Global problems of the world economy. Global problems of mankind and ways to solve them We lack critical thinking

Geopolitical rivalry, economic inequality, climate change and the rollback of democracy - these problems, despite their heterogeneity, will be the main ones for humanity next year, more than 1.5 thousand experts of the World Economic Forum came to this conclusion. Their analysis is presented in the annual Outlook on the Global Agenda 2015 report.

The WEF conducted the first such study in 2008. In 2015, the impact of the economic consequences of the global financial crisis, which for several years remained key for many countries, will somewhat decrease, notes the founder of the Davos Forum, Klaus Schwab. Now stability is threatened by political challenges - the growth of the terrorist threat and the aggravation of geopolitical conflicts, and this, in turn, prevents countries from jointly solving pressing problems.

Growing inequality

The problem of income inequality in 2015 will come out on top (a year ago, the WEF put it in second position). On this moment the less wealthy half of the population owns no more than 10% of the total wealth, a problem that extends to both developed and developing countries, the authors of the report note. According to a WEF survey, the situation is most likely to worsen over the next year in Asia, as well as in North and Latin America.

In order to effectively combat economic inequality, countries must approach this problem in a comprehensive manner - to increase the availability of education, health care and other resources. Most people assume that the main responsibility in this regard lies with the state, but corporations can also share it, since business itself benefits from income growth for the poor. So the number of consumers and the market for goods and services is growing.

Unceasing rise in unemployment

Economic growth without employment growth (jobless growth) - a phenomenon in which the level of employment does not change (and even decreases) in combination with GDP growth. The main reason for this problem, the authors call too rapid transformation of the labor market due to the development of technology.

The problem is familiar even to China: the country has experienced unprecedented growth in production and exports and has increased the competitiveness of its products, but the number of industrial workers has declined significantly over the past 20 years due to high rates of industrialization and automation. This is a long-term trend that will be observed worldwide, the WEF points out.

Lack of Leaders

According to the WEF survey, 86% of respondents believe that the modern world lacks leaders, 58% do not trust political leaders, and almost the same number (56%) are distrustful of religious leaders.

Corruption, the banal dishonesty of power and the inability to cope with contemporary issues are the main reasons for this distrust, according to Pew Research Center surveys conducted in China, Brazil and India. On the other hand, society is increasingly inclined to trust non-governmental organizations and, oddly enough, business leaders who have succeeded due to their ability, education and the desire to innovate.

IN modern world leaders can grow out of "ordinary people," said Yusufzai Shiza Shaheed, one of the co-founders of the Malala Foundation, referring to her friend Malala, who was awarded this year Nobel Prize world for educational and human rights activities. "We must promote the development of a society where honesty and empathy will be considered key features, where talents will have the opportunity to develop Shahid explains. - This will give strength to the most ordinary people."

Growing geopolitical competition

After graduation cold war and collapse Soviet Union the world came to a liberal consensus for a while, but today geopolitics is once again coming to the fore, the WEF notes. rise geopolitical competition is not limited to the events in Ukraine, similar processes are unfolding in Asia and the Middle East.

As a result of the Ukrainian crisis, the West may be economically and politically moving away from Russia, which until recently was considered the guarantor of regional stability and peace, the authors of the report point out. And the situation in the Asian region - the growth of China's influence and its territorial claims - could potentially have more serious global implications writes WEF. About a third of the participants in the Pew Research Center survey believe that in the foreseeable future, China will seize the palm of the world's leading power from the United States.

In addition to the threat of geopolitical conflicts, the weakening of established ties between states will prevent them from jointly solving global problems, such as climate change or infectious epidemics. The rise of nationalist sentiments and the destruction of the system of multilateral relations between countries should be one of the most important lessons of 2014, WEF experts believe.

Weakening of representative democracy

Faith in democratic institutions has been declining since 2008: the economic crisis has eroded confidence in both business and the governments that failed to prevent it. This provoked popular unrest, for example, in Greece and Spain, and political protests have become firmly on the global agenda in recent years. The Arab Spring has affected almost all countries in North Africa and the Middle East, dissatisfaction with political regimes has exacerbated the situation in Ukraine and Hong Kong, in Brazil, protests due to excessive government spending accompanied preparations for this year's FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games, which will take place in 2016.

Although the development information technologies allows to significantly improve democratic procedures, discord is observed throughout the world between citizens and their elected officials. Governments are still 19th century institutions with a 20th century mindset that cannot keep up with the needs of civil society. To change the current situation, officials must use modern facilities communications to include wider sections of the population in the decision-making process, according to WEF experts.

Increasing natural disasters

Extreme weather conditions are a direct consequence of climate change, WEF experts say, and recently they have become more frequent and more intense and more destructive. Floods in the UK, Brazil and Indonesia, droughts in the US and Australia, heavy rains in Pakistan and snowstorms in Japan are all changing public perceptions of climate change.

Ironically, the poorest countries suffer the most destruction, and the world community, as a rule, tries to help them eliminate the consequences of disasters that have already occurred, instead of investing in preventing damage from future cataclysms. These are significant expenses, the effect of which will be noticeable only in the long term. However, they will benefit both the economies of countries and businesses, and, undoubtedly, the poorest and most vulnerable nations, the authors of the report explain.

Escalation of nationalism

Since the Industrial Revolution, people have turned to political nationalism to protect traditional values ​​and identities. Catalonia in Spain, Belgium, Lombardy, Scotland in the UK - everywhere people are demanding protection from economic shocks, and social conflicts, and globalization, which threaten to disrupt established traditions, values ​​and ways of life.

Nevertheless, the Scots voted to remain part of the United Kingdom. Perhaps this rejection of separatism will demonstrate that in the new global world, nations can combine strong and bright personality traits with a desire for closer cooperation with the rest of the world, WEF experts hope, because we are talking not only about the coexistence of nations within one state, but also about functioning as part of an integrated global economy.

Deterioration of access to drinking water

Difficulties with access to drinking water in various countries may be the result of both financial and resource factors, says one of the WEF experts, actor Matt Damon, who is one of the founders of the charity Water.org. In India, millions of people are separated from clean drinking water by only a few dollars, the actor explains, while in Africa and Asia it simply does not exist. For more than 750 million people in the world, the lack of drinking water is a pressing problem today, complains Damon, and, according to experts from the OECD, by 2030 almost 1.5 billion people will experience "water stress".

Meanwhile, according to a World Bank report, about 50% of the current gap between economic growth rates in developing and developed countries is made up of health problems and low life expectancy. States should spend more on maintaining the health of their citizens, and subsequently this will certainly affect the economic well-being of the country, WEF experts point out. As an example, they cite the ever-increasing spending on health care in China, including biomedical research, which is increasing by 20-25% annually. Pretty soon, China will spend more than the US (in absolute terms) on this direction. The Chinese believe that these investments contribute to the construction of the country's economy, and the WEF agrees with this.

Environmental pollution in developing countries

The industrialization of the developing world remains a source of uncontrolled pollution environment WEF experts say. If on a global scale this problem is in sixth place in terms of importance, then for Asia this challenge is one of the three most serious. China became and continues to be the top source of greenhouse gas in 2005, followed by the United States and the European Union, according to data from the World Resources Institute. Brazil and India are next on the list of the biggest polluters.

While the primary responsibility for reducing emissions lies with the developing countries themselves, developed economies must also bear the responsibility for overcoming this problem. On the one hand, they must invest in the creation of new low-carbon technologies, on the other hand, they must provide developing countries with financing that will ensure the transition to cleaner energy sources.

Poverty and poverty of billions of people remains one of the global problems of mankind in the 21st century. In 1992, according to the decision of the UN General Assembly, the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty was established, which since 1993 has been regularly celebrated on October 17th. This date was not chosen by chance. Five years before the decision of the UN General Assembly, on October 17, 1987, in Paris, on Trocadero Square, a rally was held for the observance of human rights and the elimination of poverty, which gathered about 100 thousand people. Its participants linked human rights violations in the modern world to the fact that millions of people are still forced to live in poverty. First of all, this concerns the countries of the third and fourth world - the least developed countries in economic terms.

Despite the colossal scientific and technological progress that accompanied the world in the 20th century, social inequality in the modern world is only growing. Moreover, social differentiation is aggravated in all countries of the world, including developed countries. Speaking more plain language the poor get poorer and the rich get richer. So, according to research, by the beginning of 2016, the 62 richest people in the world had the same amount of assets as 3.6 billion people - representatives of the poorest half of the world's population. Over the past six years, since 2010, the wealth of the world's 3.6 billion poor has decreased by $1 trillion. At the same time, the assets of the 62 richest inhabitants of the planet doubled and amounted to 1.76 trillion. US dollars. While multibillionaires do not know where to invest extra money, billions of people on the planet live in poverty, hundreds of millions live in terrible poverty, on the verge of survival.

Until now, the food problem is very acute in the world. Hunger is not something from the distant past, but a terrible component of the present. About the scale of hunger in the modern world written a large number of both scientific and journalistic literature, but the insurmountability of this problem makes politicians, public figures, sociologists and journalists return to it again and again. Even in our time, people continue to die of hunger, including small children - in Africa, some countries of Asia and Latin America.

Total population The number of regularly malnourished people in the world today is estimated at nearly a billion. According to a UN report, at least 852 million people suffer from hunger. In today's world, over 1.2 billion people, about one-fifth of the world's population, live on less than one US dollar a day. Malnutrition is to blame for 54% of child deaths in the world today. Such conclusions were drawn by experts World Organization healthcare. The main cause of hunger is not only that in the countries of the third and fourth world people do not receive the proper amount of money to eat at a normal level, but also in natural conditions that do not allow efficient farming and self-sufficiency in food due to constant droughts , the advance of the sands on the savannah. Numerous military-political conflicts also play an important role, contributing to the destruction of a normal economy, even if it is underdeveloped.

Most of the undernourished and starving are in Tropical Africa. It is this region that is considered the epicenter of hunger in the modern world. Moreover, the number of hungry people in Africa has a pronounced tendency to increase, which is directly related to the growth in the birth rate. The highest birth rate in the world is in Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and a number of other African states. It is clear that all these countries do not even belong to the third, but to the fourth world, in which researchers include the least economically developed and the poorest states. The food problem is very serious in Northeast Africa, primarily in Somalia. Here, constant droughts put millions of people on the brink of survival.

But not only Africa can be seen as a “hungry continent”. Millions of people are regularly malnourished and starving in the countries of South and Southeast Asia - in Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan. Here, too, there is a very high level fertility coupled with increasing poverty and deepening social polarization. The same India, despite the fact that it is considered a regional power and a relatively developed country economically, is not able to solve the problem of the hungry. The reasons for this are a very high population, high unemployment, combined with the presence of hundreds of millions of people who do not have education and any professional qualifications.

The total number of undernourished people in Latin America is somewhat lower. Here, the “hunger belt” passes, first of all, through the Andean countries, primarily Bolivia and Peru, as well as through the countries of the “isthmus”, primarily Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala. In the Caribbean, the "island of hunger" is Haiti. As for the countries of Europe and North America, the problem of hunger is relevant for them to the least extent, compared to the rest of the world. Here, chronic malnutrition is inherent only in representatives of certain social groups, "dropped out" of society - homeless, street children. In the post-Soviet space, the problem of malnutrition is acute in the countries of Central Asia - in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. However, even in Russia, many citizens belonging to low-income segments of the population are chronically malnourished. Lonely disabled people and pensioners with low pensions are in the least advantageous position. large families with a low income of spouses, as well as citizens leading an asocial lifestyle - the homeless, vagrants, chronic alcoholics.

The problem of malnutrition is closely related to the problem of low incomes of the population. In the countries of the third and fourth world, most people, even having found a job, are forced to exist on very little money, incomparable with the salaries of even unskilled workers in developed countries. In developed countries, the concept of poverty in recent decades has been increasingly associated with the ability of citizens to realize access to a basic consumer basket, which includes not only food, but also, for example, medical services. In some countries Western Europe the criterion of poverty is already the absence of a bank account with savings. On the other hand, in Russian Federation the poor are understood as citizens with incomes on the verge of or below the subsistence minimum, which, by the way, is set by the state. Disputes continue in society about how much the established subsistence minimum corresponds to the real consumer basket that a Russian citizen needs for a full life.

For modern Russia, low incomes of the population remain an acute problem. The first decade of the 21st century in the Russian Federation has seen a gradual decrease in the number of citizens of the country with incomes below the subsistence level. So, if in 2000 42.3 million people had incomes below the subsistence level, i.e. 29% of the population - in fact, every third Russian, then in 2012 it was possible to reach the lowest figure - 15.4 million people, which at that time was 10.7% of the country's population. However, then the growth in the number of low-income citizens began again. Thus, in 2016, 21.4 million people, which accounted for 14.6% of the population, were classified as citizens with incomes below the subsistence level. It should also be noted that the share of social payments made by the state is growing in the incomes of Russians.

The housing problem is acute in Russia. The vast majority of citizens cannot afford to purchase housing, including mortgages. So, in 2012, even before the currency inflation, 81% of the Russian population did not have sufficient funds to purchase housing on a mortgage. The housing problem is closely connected with a number of negative phenomena for the country. For example, it directly affects the birth rate in the country, since young families who do not have their own housing or are cramped in housing conditions often for this reason refuse to have a child for a while or completely. A significant part of the country's population, unable to purchase modern housing that meets the necessary requirements, is forced to live in dilapidated and dilapidated housing, endangering their lives and health. Even in some large cities there are streets and areas deprived of basic amenities, for example, gas and central sewage, what to speak of in rural areas and small towns. The service life of the so-called. "Khrushchev", built for the rapid resettlement of people from the barracks. But so far, it has not been possible to renovate the housing stock in the proper amount, especially since the majority of citizens cannot afford to purchase new housing under construction.

The solution to the housing problem lies in the spectrum of revising the role Russian state in the construction and distribution of housing. In the 1990s, the state actually withdrew from housing construction, which led to the total commercialization of the housing market. The scale of construction and distribution of social housing cannot be called anything significant. In Russia, the system of non-commercial rental of residential premises is completely undeveloped, which could partially solve the housing problems not only of the poor, but also of prosperous citizens. The state could help solve the housing problem by regulating prices for economy-class housing, preventing speculative activity in this area. Finally, the state should also devote resources to creating a state (municipal) housing rental market, the prices on which would allow low-income groups of the population to rent housing for a long time.

The high level of poverty in Russia is associated with the colossal social polarization, which began to grow in the 1990s and has now reached such proportions that put Russia among the world leaders in terms of social inequality of the population. Over the twenty-odd years of post-Soviet Russian statehood, social inequality in Russia has quadrupled. According to the report of the Russian Academy of Sciences, published in 2013, edited by academicians S.Yu. Glazyev, V.V. Ivanter and A.D. Nekipelov, level social stratification between the richest and poorest Russians reached 16:1, while the critical value of the stratification is 10:1 and even 8:1. However, the solution of the problem of poverty and social inequality is impossible without appropriate regulatory measures from the state.

Academicians S.Yu. Glazyev, A.D. Nekipelov and V.V. Ivanter, in his report, proposes the introduction of a progressive taxation scale as one of the most important measures against social stratification. Progressive taxation exists in many developed countries of the world and provides impressive revenues to the state budget, which finance, among other things, the social sphere. In their report, the scientists note that it is possible to reduce the number of the poor in Russia and reduce social inequality if the subsistence minimum is raised to the level of the real cost of the basic consumer basket, which makes it possible to meet a person’s needs for food, clothing, medical care, etc.

Secondly, it is proposed to increase the minimum wage. In Russia, a situation unique for developed countries has developed, when working citizens, including specialists with higher education, can be below the poverty line. It turns out that a citizen who honestly works and fulfills his professional duties, often requiring higher education and high qualifications, is not able to provide even the realization of his basic needs at the expense of his salary. The working poor in Russia still include many workers in the fields of education, culture, healthcare, housing and communal services. This is a paradoxical situation when a worker of culture, education or healthcare with a higher education and an impressive work experience in his specialty receives wages, which is below the subsistence minimum for working Russians.

Is the problem of poverty, poverty and inequality eradicated in the modern world and in Russia in particular? As for the modern world as a whole, one can immediately dismiss even the hopes for the elimination of poverty and poverty in the countries of the third and fourth world. economic underdevelopment, natural conditions, high birth rates, political instability - all these factors minimize hopes for solving the problem of social inequality in African countries, many countries in Asia and Latin America.

In the same time, modern Russia has the necessary political, economic, cultural potential to actively address the problems of poverty and inequality. However, this requires an appropriate policy of the Russian state in the economy and in the social sphere. A lot of things in the country's economic and social policy should be revised. So far, the economic problems experienced by the country do not allow not only to increase the volume of social assistance, but also to keep them at the same level. Particularly in 2016 and 2017. maternity capital, which previously increased by 5.5% every year, will no longer be indexed. But, at the same time, the state does not yet risk changing fiscal policy by introducing progressive taxation, diligently avoids raising the topic of revising the results of privatization, refuses to impose taxes on luxury, that is, it does not want to infringe on the interests of the richest Russians to the detriment of the interests of the many millions of people living in on the brink and below the poverty line.

We present to your attention a video lesson on the topic “The essence of global problems. Relationship and interdependence. In the course of the development of civilization, humanity constantly faced difficult problems. In this lesson, we will discuss what contributed to the aggravation of the problems in the 20th century and consider their essence, affecting the planetary scale. We will learn about the classification of global problems of mankind, about their interrelation and interdependence.

Topic: Global problems of mankind

Lesson: The essence of global problems. Relationship and interdependence

In the course of the development of civilization, global problems began to arise before humanity. Today, humanity is faced with the most acute global problems that threaten the very existence of civilization and even life itself on our planet.

The term "global" itself is derived from the Latin word "globe", that is, the Earth, Earth, and since the end of the 60s of the XX century, it has been widely used to designate the most important and urgent planetary problems of the modern era, affecting humanity as a whole.

Global problems of our time is a set of socio-natural problems, on the solution of which the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization depend. These problems are characterized by dynamism, they arise as an objective factor in the development of society, and for their solution they require the combined efforts of all mankind. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and concern all countries of the world.

Global, or worldwide (universal) problems, being the result of the contradictions of social development, did not arise suddenly and only today. Some of them, such as the problems of war and peace and health, have existed before and have been relevant at all times. Other global problems, such as environmental ones, appear later due to the intense impact of society on the natural environment. Initially, these problems could only be private (single) issues for a particular country, people, then they became regional and global, i.e. problems that are vital importance for all mankind.

The main features of global problems:

1. Problems that affect the interests of not only individuals, but may affect the fate of all mankind

2. They lead to significant economic and social losses, and in case of their exacerbation, they can threaten the very existence of human civilization.

3. Global problems are not solved by themselves and even by the efforts of individual countries. They require purposeful and organized efforts of the entire world community.

4. Global problems are closely related to each other.

The main problems of mankind:

1. The problem of peace and disarmament, the prevention of a new world war.

2. Ecological.

3. Demographic.

4. Energy.

5. Raw.

6. Food.

7. Use of the oceans.

8. Peaceful space exploration.

9. Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries.

Rice. 1. Poverty and poverty in Africa ()

The development of a classification of global problems was the result of long-term research and generalization of the experience of several decades of studying them.

In modern scientific literature, attempts are being made to comprehensively consider the whole variety of global problems. Since all these problems are of a socio-natural nature, since they simultaneously fix contradictions both between man and society, and contradictions between man and the natural environment, they are usually divided into three main groups. Researchers have proposed many classification options.

Classification of global problems:

1. Problems that are related to the relationship between the main social communities of mankind, i.e. between groups of states with similar political, economic and other interests: "East - West", rich and poor countries, etc. These include the problem of preventing war, international terrorism and securing peace, as well as the establishment of a just international economic order.

2. Problems related to relations in the system "man - society": the development of culture, the effective use of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution, the development of education and health

3. Problems that are generated by the interaction of society and nature. They are associated with the limited capacity of the environment to endure anthropogenic loads. These are such problems as the provision of energy, fuel, raw materials, fresh water etc. The environmental problem also belongs to this group, i.e. the problem of protecting nature from irreversible changes of a negative nature, as well as the task of the reasonable development of the World Ocean and outer space.

Rice. 2. Lack of drinking water in Africa ()

Global problems are interconnected.

Rice. 3. Scheme of interrelations of problems of a global nature

Currently, humanity and the leading countries are actively fighting the spread of nuclear weapons and its use. General Assembly The UN adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. In addition, treaties were signed between the main nuclear powers (for example, START-1, START-2, ABM).

The largest countries in terms of the number of armed forces:

5. Russia.

The problem of arms proliferation and disarmament remains relevant. The military bases of the United States and NATO members on the territory of many countries pose a particular potential danger.

Rice. 4. US military base in Turkey ()

Homework

Topic 11, Item 1

1. What global problems of mankind do you know?

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 cells: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

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Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a guide for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and dorab. - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

2. Africa // encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2009. - 80 p.

2. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified state exam 2012. Geography: Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Examination 2011. - M .: MTSNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

7. Tests in geography: Grade 10: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovskiy “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

8. Unified state exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for the preparation of students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.

9. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.

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11. USE 2012. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2011. - 288 p.

12. USE 2011. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ( ).

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

QUOTE #1

“We have a situation of internal stability, confidence that the country will continue to develop in a stable way. This is probably the most important thing. The economy has changed dramatically - said Vladimir Putin on December 19, 2019.

What is the stability that the President is talking about?
Our economic growth rates, according to the most optimistic estimates, which Rosstat constantly presents us with, are about 1%. All economists know that these are conventions. The structure of production and the structure of exports are steadily deteriorating. Raw material exports are growing, and modern production is shrinking. At the same time, foreign direct investment in the Russian economy is falling. In 2015-2018, they more than halved. And most of them (60%) are directed to the mining sector.

Therefore, something else is unconditional: the lack of economic growth and a noticeable drop in living standards over the past five years. This is despite the fact that, according to the World Bank, Russians are four times poorer Here is how this indicator is calculated. The per capita wealth of the average Russian includes an assessment of:
- human capital (earnings throughout a person's life);
- natural resources (renewable and non-renewable); produced capital (mainly buildings and structures, equipment);
- foreign assets (foreign property and obligations of the country).
Human capital occupies the largest share in wealth (in the Russian Federation - 46%, in OECD countries - 70%), natural capital - another 20%, produced capital accounts for 33%, foreign assets - the remaining 1%. During the period from 2000 to 2017, the total wealth of Russia in constant 2017 prices increased by 73% - from 753 trillion to 1306 trillion rubles. The per capita indicator for the same period increased, according to the World Bank, by 76%, to 8.9 million rubles. (152.5 thousand dollars). However, this amount is only a quarter of the wealth of a typical resident of developed OECD countries (includes 36 developed countries). The stagnation of real incomes and the fall in oil prices significantly slowed down the growth of this indicator. residents of 36 developed countries (OECD members). According to the World Bank, Russia will need a hundred years to catch up with developed countries in terms of human capital. That's the kind of stability.

In general, the proportion of the economically vulnerable population, that is, the proportion of people who live hard and poorly, is not at all the same as official statistics show us. Official statistics tell us that this share is approximately 12-13%. But if you calculate by purchasing power, it turns out that 28% of the Russian population in 2018 lived on about 700 rubles a day. Despite the fact that both the level and inflation of tariffs in housing and communal services and food prices are quite tangible.

The economy minister said that the first half of 2020 is "already lost for Russia in an economic sense." According to the minister, at the beginning of next year, the economy will face very weak consumer demand. And weak consumer demand means that poverty is expanding, people's incomes are falling.
The problem of consumer demand in our economy is not new. It has been in existence for at least twelve years. And we offered a cardinal solution to this problem. This is a famous program."Earth-Houses-Roads" . The free transfer of land to citizens for the construction of individual housing, together with the infrastructure built by the state, would create the very necessary demand that determines the pace of economic development of the entire country. All European countries came out of the post-war crisis in this way. And in Russia it ended only with an unsuccessful experiment in the Far East.

Now unfolding before our eyesanother story that economists will be talking about for decades. This is the construction of a gas pipeline to China, a few hundred kilometers from Tomsk, where only 8% of the inhabitants have access to natural gas. Everyone else uses wood and coal.
In general, 65% of Russian residents do not have access to gas supply. Even 15% of Gazprom's income would be enough to solve this problem in favor of Russian citizens. But instead, we are building a gas pipeline to China with our own money, which the Chinese need only in case of a war in the Sea of ​​Japan. It is no coincidence that the Power of Siberia project is surrounded by secrets, the main of which remains the price of gas supplied to China. The media claim that the level of secrecy of the Chinese gas contract is comparable to the issues of strategic weapons: only a few people in Russia know the true figure and the formula for its calculation under the agreement. And again, the program proposed by Yabloko"Gas for every home" remains an impossible dream.

QUOTE #2

“As for the withdrawal of foreign troops, there are no foreign troops there. There are local police, local self-defense forces, - Putin assured, answering a question about the situation in the Donbass. -And where did they get tanks, heavy artillery? Listen, in many "hot spots" of the world there are various kinds of conflicts and fighting, and with the use of tanks, artillery and so on. Where do they get it from? Apparently, from those structures, states that sympathize with them.

What can I say? Such views and "sympathies" of the president are seriously dangerous for our country.
Russia needs a completely different policy and other sympathies. Russia needs peace, not war. We need a state of public good, not private interests. We need the principle of human conservation, which would regulate the ratio of freedom and responsibility. And the state power, which should stop treating people as hindrances. Russia is vitally important internationally recognized borders, which now do not exist and without which our country cannot exist in the modern world. Russia cannot afford a policy of hybrid and other proxy wars in very dubious interests on completely foreign territories.
Russia needs peaceful developing neighbors: Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia - who would have every reason to be friends with Russia, and not fear her. The success of our neighbors in the development of their state institutions and in the economy is also our success. We need a belt of stability and prosperity around our country, not the other way around.
We need - and this is the most important thing - trust in the country: trust within the country, trust of citizens to each other and between citizens and the government. This is exactly what you can't build without. modern society and the modern economy. And this is precisely what, under no circumstances, can categorically ensure the existing political regime. Modern world economy based largely on trust and understanding. And where this is not the case, crises and recessions occur. Today's politic system does not allow creating an atmosphere of trust in the country, neither on the part of citizens to the police, nor on the part of citizens to the courts, nor on the part of citizens to the state, nor to each other, nor in business - in nothing. This is the dead end of the system.

We need a state of public interest, that is, a state that works for everyone. Just as we need a policy of peace and trust with our neighbors. But instead, we are immersed in a political culture of primitive authoritarianism. This political culture must be pushed aside and replaced by a completely different one. Russia vitally needs freedom. Because freedom is life without fear. Because all citizens of Russia have the right to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want and poverty, and freedom from fear. When these four freedoms are realized, then it will be the Russia of the people, and not the country of officials, groups and thieves.

On present stage development of civilization, as never before, questions arose, without the solution of which further development is impossible. forward movement mankind on the path of economic progress. Despite the fact that it is only a part of universal human activity, from its development in the XXI century. the problems of security and peace, the natural environment and, as well as moral, religious and philosophical values ​​\u200b\u200bare more dependent.

The significance of global problems especially increased in the second half of the 20th century. It is they who significantly affect the structure of the national and. Historically, the world economy as a whole has developed by the beginning of the twentieth century. as a result of the involvement in world economic relations of most of the countries of the world. By this time it was finished territorial division of the world, the world economy has formed two poles. At one pole were industrialized countries, and on the other - their colonies - agricultural raw material appendages. The latter were drawn into long before the establishment of national markets there. The involvement of these countries in world economic relations actually took place not in connection with the needs of their own development, but was a product of the expansion of industrialized countries. The world economy formed in this way, even after the former colonies gained independence, for many years preserved the relationship between the center and the periphery. This is where the current global problems and contradictions originate.

As a rule, huge material and financial resources are required to solve global problems. The main criteria for classifying a particular problem as a global one is considered to be its scale and the need for joint efforts to eliminate it.

Global problems- discrepancies between the most significant planetary needs and the possibility of their satisfaction by the joint efforts of mankind in a certain period of time.

Examples of global problems of the world

Global problems of mankind These are problems that affect the vital interests of the entire population of the planet and require the joint efforts of all states of the world for their solution.

IN modern conditions global issues include:

Other global problems are also emerging.

Classification of global problems

Exceptional difficulties and high costs for solving global problems require their reasonable classification.

According to their origin, nature and ways of solving global problems, according to the classification adopted by international organizations, they are divided into three groups. first group constitute problems determined by the main socio-economic and political tasks of mankind. These include the preservation of peace, the cessation of the arms race and disarmament, the non-militarization of outer space, the creation of favorable conditions for world social progress, and overcoming the developmental lag in countries with low per capita incomes.

Second group covers a complex of problems revealed in the triad "man - society - technology". These problems should take into account the effectiveness of the use of scientific and technical progress in the interests of a harmonious social development and the elimination of the negative impact of technology on man, the growth of population, the assertion of human rights in the state, its release from the excessively increased control of state institutions, especially over personal freedom as an essential component of human rights.

Third group represented by problems associated with socio-economic processes and the environment, i.e., the problems of relations along the line of society - nature. This includes solving the raw materials, energy and food problems, overcoming the environmental crisis, covering more and more new areas and capable of destroying human life.

End of XX and beginning of XXI centuries led to the development of a number of local, specific issues of development of countries and regions into the category of global ones. However, it should be recognized that internationalization played a decisive role in this process.

The number of global problems is growing, in separate publications recent years called more than twenty problems of our time, but most authors identify four main global problems: environmental, peacekeeping and disarmament, demographic, fuel and raw materials.

The scale, place and role of individual global problems are changing. Ecological problem has now come out on top, although until recently it had been replaced by the struggle for the preservation of peace and disarmament. Changes are also taking place within global problems: some of their components lose their former significance and new ones appear. Thus, in the problem of the struggle for peace and disarmament, the main emphasis began to be placed on the reduction of means of mass destruction, the non-proliferation of mass weapons, the development and implementation of measures for the conversion of military production; in the fuel and raw material problem, a real possibility of the exhaustibility of a number of non-renewable natural resources has appeared, and in the demographic problem, new tasks have arisen associated with a significant expansion of international migration of the population, labor resources, etc.

It's obvious that global problems are closely interconnected. For example, the severity of the food problem is exacerbated by the outpacing growth of population compared to the growth of agricultural production in many developing countries. To solve the food problem, it is necessary to use the resource potential of industrialized countries or international organizations developing and implementing special programs help. Consideration of the impact of global problems on the formation of the world economy requires their detailed analysis and assessment from the standpoint of both individual countries and the world community as a whole. Features of the world development of the second half
20th century consist in the fact that it has become a constant factor influencing all spheres of economic activity. Economic activity spread to such territories and to such spheres that were previously not accessible to man (the World Ocean, the polar zones, space, etc.).

The accelerated development of the productive forces, the systematic nature and global scope technological progress, if not supported by a perfect management mechanism, can lead to irreversible negative consequences. In particular, the unevenness in economic development between countries will increase even more, the gap between the levels of material and spiritual culture of mankind will increase, there will be an imbalance in the biosphere, environmental degradation can lead to the impossibility of life on Earth.

This food crisis requires the development of a joint international strategy for the production, redistribution and consumption of food. Even with the current methods of tillage, according to the calculations of British experts, it is possible to provide food for more than 10 billion people. All this indicates an extremely unproductive use of cultivated land.

Solving the problem of developing countries requires overcoming their economic and scientific and technological backwardness, and this is associated with the evolution of the economic space, which will lead to radical socio-economic transformations, the elimination of backward forms of land use and the rise Agriculture based on the implementation scientific methods his conduct.

In this situation, Russia and the countries should pay attention first of all to preserving and increasing the potential of fertile agricultural lands, increasing the productivity of agricultural production, as well as systems for storing and distributing products.

The problem of military spending

After graduation Second World War gigantic efforts are being made by the world community to preserve peace and disarmament. However, humanity still spends huge amounts of money on weapons. Military spending hinders economic and technological development, increases and contributes to inflation, distracts people and from solving pressing social problems, increases external debt, has negative impact on international relations and their stability.

The negative impact of military spending on economic development countries can be long-term. Excessive military spending of the past years is a heavy burden on countries with a low level of development of the economic space, which include many developing countries at the present stage of the world economy.

At the same time, zones of regional and local conflicts have arisen and are expanding, provoking external interference, increasingly with the use of military force. Participants in such confrontations already possess or in the near future may become possessors of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons. This forces many countries to maintain a high level of military spending in their budgets.

At the same time, the reduction of military potential, especially in the largest states, such as Russia, faces many complex issues, because the military-industrial complex represents thousands of enterprises and millions of people employed in them. Besides, world trade weapons is still one of the most profitable types of business, which annually brings our country an income of 3-4 billion dollars.

In conditions of economic instability, limited and lack of necessary funds, the reduction of the armed forces and disarmament in Russia generates additional economic and social problems. Disarmament and reduction of military production in a number of cases does not lead to the release of funds, but requires significant material and financial resources.

Thus, ensuring security and maintaining peace on the planet is possible with close cooperation between countries, reasonable use of available resources aimed at eliminating the general military threat and nuclear war.

The development of the productive forces of the world economy requires not only a constant influx of material and fuel and energy resources, but also the use of significant monetary and financial resources.

The transformation of the world economy into a single market for goods, services, labor, capital and knowledge leads to a higher stage of internationalization (globalization). The single world market creates a volume of economic space and plays an extremely important role in servicing the restructuring of national economies. At the same time, it can contribute to the deepening of disproportions in the world economy.

Global goals of mankind

The priority global goals of humanity are as follows:

• V political sphere- reducing the likelihood and in the long term the complete exclusion of military conflicts, the prevention of violence in international relations;
• in the economic and environmental spheres - the development and implementation of resource- and energy-saving technologies, the transition to non-traditional energy sources, the development and widespread use of environmental technologies;
• in the social sphere - raising the standard of living, global efforts to preserve people's health, the creation of a world food supply system;
• in the cultural and spiritual sphere - the restructuring of the mass moral consciousness in accordance with today's realities.

Taking steps towards the realization of these goals constitutes a strategy for the survival of mankind.

Emerging Global Issues

As the world economy develops, new global problems arise and will continue to arise.

In modern conditions, a new, already formed global problem is space exploration. Man's spacewalk was an important impetus for the development of both fundamental science and applied research. Modern communication systems, forecasting of many natural disasters, remote exploration of minerals - this is only a small part of what has become a reality thanks to space flights. At the same time, the scale of financial expenditures necessary for the further exploration of outer space today already exceeds the capabilities of not only individual states, but also groups of countries. Exceptionally expensive components of research are the creation and launch of spacecraft, the maintenance of space stations. Thus, the cost of manufacturing and launching the Progress cargo spacecraft is $22 million, the Soyuz manned spacecraft is $26 million, the Proton spacecraft is $80 million, and the Shuttle space shuttle is $500 million. The annual operation of the International Space Station (ISS) costs about $6 billion.

Enormous capital investments are required for the implementation of projects related to the exploration and prospective development of other planets solar system. As a result, the interests of space exploration objectively imply broad interstate cooperation in this area, the development of large-scale international cooperation in the preparation and conduct of space research.

Emerging global problems currently include study of the structure of the Earth and control of weather and climate. Like the exploration of outer space, the solution of these two problems is possible only on the basis of a broad international cooperation. Moreover, the management of weather and climate requires, among other things, the global harmonization of the behavioral norms of economic entities in order to minimize the harmful impact of economic activity on the environment everywhere.