, very urgent

Use three examples to reveal the importance of the tax system in the life of the state and society.

Taxes are very important for the state and society.
from taxes paid by working citizens, forms the country's budget, from which, in particular,
1 - wages are paid to all employees of the public sector (medicine, education)
2 - taxes support the army that protects the state
3 - assistance is provided to low-income families, orphanages are maintained
4 - pay pensions to pensioners and disabled people

Taxes are the basis of a social state.
From incoming taxes, fees and obligatory payments it is formed
The state budget, as well as regional and local budgets of the country.
The state budget, in turn, is spent:
- for the maintenance of the Army and Navy and other military needs
- for education of citizens, healthcare, housing construction,
payment of pensions and benefits, etc.
-for development science and technology, economic modernization
- for the maintenance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the prosecutor's office, courts, prisons, the FSB, etc.
authorities.

On the role of the state in the conditions market economy. From the work of the modern Russian economist A. N. Porokhovsky “Russian market model: the path to implementation.”
All agents of the economy are united by a single market space of the country, where the same rules of the game for everyone are monitored and supported by special state institutions. .. The market itself is not able to support competition. Maintaining and stimulating competition in the economic sphere is the function of the state. Fighting monopoly and supporting competition, the state is both within the market model and outside it, guaranteeing stability market system generally. Supporting stability plays no less a role than protecting competition. From the verified, active role of the relevant state institutions both the favorable social climate in the country and the sustainability of financial system, and...expanding the production of public goods - especially in the sphere of services, education, science, healthcare, culture, - creating a legal framework in the business sphere. .. Therefore, even in a theoretical market model, the state plays the most important role - preserving the market system itself by expressing common, or public, interests. Not a single private business, no matter what gigantic size no matter what he has achieved, by nature he cannot ignore his own interests and shoulder the interests of the entire society. However, the state can only cope with such responsibilities if it is part of a democratic society. In such a society, along with the market mechanism, a democratic mechanism of voter control over the state apparatus has been established, and the judicial system provides legal protection to all citizens in accordance with the law.
Questions and tasks for the document
1. How does the author of the document characterize the role of state institutions in a single market space? What, according to the scientist, are the economic functions of the state that contribute to the stable development of the market system?
2. A. N. Porokhovsky names a number of socio-economic phenomena in the life of society that are directly dependent on the active role of the state in their regulation. List these phenomena and, based on known facts, illustrate one of them with an example

1. The role of the state in the transition to a market economy
economy
The role of the state in the economy. The role of the state in
life of society. Functions of the state in the market
system. Methods and tools of government
regulation of the economy. Analysis of the role of the state in
economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Problems
transition to the market.
course work

Read the text and complete tasks C1 - C4.

Globalization has deep roots in history, and yet it is a phenomenon of the 20th century. From this point of view, our century can also be defined as the century of globalization. Therefore, the lessons of the 20th century are especially significant and important for understanding its prospects.

Historians and politicians will argue for a long time about the rich heritage of the outgoing century, but its ideological and political results are unlikely to be revised in the foreseeable future. Briefly, they boil down to the following: human rights are fundamental, democracy is stronger than tyranny, the market is more effective than a command economy, openness is better than self-isolation. This system of values ​​and attitudes, the creator and active propagandist of which was historically the West, has become widespread and recognized in modern world. .. For the first time in history, the absolute majority of people living on Earth are gradually developing a common understanding of the basic principles of life.

Just like one hundred and two hundred years ago, the end of the century is marked by a new scientific and technological revolution. Intelligence, knowledge, and technology are becoming the most important economic assets. In the advanced countries that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, more than half of the gross domestic product is created in intellectually intensive production. The information revolution, based on connecting computers with telecommunication networks, is radically transforming human existence. It compresses time and space, opens borders, allows you to establish contacts anywhere globe. It transforms individuals into global citizens. ..

Among the impressive range of problems that require the combined efforts of the inhabitants of the Earth, the state of the environment undoubtedly comes first. Today it is so alarming that the survival of humanity as a highly developed, civilized community is in question. The situation is aggravated by the great inertia of processes in the biosphere. Stopping and reversing destructive trends requires the mobilization of enormous resources over many years.

The unprecedented intensity of connections between people, individual groups, nations, states, and civilizations makes individuals humanity and opens up universal space for the forces of good and evil. Globalization is undermining the foundations of “island consciousness.” With all the desire in the Modern world, it is impossible for a long time, and especially forever, to isolate yourself from global problems. If the world becomes interdependent, then it means that it is also mutually vulnerable.

(V. Kuvaldin)

C 2. What ideological and political results of the 20th century did the author give? Name any four. What term do social scientists call the process of implementation? new system values ​​that developed by the 20th century. ?

C4. Based on the content of the text, explain the term “island consciousness” used by the author. Based on the text, course knowledge and facts public life Give two manifestations of “island consciousness” in the modern world.

From 5. What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “interpersonal relationships”? Using knowledge from your social studies course, write two sentences containing information about interpersonal relationships.

From 6. Every person in his life is faced with economic phenomena that have a significant impact on him. Give three examples of the impact of economic phenomena on human life.

C1: "Intelligence, knowledge, technology are becoming the most important economic assets. In advanced countries [...] more than half of the gross domestic product is created in intellectually intensive production"
C2: “Human rights are fundamental, democracy is stronger than tyranny, the market is more effective than a command economy, openness is better than self-isolation.” Globalization.
C3: "State of the environment." You can mention global warming, the greenhouse effect, destruction of the ozone layer, melting glaciers, rising sea levels, extinction of animal species, etc.
C4: Island consciousness is the structure of life of ancient tribal peoples who practically did not interact with other tribes and nationalities. Today, in the era of globalization, such a way of life is becoming impossible. Examples: non-participation in global world processes.

Part C.
Taxes appear with the emergence of the state, since they represent the main source of state revenue. The state must have the means to perform its functions, the main of which are:
determination of the rules for conducting economic activity “rules of the game” (antitrust legislation, supporting the development of the private sector of the economy, protecting property rights, protecting freedom of competition, protecting consumer rights, etc.);
maintaining economic stability (fighting inflation and unemployment, ensuring economic growth);
production of public goods (ensuring security, law and order, education, healthcare, development of fundamental science);
social policy (social security for the poor through income redistribution, payment of pensions, scholarships, unemployment benefits, etc.)
struggle
with negative external effects (environmental policy, etc.).
The means to pay for government expenses are, first of all, taxes. Since the services of the state (which, of course, cannot be provided free of charge) are used by all members of society, the state collects fees for these services from all citizens of the country. Thus, taxes are the main instrument for redistributing income among members of society and are aimed at reducing income inequality.
The tax system includes:
subject of taxation (who must pay tax)
object of taxation (what is taxed)
tax rates (the percentage at which the tax amount is calculated) The amount at which the tax is paid is called the tax base.
To calculate the tax amount (T), the tax base (BT) should be multiplied by the tax rate (t):
T = Bt H t
The principles of taxation were formulated by A. Smith in his great work “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,” published in 1776. According to Smith, the tax system should be:
fair (it should not enrich the rich and make the poor poor);
understandable (the taxpayer must know why he pays this or that tax and why he pays it);
convenient (taxes should be collected when and in a way that is convenient for the taxpayer, not the taxpayer)
inexpensive (the amount of tax revenue should significantly exceed the cost of collecting taxes).
The modern tax system is based on the principles of fairness and efficiency. The tax system must ensure the efficient distribution and use of resources at the micro level (individual producer level). Equity should be vertical (meaning that people with different incomes should pay unequal taxes) and horizontal (meaning that people with equal incomes should pay equal taxes).
C1. How does the author present the main function of taxes?
C2. What elements does the tax system include? Illustrate the operation of the tax system with an example.
C3. Describe any three principles of taxation discussed in the text.

1 State budget support

C2
Tax system:
1) Subject of taxation
2) Object of taxation
3) Tax rate.
Example: Income tax. The subject of taxation is individuals. Tax is imposed on income, therefore income is the object of taxation. A tax rate in Russia it is 13%.

7. Are the following statements true?
A. Means
mass media how a political institution has a significant
impact on voters' positions in elections.
B. The media as political
institutions in a democratic society are free from censorship.
A) true A
B) true B
C) both are correct
D) both are incorrect.
8. What type of electoral system
valid in the country if elections to representative bodies are carried out in single-mandate electoral districts and the winner is the candidate who receives 50 +1 votes:
A) majority
B) proportional
B) mixed
D) legal
9. B democratic state law
accepted
A) parliament
B) prime minister
B) judges
D) prosecutor
10. Political party:
A) participates in the struggle for power
B) is part of the social
structures of society
B) provides leadership
economics
D) collects taxes from the population.
Part B
IN 1. What requirements are mandatory for the electoral system in
democratic society? Write down the corresponding numbers in ascending order:
1. Property qualification
2. Lack of alternative elections
3. Citizenship qualification
4. Open voting with
5. Equality of votes
voters.
A) authoritarianism, traditionalism, totalitarianism.
B) characteristic features
totalitarianism: the invasion of the state into everyone's life
human rights, the rule of law in all spheres of social life, an atmosphere of fear and repression, a cult of personality.
Part C
C1. Is diversity of viewpoints in the media a threat to democracy?
information? Give reasons for your answer.
C2. Show with three examples the existence of a multi-party system. political system V
modern Russia.
C3. What meaning do social scientists put into the concept of “political
system"? Write two sentences to complement the information about the political
system.


your answer.
C5. Name at least three functions of the media.

I can only answer the following:
8-A (majority)
9-A (by parliament)
10-A (power struggle)
Part B
V. 1
3. Citizenship qualification
4. Open voting with
information about the selected candidate
AT 6. What is extra in the series?
A) traditionalism
B) characteristic features
totalitarianism: EXTRA: the rule of law in all spheres of society
C4. Your friend is running for parliament in a single-mandate constituency
State Duma. 48% of voters voted for him
constituency, and his competitors received 31% and 21% respectively
votes. Can you congratulate your friend on his election? Give reasons
your answer. YES it is possible, since according to the majoritarian system the winner is the candidate who receives an absolute or relative majority of votes in the elections.

1. The function of the state is
1) separation of powers
2) sovereignty
3) maintenance public order
4) the presence of a state apparatus
2. A sign of the rule of law is
1) public authority
2) unity of territory
3) separation of powers
4) professional management apparatus
3. The main task of the Russian parliament (Federal Assembly) is
1) ensure the execution of the state budget
2) act as a guarantor of the Constitution
3) administer justice
4) develop and pass laws
4. Are the following statements true?
Democratic state as an institution of the political system
A. has a monopoly on the use of force in accordance with the law
B. is outside the law, does not obey its demands
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both A. and B are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
5. What is the characteristic of any state?
1) collection of taxes and fees
2) democratic regime
3) separation of powers
4) federal structure
6. A common feature for a democratic regime and a republican form of government is
1) dominance of the executive branch
2) election to government bodies
3) mutual responsibility of the state and the individual
4) political pluralism
7. What feature distinguishes a republic from other forms of government?
1) the presence of a head of state
2) election of the head of state for a certain term
3) transfer of supreme power by inheritance
4) presence of control apparatus
8. The lower house of parliament in Russia is
1) The State Duma
2) Federation Council
3) State Council
4) Federal Assembly
9. Executive power in the Russian Federation belongs to the Government of the Russian Federation:
1) true 2) false
10. Which of the following refers to the exceptional characteristics of a state?
1) the right to establish and collect taxes
2) exercise of political power
3) creation of political programs
4) formation of governing bodies based on elections
11. The highest form of political expression of the people in a democratic state is:
1) referendum
2) elections of State deputies. Duma
3)participation in protest demonstrations
4)work in trade union organizations
12. Which of the judgments about the political regime is correct?
1) Democracy is possible only under a republican form of government.
2) Authoritarianism is impossible in monarchical states.
3) Democracy exists in both republican and monarchical states.
4) In an authoritarian state there is only one mass political party
13. The state is the only institution of the political system that is the carrier
1) sovereignty 3) authority 2) power 4) norms and customs
14. One of the favorable conditions interethnic relations in a democratic society is
1) respect for human rights and freedoms
2) development of private entrepreneurship
3) complication social structure society
4) restriction of social mobility
3) 15. In a totalitarian regime, as opposed to a democratic one
1) a single universally binding ideology prevails
2) the state is the most important element political system
3) equal and free elections are held
4) the individual has ample opportunities to influence political decision-making
16. In country Z there is a king who reigns, but does not rule. Legislative power is exercised by parliament, elected by citizens, and executive power is exercised by the government, formed based on the results of parliamentary elections. There are also independent judiciaries. What form of government has developed in country Z?
1) presidential republic
2) authoritarian republic
3) unitary monarchy
4) constitutional monarchy
17. Government of the Russian Federation
1) develops and passes laws
2) manages federal property
3) approves court decisions
4) resolves issues of granting citizenship
18. The forms of territorial government structure are unitary and republican states:
1) true 2) false
19. The state ensures the maintenance of law and order and the provision of medical and educational services to the population. What function of the state in economic life is manifested in this activity?
1) ensuring the legal framework for economic activity
2) production of public goods
3) volume control money supply
4) maintaining competition, fighting monopolies
20. “Tyranny” and “despotism” are one of the oldest types of government regimes:
1) true 2) false

1. 3) maintaining public order2. 3) separation of powers
3. 4) develop and pass laws
4. 1) only A is correct
5. 1) collection of taxes and fees
6. 2) election to government bodies
7. 2) election of the head of state for a certain term
8. 1) State Duma
9. 1) true
10. 1) the right to establish and collect taxes
11. 1) referendum
12. 3) Democracy exists in both republican and monarchical states.
13. 1) sovereignty
14. 1) respect for human rights and freedoms
3) 15. 1) a single universally binding ideology prevails
16. 4) constitutional monarchy
17.?
18. 2) incorrect
19. 1) ensuring the legal framework for economic activity
20. 1) true

1) How does the author of the document characterize the role of state institutions in a single market space? What, according to the scientist, are the economic functions of the state that contribute to the stable development of the market system? 2) A. N. Porokhovsky names a number of socio-economic phenomena in the life of society that are directly dependent on the active role of the state in their regulation. List these phenomena and, based on known facts, illustrate one of them with an example. 3) The author of the document emphasizes the role of the state in maintaining and developing competition. Based on the text and knowledge of the social science course, explain the importance of competition for a market economy. 4) Why, according to the economist, does the presence of a democratic society serve as a condition for the state to fulfill its functions in a market economy? Is there a connection between the market and democracy? Try to give examples to support this. 5) The author emphasizes the regulatory role in society of the judicial system along with the market mechanism. Expand the importance of legal protection of participants in economic activities. single market space? Need to be brief and clear

1. A) maintaining and stimulating competition in the economy. sphere;
b) guarantees the stability of the market system as a whole;
c) creation of a legal framework in the business sphere;
d) preservation of the market system by expressing common, or public, interests.
Econ. functions of the state that contribute to the stable development of markets. systems: fighting monopoly, maintaining competition.
3. Significance: contributes to the distribution of resources, the interaction of supply and demand, the formation of market prices; stimulates a decrease in production income and the introduction of new types of products; ensures consumer sovereignty, guaranteeing protection from the dictates of the manufacturer.

Make a plan for the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.
What do human rights represent? At what two levels of the legal system are they recorded?
Human rights are given to all people, in accordance with national and international legal norms, equal opportunities to satisfy their basic needs, ensuring the development of the individual and his full participation in the life of society. Human rights reflect the minimum set of life benefits in the civil, political and socio-economic spheres.
The most generally accepted is the list of rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the main UN human rights document. Of the civil and political rights (Articles 3–21 of the Declaration), the most relevant at present are the right to own property (Article 17), the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 18), the right to freedom of opinion and their free expression (Article 19). Among the socio-economic rights (Articles 22–27 of the Declaration), attention is most often paid to the right to social security (Article 22), as well as the right to work and free choice of work, subject to equal pay for equal work, fair and satisfactory remuneration , providing worthy of a person existence, as well as the right to create trade unions (Article 23).
Along with the most general list of such rights recorded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, there are other lists reflected in the constitutional documents of each state. They list the rights that, according to national legislation, citizens of a particular state have, reflect national specifics and may differ markedly from those recorded in the Declaration. For example, the American Bill of Rights includes the right to bear arms (the Second Amendment to the US Constitution), which most countries in the world do not have.
The protection of human rights faces great challenges in the modern world. The main problem is related to the fact that the concept of human rights was born in Western European culture and therefore finds an ambiguous response in countries of other civilizations. In modern Western European culture society is understood as a collection of many social groups with their own special beliefs, which they can follow completely freely, as long as it does not harm others. In other cultures, the ideal is not society as a “bundle” of social groups, but society as a monolith, where everyone shares a single ideology. The basic institutions of these civilizations are not individualistic, but collectivist values. Therefore, demands to provide all citizens of these countries with the same rights as citizens of countries Western Europe And North America, are often perceived as interference in internal affairs.
!

1. Human rights.
2. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the first (world) level of the legal system.
3. Human rights in the constitutional documents of each state. (second state level of the legal system)
4. The problem of protecting human rights in different countries

Help with social studies

#1 What types of democracy exist? How are they different?

No. 2 What distinguishes the state from other political organizations?

a) the exclusive right to make laws;

b) determining the prospects for the development of society;

c) development of political programs;

d) nomination of political leaders;

No. 3 What conditions determine the citizenship of children?

No. 4 Can we say that when deciding on the citizenship of children Russian legislation strives to take into account the interests of the child as much as possible? Give reasons for your point of view.

No. 5 A citizen of the Russian Federation married a citizen of Spain, and they had children in Russia. A few years later, the couple divorced, the father left for his homeland. The mother and children remained in Russia. Children are considered citizens of which state?

No. 6 What are the basic principles of activity law enforcement?

No. 7 What types of human rights and freedoms do you know?

No. 8 What distinguishes the constitution from other legal acts?

No. 9 What is the object of civil law relations?

No. 10 What types of subjects of civil law relations do you know? What characterizes each of them?

No. 11 What is the legal meaning of family?

No. 12 What refers to the political rights of a citizen?

a) right to integrity privacy

b) the right to appeal to authorities;

c) the right to protection of motherhood and childhood;

d) the right to freedom of creativity;

No. 13 What refers to the economic rights of a citizen?

a) the right to free choice of profession;

b) the right to contact authorities;

c) the right to social security by age;

d) the right to a prosperous environment;

#14 Which of the following is a crime?

a) causing grievous bodily harm through negligence;

b) consumption of narcotic drugs without a doctor’s prescription;

C) campaigning for a candidate during the period of its prohibition;

d) evasion of compensation for property damage;

No. 15 Suggest why the period of conscription service in the army is counted in the insurance period.

No. 16. Explain why caring for a disabled person of group 1, a disabled child, or a person over 80 years old is counted in the insurance period.

Thank you very much in advance!

Dominant branch of government

Parliamentary democracy. The government is appointed by the legislative body. The government and its head (prime minister) may also be accountable to a ceremonial head of state (monarch, president, or special authority). In a parliamentary republic, the head of state is periodically elected by parliament, or this position is shared by the chairman of the government. Presidential republic. The President is elected directly by the people and is the head of the executive branch. There are also mixed systems.

Regional power hierarchy

Unitary state. Political power concentrated in the hands of the central government, which determines the scope of powers of regional authorities. Federation. According to the constitution, power is divided between the central government and relatively autonomous regional governments.

Legislative structure

Unicameral Parliament. Regulatory acts are adopted at meetings with the participation of all members of parliament. Bicameral Parliament. The Legislative Assembly consists of two chambers, which are formed and function separately. Alone regulations may require the approval of only one chamber, others - both chambers.

System of elections to representative bodies

Majoritarian electoral system. The territory is divided into districts, each of which is entitled to one representative in the legislative assembly. This deputy becomes the candidate who receives the majority of votes. Proportional electoral system. Political parties in the legislature receive a number of seats proportional to the number of votes they receive. Group electoral system. Certain population groups nominate their deputies according to a pre-agreed quota.

Number of leading parties

Two party system. The political spectrum is dominated by two major parties. Multi-party system. The appointment of a government is usually preceded by the formation of a governing coalition of two or more parties represented in the legislature.