuries; (i) promoting, in cooperation with other specialized services, the improvement of nutrition, housing conditions, sanitary conditions, recreational conditions, economic and working conditions and other aspects of environmental health; (j) promoting collaboration among scientific and professional groups concerned with improving public health; (k) proposing conventions, agreements and regulations, and issuing recommendations on global health matters. WHO currently defines its role in the public health system as follows:
Provide leadership on health-related issues and collaborate with other organizations as needed;
Shaping research goals and stimulating the creation, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge;
Setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation in practice;
Clarification of ethical and constructive alternative options politicians;
Providing technical support, catalyzing change and building workable institutions;
Monitoring and assessment of the situation in the field of health and healthcare.
Infectious diseases
The WHO 2012–2013 budget identifies 13 areas among which funding was divided. Two of these 13 areas are related to infectious diseases: the first is to reduce the “economic, social and health burden” associated with infectious diseases in general; and the second – with the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in particular. Regarding HIV/AIDS, WHO collaborates with the UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS) network, and WHO considers it important to align its work with UNAIDS goals and strategies. WHO also tries to participate not only in the health sector, but also in other areas of society, also influencing the economic and social effects of the disease. In collaboration with UNAIDS, WHO has set an interim target for 2009–2015 to reduce the number of people aged 15–24 years living with HIV/AIDS by 50%; reducing childhood HIV infection by 90%; and to reduce HIV-related mortality by 25%. Although the WHO abandoned its commitment to participate in the global campaign to eradicate malaria in the 1970s, deeming it "too ambitious", the WHO remains committed to malaria control. The WHO Global Malaria Program operates by monitoring malaria cases and future challenges in malaria control schemes. WHO promises to report the development of a viable malaria vaccine by 2015 (RTS,S/AS01). Insecticides, mosquito repellents, and antimalarial drugs are currently used to prevent the spread of malaria, particularly for vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and children. Between 1990 and 2010, WHO's contribution to the fight against tuberculosis led to a 40% reduction in the number of deaths from tuberculosis. Since 2005, WHO has treated more than 46 million people and saved 7 million lives. WHO's work in this area includes collaboration with and funding national governments, early diagnosis, standard treatment, monitoring the spread and impact of tuberculosis and stabilizing drug supplies. WHO was also the first to note the susceptibility to tuberculosis in victims of HIV/AIDS. WHO's goals include eradicating polio. WHO has successfully contributed to a 99% reduction in polio cases since the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, with the participation of Rotary International, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and other smaller organizations. The WHO works to vaccinate young children and prevent the resurgence of polio cases in countries declared “free” of the disease.
Non-communicable diseases
Another of WHO's thirteen priority areas is to prevent and reduce “morbidity, disability and premature mortality due to chronic noncommunicable diseases, mental illness, violence and injury, and visual disorders.”
Duration and lifestyle
WHO works to “reduce morbidity and mortality and improve population health during key periods of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal period, childhood and adolescence, as well as improve sexual and reproductive health and promote active and healthy aging for all people " WHO also tries to prevent or reduce risk factors for “health conditions associated with the use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substances, unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity and unsafe sex.” WHO works to improve nutrition and food security to achieve positive impacts on public health and sustainable development.
Surgery and trauma
WHO promotes road safety as a means to reduce injuries associated with road accidents. WHO also works on global initiatives in surgery, including emergency and life-saving surgical care, trauma care and safe surgery. The WHO Surgical Safety Chart is currently being used as a measure to improve patient safety around the world.
Emergency medical care
WHO's primary goal is to provide natural emergency care and coordinate with member states to "reduce the inevitable mortality and burden of disease and disability." On May 5, 2014, WHO declared the spread of polio a global disaster requiring immediate attention, with outbreaks in Asia, Africa and the Middle East considered “extraordinary.” On August 8, 2014, WHO announced that the spread of the Ebola virus is also a global disaster; the outbreak, which is believed to have started in Guinea, has spread to other nearby countries such as Liberia and Sierra Leone. The situation in West Africa is considered very serious.
Health Policy
WHO addresses health policy with two goals: first, “to address important social and economic health issues by adopting programs and policies that promote health equity and integrate programs that support disadvantaged populations and are gender-sensitive.” and ensuring human rights”, and secondly, “promoting a healthier environment, intensifying primary disease prevention and strengthening activity in all areas public life to address the problems underlying environmental risks to public health.” The organization develops and promotes the use of constructive tools, norms and standards to support member countries in informing health policy options. WHO oversees the application of international health regulations and publishes a number of medical classifications; three of them are considered “reference classifications”: the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD), the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and the International Classification of Therapies (ICHI). Other standards international politics produced by WHO include the International Code of Marketing of Substitutes breast milk(adopted in 1981), the Tobacco Control Convention (adopted in 2003) and the Global Code of Practice for Multinational Recruitment of Health Personnel (adopted in 2010). When it comes to health services, WHO aims to improve “governance, financing, staffing and management” and the availability and quality of data and research to track policy. The organization also strives to "improve access, quality and use of medical products and technologies." WHO, working with charities and national governments, can improve the use and collection of research data in these countries.
Management and support
The remaining two of the thirteen WHO policy areas identified are those related to the role of WHO itself:
“leadership, oversight and collaboration with countries, the United Nations system and other partners to ensure WHO's mandate to advance global health goals”; And
“developing and maintaining WHO as a flexible, changing organization capable of exercising its mandate more rationally and effectively.”
Cooperation
WHO, along with the World Bank, forms the team responsible for managing the International Health Partnership (IHP+). IHP+ is a group of partner governments, enterprise development agencies, civil societies and other businesses responsible for improving the health of citizens in developing countries. Partners work together to improve international principles to promote mutual assistance and development of cooperation in the health sector. The organization also collaborates with scientific organizations, scientists and professionals to communicate the results of its work, such as the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization, the Expert Committee on Leprosy and the WHO Study Group on Interprofessional Learning and Collaborative Practices. WHO manages the Health Policy and Research Systems Collaboration, which was created to improve health policies and health systems. WHO also works to improve access to health research and publications in developing countries, for example through the HINARI (WHO Cross-systems Access to Research Initiative) network.
Health education and action
Every year the Organization organizes International Health Day and other health-related celebrations. International Health Day is celebrated on April 7 every year, the day the WHO was founded. The latest themes of the celebration were vector-borne diseases (2014), healthy aging (2012) and drug resistance (2011). Other official global public campaigns under the auspices of WHO are World Tuberculosis Day, World Immunization Week, World Malaria Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Donor Day, World Hepatitis Day and World AIDS Day. As part of the UN, WHO supports work on the Millennium Development Goals. Among the eight Millennium Development Goals, three – reducing child mortality by two-thirds, reducing maternal mortality by three-quarters and halting and beginning to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS – are directly related to WHO policies; the other five are interrelated with and influence world system healthcare.
Working with data and publishing
The World Health Organization provides information on the health and well-being of populations through a wide range of information platforms, including the World Health Information Service, which contains data on nearly 400,000 respondents from 70 countries, and the Study on Global Aging and Health in the Elderly (SAGE), containing data on more than 50,000 people over the age of 50 in 23 countries. The Community Health Portal (CHIP) was created to provide access to information about health systems around the world. Information from this portal is used to prioritize future strategies or plans, their application, monitoring and evaluation. WHO publishes a variety of tools to measure and monitor the performance of national health systems and the health workforce. The Global Health Observatory (GHO) is WHO's main portal providing access to data and analysis on key health topics by monitoring the health situation around the world. The WHO Assessment of Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS), WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL) Instrument and the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment provide guidance for data collection. Collaborative efforts by WHO and other agencies, such as the Health Metrics Network, also aim to provide high-quality information to help guide government decision-making. WHO promotes the development of science in UN Member States to use and conduct research aimed at national population needs, including the EVIPNet. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/AMRO) became the first organization dedicated to the development and implementation of health research policies, approved in September 2009. On 10 December 2013, a new WHO database, known as MiNDbank, went online. The database was launched on Human Rights Day and is part of the WHO Quality of Rights Initiative, which aims to end restrictions on the rights of people with mental health problems. The new database introduces a large number of information about mental health, substance abuse, disability, human rights and various political movements, strategies, laws and service standards in various countries. It also contains important international documents and information. The database gives visitors access to information on health care in WHO member states and other partners. Users can obtain information about policies, laws and strategies, as well as learn about best practices and success stories in the mental health sector. WHO regularly publishes the World Health Report, its flagship publication, which includes expert assessment on a specific topic about global health. Other WHO publications include Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Journal of Eastern Health Mediterranean Sea(supervised by EMRO), Human Resources for Health (published in collaboration with BioMed Central) and the Pan American Journal of Public Health (supervised by PAHO/AMRO).
Structure
WHO is a member of the UN Development Group.
Membership
As of 2015, the WHO has 194 member countries: all UN member countries include Liechtenstein, as well as the Cook Islands and Islands. Niue (the country becomes a full member of the WHO by ratifying the treaty known as the Constitution of the World Health Organization). As of 2013, WHO also has two junior members, Puerto Rico and Tokelau. Some other elements have browser status. Palestine is an observer as a "national liberation movement" recognized by the League of Arab States under UN Resolution 3118. The Holy See, as well as the Order of Malta, are also observers. In 2010, Taiwan was invited to join the WHO under the name "Chinese Taipei". UN member countries appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly, the highest decision-making body of the WHO. All UN member countries can join the WHO and, according to the WHO website, "other countries can be admitted as members if their application is approved by a simple vote of the World Health Assembly." Moreover, UN observer organizations, the International Red Cross and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have entered into “official relations” with the WHO and are included as observers. In the World Health Assembly they are admitted as members along with other non-governmental organizations.
The World Health Assembly is the legislative and supreme body of WHO. The Assembly is based in Geneva and meets annually in May. Every five years, the Assembly elects the Director-General and votes on WHO's policy and finances, including the proposed budget. She also receives reports from the Executive Council and decides which areas of work require further consideration. The Assembly elects 34 members, technically qualified in the health sector, to the Executive Council for a term of three years. The main functions of the Council are to implement the decisions and policies of the Assembly, provide advice and facilitate its work.
Regional offices
WHO's regional divisions were created between 1949 and 1952, and are based on Article 44 of the WHO constitution, which allows WHO to "establish a [single] regional organization to meet the requirements regional organizations in order to meet the needs of [each] specific area.” Many decisions are made at the regional level, including important disputes over the WHO budget and over the members of the next assembly appointed by the regions. Each region has a Regional Committee that meets once a year, usually in the fall. Representatives are present from each member or associate member in each region, including those countries that are not fully recognized. For example, Palestine participates in meetings of the Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Each region also has its own regional office. Each regional office is headed by a regional director elected by the regional committee. The Council must approve such appointments, but as of 2004, it has never overruled a regional committee decision. The exact role of the Council in this process is a matter of debate, but the practical effect has always been small. Since 1999, Regional Directors have served for five-year terms. Each WHO regional committee is composed of all heads of health departments in all governments in the region. In addition to electing the regional director, the regional committee is also responsible for setting the guidelines for the application within the region of health and other policies adopted by the World Health Assembly. The Regional Committee also serves as a progressive review board for WHO within the region. The Regional Director is the head of WHO in the region. He manages or supervises medical staff and other experts in regional offices and specialty centers. The Regional Director also delegates authority - in parallel with the WHO Director-General - to all heads of WHO offices in various countries, known as WHO Representatives, within the region. WHO employs 8,500 people in 147 countries. In support of the principle of being tobacco-free, WHO does not employ smokers. In 2003, the Organization initiated the creation of the Convention against Tobacco Smoking. WHO also works with “goodwill representatives”, people from the world of art, sports and other areas of public life who are involved in drawing attention to WHO initiatives and projects. There are currently five goodwill representatives (Jet Li, Nancy Bricker, Peng Liyang, Jochetz Sasakawa and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra) and one additional representative associated with the partnership project (Craig David).
Liaison offices and country offices
The World Health Organization works in 147 countries in all regions. She also works in several liaison offices, including liaison offices with the European Union, the UN and one office of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. She also works with the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon, France and the WHO Center for Health Development in Kobe, Japan. Additional offices include offices in Pristina; in the West Bank and Gaza City; office in El Paso on the US-Mexico border; the Caribbean Coordination Program office in Barbados and the Northern Micronesia office. There is usually one WHO office in the capital and additional offices in the provinces. The WHO National Office is headed by a WHO Representative. As of 2010, the only WHO representative outside Europe was the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (“Libya”); all other members are international. The national offices of the Americas are called PAHO/WHO representatives. In Europe, two representatives also serve as heads of the National Bureau, and include countries excluding Serbia; there is also a head of the National Bureau in Albania, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan. The main functions of the WHO National Office are advisory functions on health issues and pharmaceutical policy.
Funding and partnerships
WHO is financed through contributions from member countries and external contributors. As of 2012, the largest annual contributions from member countries were those from the United States ($110 million), Japan ($58 million), Germany ($37 million), United Kingdom ($31 million), and France ($31 million). . The 2012–13 joint budget is $3.959 million, $944 million of which (24%) comes from assessed contributions. This represents a significant reduction in costs compared to the previous 2009-10 budget. Mandatory contributions remain the same. Voluntary contributions will total $3.015 million (76%), $800 million of which is considered high or medium flexible funding, with the remainder tied to specific program or goals. Behind last years WHO's work included increased collaboration with external organizations. As of 2002, all 473 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) had formed some form of collaboration with WHO. There are 189 partnerships with international NGOs in formal “official relations” – the rest are considered informal. Partners include the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation.
Controversy
IAEA – Agreement VAZ 12–40
In 1959, WHO signed Agreement WHA 12–40 with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The agreement states that WHO recognizes that the IAEA has responsibilities for peaceful nuclear energy, without prejudice to WHO's roles in promoting public health. However, the next paragraph states: “if either organization proposes to launch a program or activity on a topic in which the other organization has or may have a significant interest, the first company must consult with the other to consider the matter by mutual agreement.” The nature of this agreement has led some influential groups and activists (including Women in Europe for a Common Future) to believe that the WHO has limited opportunities in a study of the effects of radiation on human health caused by the use of nuclear energy and the lasting effects of the nuclear disasters at Chernobyl and Fukushima. They believe that WHO should become “independent” again.
The Roman Catholic Church and AIDS
In 2003, WHO condemned the Roman Curia's health ministry for not accepting condom use, arguing that "misconceptions about condoms and HIV are dangerous in the face of global epidemics that have killed more than 20 million people and are currently affecting at least 42 million people." As of 2009, the Catholic Church remains in opposition to the increased use of condoms to combat HIV/AIDS. At the time, the President of the World Health Assembly, Guyana's Health Minister Leslie Ramsammy, condemned Pope Benedict's opposition to contraception, arguing that he was trying to “create confusion” and “obstruct” accepted strategies in the battle against the disease.
Hello, dear friends. Today we will talk about what the World Health Organization (WHO) is, what tasks it performs, what it does and why it is needed. The main task of this organization is to ensure a healthy and safe future for all inhabitants of planet Earth.
WHO bases are located in 150 countries around the world. The organization itself was founded on April 7, 1948 in order to eliminate the consequences of the Second World War and help residents of different countries. This day, April 7, is celebrated annually as World Health Day.
What does he do?
WHO leads and coordinates the actions of all medical organizations worldwide under the auspices of the United Nations (UN). To achieve this goal, it performs the following tasks:
- Supports partnerships between countries to address common health challenges.
- Leads in all issues related to the health of the population of the entire planet.
- Coordinates research activities in the field of health protection and the fight against various diseases.
- Organizes educational activities in the field of prevention and control of dangerous diseases.
- Supports the implementation of healthcare standards around the world.
- Helps countries introduce new areas of medicine into practice, provides support with medical devices and specialists.
- Develops new types of medical care and assesses the health status of the population, both in individual countries and throughout the world.
Activities
Since the WHO faces global challenges that can help improve the health of people around the world, she is interested in the emergence and development of strong health care systems in all countries.
It helps country leaders interested in improving health and living conditions their residents, organize an effective medical care system.
This structure organizes the process of providing medical and humanitarian aid when natural Disasters, major accidents and man-made disasters. In addition, WHO is addressing the following issues:
- Particular attention is paid to the prevention and treatment of diseases such as strokes, oncology, diabetes, asthma, heart and lung diseases, mental illnesses, as well as trauma and the consequences of violent acts, which are the cause of premature death in 70% of all premature deaths. And 80% of all these diseases occur in developing countries, which, unfortunately, according to these indicators, Russia can also be included.
- Monitoring the environmental situation around the world, as well as the desire to improve the standard of living of the population of third world countries, which will increase their life expectancy.
- Combating hotbeds of infectious diseases, especially such as AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, developing the use of preventive vaccinations.
- Prompt response and assistance in cases of environmental disasters, monitoring the situation in the field of protecting health and life.
- The international cooperation in the field of health is provided by seven thousand WHO staff in 150 countries.
Programs and projects
Next, we will talk about the most popular programs and projects implemented by WHO. One of the areas of programs to improve the nation's health is the fight against hepatitis. According to WHO estimates, 257 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis B. Is it a lot or a little?
Considering that there are currently 7.52 billion people living on the planet, more than 3% of adults and children are infected. Given that hepatitis can be treated with antiviral drugs, stopping the growth of the disease and localizing its foci is the most important task of WHO and health authorities around the world.
Tobacco control
It is no secret that diseases caused by smoking tobacco products are among the top ten causes of premature death. Therefore, in 2007, WHO declared the fight against tobacco smoking one of the main programs for improving the nation’s health.
This year the results for the past decade were summed up. Many countries, including Russia, supported the WHO initiative to limit the possibility of purchasing tobacco products and smoking them in public places.
Age classification for the right to purchase tobacco products makes it possible to limit tobacco addiction at an early and young age. More than 60% of the world's population is aware of the dangers of smoking, and over 10 years their number has increased 4 times. This indicates the undoubted success of the anti-tobacco program.
Vaccination campaign
WHO informs that every tenth child from the group of children under 1.5 years of age has not been vaccinated against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, although it has been determined that it is at this age that such vaccinations are most effective and protect against these deadly diseases.
Only 130 out of 194 countries can guarantee infant vaccination rates of 90% or higher. So the WHO still has many unsolved tasks in this direction. As a minimum program, this is the implementation of vaccination at every contact of the unvaccinated population with medical services.
IN Soviet time our state actively collaborated with WHO and many programs were successfully implemented in the USSR and are still in effect.
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World organization of Health (WHO) is a special agency of the United Nations, consisting of 193 Member States, whose main function is to address international problems health care and global health protection.
WHO was created on April 7, 1948. The organization's headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland. Member states of the UN are accepted into the WHO, however, in accordance with the Charter of the organization, countries that are not members of the UN can be admitted.
The purpose of WHO, as stated in its charter, is “the achievement by all peoples of the possible top level health." The WHO Constitution defines “health” as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
The work of WHO is organized in the form of World Health Assemblies, at which annually representatives of member states discuss the most important health issues. Between the Assemblies, the main functional role is played by the Executive Committee, which includes representatives of 30 states, among them 5 permanent members: the USA, Russia, Great Britain, France and China.
For discussion and consultation, WHO attracts numerous well-known specialists who prepare technical, scientific and information materials and organize meetings of expert councils.
Since 2006, Margaret Chan has been the director general of the World Health Organization.
Today, WHO has identified priority areas for the activities of national health systems such as: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, promoting safe pregnancy - maternal and child health, adolescent health, mental health, chronic diseases.
Russia is a Plenipotentiary Member of WHO. Soviet Union was among the founding states of WHO and actively participated in the creation and implementation of the vast majority of WHO programs, sending specialists as experts, consultants and staff at WHO headquarters and its regional offices. The Soviet Union was the initiator of many important WHO initiatives. Thus, in 1958, at the proposal of the Soviet delegation, the XI World Health Assembly adopted a smallpox eradication program globe(it was successfully completed in 1980).
Scientific and reference centers and WHO laboratories operate on the basis of research institutions of our country, and international scientific programs and projects are being developed. Thus, the cooperation of the Institute of Virology named after. D.I. Ivanovsky RAMS with WHO in the field of epidemiological information allows us to receive weekly advanced information about the epidemic situation and circulating strains of influenza in the world and quickly identify influenza viruses as they are identified in other countries.
Our country regularly hosts seminars, symposiums, and international conferences organized through WHO. In 1963 at the base Central Institute for advanced training of doctors, permanent WHO courses on organization, management and planning of health care have been created. An important milestone in the history of WHO was international Conference WHO and the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund - UNICEF on primary health care, held in Almaty in 1978. Its final documents had a significant impact on the development of health care in most countries of the world.
At the initiative of the USSR, resolutions were adopted: on the tasks of WHO in connection with the UN resolution on general and complete disarmament (1960) and the UN Declaration on Granting Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1961), on the protection of humanity from the danger of atomic radiation (1961), on the prohibition V as soon as possible bacteriological and chemical weapons (1970), about the role of WHO, doctors and other health workers in preserving and strengthening peace (1979, 1981, 1983), etc.
Even in the last century, a woman of 30 years old was considered elderly. Upon admission to the maternity ward expectant mother were classified as old-timers and given disapproving looks. Nowadays the situation has changed radically. Nowadays, a 40-year-old pregnant woman surprises few people. This is due to an increase in human life expectancy and other criteria.
The trend has forced the world community to reconsider existing age boundaries. In particular, the WHO age classification has changed.
WHO classification
According to available data, the World Health Organization divides people into the following groups and categories:
When compiling the table, doctors were guided by improved health and appearance of a person, increasing the ability to bear children, maintaining working capacity for many years and other factors.
The gradation is vaguely reminiscent of the division into certain groups and periods of life that existed in Ancient Rome. In the time of Hippocrates, age up to 14 years was considered youth, 15-42 years maturity, 43-63 years old age, and beyond that – longevity.
The change in periodization, according to scientists, is due to the increase in the intellectual level of humanity. Thanks to this, the body independently slows down the aging process, postponing withering and the inevitable end. Peak of intellectual development modern man falls on 42-45 years. This ensures wisdom and, as a result, high adaptability.
According to statistics, over the years, the population whose age is 60-90 years old is increasing 4-5 times faster than the general indicators.
These and other criteria determine the gradual increase in the retirement age in a number of countries around the world.
The influence of age on a person
However, the age classification of the World Health Organization cannot change a person’s consciousness. In remote settlements, people still consider 45 or more years of age to be practically pre-retirement age.
Women who have crossed the forty-year threshold are ready to give up on themselves. Many older women abuse alcohol and smoking and stop taking care of themselves. As a result, a woman loses her attractiveness and ages quickly. Subsequently, psychological problems arise that aggravate the situation. If a woman or man feels really old, then no adjustments in the WHO classification of a person’s age can change the situation.
In this case, the patient needs high-quality timely assistance professional psychologist. Experts recommend reconsidering life and finding in it new meaning. This could be a hobby, work, caring for loved ones, traveling. Change of environment, positive emotions, healthy image help improve emotional state and, as a result, increase life expectancy.
As for the male part of the population, they are also susceptible to depression. As a result, representatives strong half of humanity in middle age they destroy families, creating new ones with young girls. According to psychologists, in this way men are trying to hold on to the passing years.
Nowadays, the midlife crisis occurs on average at about 50 years of age, increasing from year to year. A few decades ago, it peaked at age 35.
It is worth noting that the psycho-emotional state is influenced by the country of residence, the economic and environmental situation, mentality and other factors.
According to previous studies, the real age gradation and periodization are different. Residents European countries They consider the end of youth to be 50 years +/-2 years. In Asian countries, many 55-year-olds feel young and are not ready to retire. The same applies to residents of a number of American states.
The age classification adopted by the World Health Organization is a generalized indicator that changes at certain intervals. Based on them, you can prepare the body for subsequent senile changes, reorient yourself in time, find a hobby, etc.
In each case, when grading, it is worth taking into account the individual characteristics of the person. Modern medical equipment and technologies make it possible to maintain the body in good shape for many years.
World Health Organization (WHO) - international organization, dealing with issues of solving health problems of the population of our planet.
The organization was founded in 1948, today WHO unites 194 states. The headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
The organization has its own web resource - the WHO official website, the information on which is posted in 6 languages, including Russian. A list of all available languages is presented in the upper right corner of the page.
WHO official website - Home page
On home page The WHO official website contains the most up-to-date information. It also provides links to fact sheets, WHO's work around the world, key WHO documents and guidelines.
To search for materials you are interested in on the WHO official website, you can use the existing search bar (located in the upper right part of the page).
WHO official website - Search bar
However, special attention should be paid to the main menu of the WHO official website, which contains information related to health issues, statistics, news, publications, as well as programs and projects, information about governing bodies, and information about the organization itself.
Thus, the first tab of the main menu is dedicated to health issues. When you open it, you will see a number of links related to specific health issues. When you select the desired topic, you will be offered links to various projects, materials about work in this direction, initiatives, information products, etc.
WHO official website - Health Issues Tab
The next tab presents the data bank of the Global Health Observatory, as well as statistical reports from WHO.
WHO official website - Data and Statistics tab
In the “Programs and Projects” tab of the WHO official website, you can familiarize yourself with the programs, partnerships, and projects of the organization presented in alphabetical order, which makes it much easier to find the information you need.
WHO official website - “Programs and projects” tab
To obtain basic information, information about the activities of the organization, funding and other information, you should refer to the last tab of the main menu of the WHO official website.
WHO official website - Tab “Information about WHO”
The WHO official website also provides links to the pages of this organization on various social networks. This makes WHO information even more accessible to a wider audience.
WHO official website - Tabs
WHO official website - who.int
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