Global security and international terrorism. Terrorism as a global problem of our time Terrorism as a global problem of our time short message

Introduction

The 20th century became a time of terror unheard of in history - state, political, national, religious. Totalitarian tyrants, political adventurers, religious fanatics, separatist nationalists, insane and semi-insane "correcters" of sinful humanity and just crooks became the perpetrators of the death of millions of innocent victims. And now the world community shudders at reports of more and more terrorist acts.

Terrorism in all its forms and manifestations and in its scale and intensity, in its inhumanity and cruelty has now become one of the most acute and topical problems of global significance.

The emergence of terrorism entails mass casualties, spiritual, material, cultural values are destroyed. It generates hatred and mistrust between social and national groups. Terrorist acts have led to the need to create an international system to combat it. For many people, groups, organizations, terrorism has become a way to solve problems: political, religious, national. Terrorism refers to those types of criminal violence, the victims of which can be innocent people, anyone who has nothing to do with the conflict.

Recently, the number of terrorist acts has increased greatly. According to some reports, if in the early 90s the probability of becoming a victim of a terrorist act was estimated as 1:10,000,000, now this probability has increased by 20-30 times! It is very scary that for many people, groups and organizations terrorism has become just a way to solve their problems: political, national, religious. It is now especially often resorted to by those who otherwise cannot achieve success in open battle, political rivalry in the implementation of their crazy ideas of rebuilding the world and universal happiness.

The scale and cruelty of the manifestations of modern terrorism, the need for a continuous fight against it, primarily by legal methods, confirms the relevance of the chosen topic.

However, terrorism, as a global problem, requires constant attention and study, and therefore represents a wide field for research with their subsequent practical application. We, ordinary people, can do the only thing in our power - to protect ourselves and loved ones. We must know our enemy by sight, which is why I undertook this essay.

I. Terrorism is a deterrent

First of all, it is necessary to say what terrorism is, what are its goals, essence, meaning, what is it as a means.

Horror is the main feature of terrorism, its specificity, which makes it possible to separate it from related and very similar crimes. Terrorism acts as a way to weaken the enemy by both physically changing some object (objects) of the crime, and mentally influencing the opposing side.

Terrorism should by no means be reduced to the assassination of leading statesmen, just as armed robbery attacks by revolutionaries with the aim of seizing material values for their party should not be considered terrorism. So, the actions of a group of militants under the leadership of Stalin and Kamo, who on June 13, 1907, are not this crime. in Tiflis, on Yerevan Square, the famous expropriation was carried out. On that day, the militants bombarded the convoy that accompanied the collection carriage with money from the State Bank, and seized, according to various estimates, from 250 to 341 thousand rubles. Dozens of people were killed and wounded in this “exe”. The money was delivered to the Bolshevik leaders abroad. Robbery and murder are evident here, but not terrorism, since the meaning of the latter is intimidation, terrifying in order to achieve some specific goals, mainly psychological and political.

It is possible that such actions of the "exists" frightened the authorities, but this was only a side effect. And in modern world there are quite a few general criminal groupings that, while committing banal robbery, will cover themselves with revolutionary and political phrases, without setting themselves tasks that can be achieved by intimidation.

We can say that terrorism is violence that contains the threat of another, no less cruel violence, for that, military and public order, inspire fear, force the enemy to make the desired decision, cause political and other changes. Apparently, this is a fear of death.

1. Definition of terrorism in the Criminal Law.

For law enforcement practice, the only one is the definition of terrorism, which is given in the criminal law (Article 205): “... the commission of an explosion, arson or other actions that create a danger of death of people, causing significant property damage or other socially dangerous consequences, if these actions are committed in for the purpose of violating public security, intimidating the population, or influencing decision-making by authorities, as well as the threat of committing these actions for the same purposes”. In addition, the law defines a terrorist act (Article 277): “An encroachment on the life of a statesman or public figure, committed in order to stop his state or other political activity, or out of revenge for such activity…”.

In addition, the Russian Criminal Code provides for criminal liability for “knowingly false reporting of an act of terrorism”, “knowingly false reporting of an impending explosion, arson or other actions that create a risk of death or other socially dangerous consequences” (Article 207).

Now in journalism and in the media, terrorism is often used as a term for extremist, well-organized, trained and clandestine groups of criminals who commit the most dangerous crimes, usually murder. In the practice of recent decades, Arab terrorists often act as such criminals. Such an extended or displaced understanding of terrorism is acceptable, but it must be remembered that it does not comply with the criminal law of Russia and many other countries.

UN General Assembly in different years adopted about 10 resolutions on national, regional and international terrorism, but could not give a more or less acceptable definition of this phenomenon. It is not easy to do this in view of the many aspects of terrorism, but in order to understand it, it is necessary to identify the meaning of terrorism, i.e. something for the sake of which terrorist acts are committed, and not any criminal violence.

The object of terrorist attacks are, on the one hand, people who are victims of such attacks, and on the other hand, the existing order, including the order of administration, territorial integrity, administration of justice, political structure, etc.

Particular attention should be paid to the question of the methods of terrorism, the criminal law, criminological, forensic (search) and moral significance of which is difficult to overestimate. Russian criminal law speaks of “committing an explosion, arson and other actions.” As it should be assumed, among other actions there may be all kinds of poisoning, the spread of epidemics and epizootics, infection, capture, and the use of firearms. There are a lot of such examples, since the world does not stand still, society develops, and with it, unfortunately, more and more new murder weapons come into life.

Some 20-25 years ago, almost no radioactive substances were used for murder. Now there is a real threat that such substances can be used on a fairly large scale by terrorists. Possible attacks on power plants, the use of chemical and bacteriological weapons. In 1995, in Japan, terrorists from the sectarian organization AUM-Senrikyo launched a gas attack on the subway, which injured hundreds of people. Just recently in America, recipients received letters in which spores of anthrax were found.

2. Terrorist.

.... Terrorists own modern weapons, means of communication, modern computer and other equipment, publish their own literature, newspapers, magazines and leaflets, they are supported by some totalitarian states, they have allies in the highest echelons of power.

How do terrorists create fear in people?

weapons of mass destruction . It has good reasons: firstly, from a technical point of view, it is not difficult to make such a weapon in our time. Secondly, neo-fascist states could supply terrorists with such weapons, for example, North Korea, Libya, Iraq;

explosions . In the XIX-XX centuries. terrorists very often resorted to explosions, which led to numerous casualties. But sometimes they can just be warnings. In general, explosions, by virtue of their nature, have a significant psychological impact on people, giving rise to fear and panic in them;

hostage-taking . This also largely affects the human psyche when terrorists begin to kill in order to achieve their goal. However, this interpretation of terrorism does not comply with Russian criminal law, which singles out hostage-taking as an independent crime.

The danger of terrorism is not connected with the number of today's victims - the total number of terrorist murders around the world cannot be compared with ordinary murders, which are immeasurably higher. Nevertheless, terrorism, in particular international terrorism, can be placed next to the nuclear and radiation threat and the economic crisis, since, firstly, terrorists can, as has been repeatedly noted, use nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, cause significant damage natural environment; secondly, terrorists inspire not only horror and unequivocal condemnation, but also curiosity and admiration, and, therefore, are able to attract a lot of people; thirdly, the scale of terrorism in individual countries, its tendency to reach national borders, and especially the rampant transnational international organizations, pose a threat of provoking serious military conflicts and even wars; fourthly, a dangerous feature of terrorism is that very often its meaning is not to improve, but to worsen the socio-political and economic situation in a given country or region of the world in order to achieve narrowly selfish desires, demonstrations of the strength of one’s group, self-affirmation of leaders, ensuring the triumph of their ideas or teachings, etc.

Experts believe that terrorists are now using tougher, more sophisticated methods of carrying out terrorist acts, for more high level technologies. Modern technical means, special technology make it possible to make a professional terrorist the same sniper shot which a professional counter-terrorist can commit. If at the beginning of the 20th century the revolutionary terrorists basically did not have special military training, they reached everything by experience, in fact they did not have a training base, a training program, then representatives of modern groups have their own bases both in their own country and abroad, special technology , qualified instructors, many of whom were trained by terrorists can be compared with the training of units special purpose or secret services. They study intelligence and counterintelligence, outdoor surveillance and countersurveillance, and the use of special means for this.

The subject of terrorism can be the state, its higher and local bodies, its military units and punitive institutions, parties and movements and their “combat” links, partisan formations, separate groups, including secret societies and finally individuals.

The breeding ground for the emergence of these armed organizations are intra-national or international conflicts, in the latter case, the corresponding groups are created on the initiative or with the participation of the state. They can significantly influence the solution of political, national, religious and other problems, for example, in matters of national self-determination. However, one should not exaggerate their role and assume that as a result of their criminal actions alone, new states may even appear.

Types of terrorist movements

Terrorist groups may be sprawling offshoots or links of organized crime groups, or may be associated with and interact with such formations. If such a group arises at the initiative of the state or is supported by it, then if it fails, the state is likely to disown it.

P. Wilkinson rightly notes that one should not put an equal sign between terrorism and violence in general, that terrorism is a specific form of violence (“forced intimidation”); at the same time, he believes that active terrorist movements are largely connected with the ideas of Marxism. He distinguishes 4 types of terrorist movements:

a) movements of nationalist, autonomist and ethnic minorities;

b) ideological groups or secret societies striving for various forms of "revolutionary" justice or social liberation;

c) a group of emigrants or exiles with separatist or revolutionary aspirations regarding their homeland;

d) transnational gangs, supported by some countries and acting in the name of world revolution.

world

Coursework >> Economics

Migration of labor resources to contemporary world economy 1.1 Concept, essence and causes world labor migration 1.2 Directions ... of migration in the system of the general fight against crime and terrorism at the national and international levels. - further...

Russia's place in contemporary world civilization
Report >> Philosophy
Russia's place in contemporary world Civilizations Russia today looks defeated and ... were predetermined by the status quo. " World terrorism generated by the global supersociety itself in...
World economy. Answers to exam questions
Cheat Sheet >> Public International Law
... world economy - the era of globalization. 10. Globalization contemporary world economy A characteristic feature contemporary stage of development world... about the joint fight against drugs and terrorism. Thanks to the "cooperative" attitude of the Government of the Russian Federation ...

TERRORISM IS A GLOBAL PROBLEM OF THE WORLD .

Terrorism today is the most powerful weapon, tool,

used not only in the struggle against the Power, but very often - by the Power itself to achieve its goals.

Modern terrorism takes the form of: international terrorism (terrorist acts of an international scale);

Domestic political terrorism (terrorist actions directed against the government, any political groups within countries, or aimed at destabilizing the internal situation);

criminal terrorism, pursuing purely selfish goals.

ROOTS OF TERROR

Terrorism appears when a society is going through a deep crisis, primarily a crisis of ideology and the state-legal system. In such a society, various opposition groups appear - political,

social, national, religious - for which the legitimacy of the existing government becomes questionable

Methods of terror

People in most countries are unaccustomed to political violence and fear it.

Therefore, today the most popular and effective methods of terror are violence not against government officials, but against peaceful, defenseless and, what is extremely important, people not related to the "addressee" of terror, with the obligatory demonstration of the catastrophic results of terror as it was, and to America during the explosion buildings of the shopping center in September 2001 Or the terrorist attack in Budenovsk. The object of the attack is a hospital, a maternity hospital. Or the events that took place in Kizlyar, Pervomaisky, as well as the explosion in Moscow, etc.

IDEOLOGICAL BASE OF TERROR

The task of terrorism is to involve a large mass of people for whom either the goals of terror are so lofty that they justify any means, or they are so indiscriminate in means that they are ready to realize any abomination.

Through "lofty motives" they usually involve young people, who, due to mental and moral immaturity, easily "bite" on radical national, social or religious ideas. It is involved most often through totalitarian (ie, completely suppressing the will of people and subordinating them only to the will of the "leader", "teacher"), religious or ideological sects. The most famous example is the Aum Shinrikyo sect.

THE ECONOMIC BASE OF TERRORISM

The main method of financing is criminal activity. Which includes "usual" organized and unorganized

crime, taking control of key areas of the criminal business.

For example, the main source of funding for the Peruvian Sendero Luminoso movement, the Afghan Taliban movement, the Lebanese Hezbollah is the drug business, and the Ceylonese Liberation Tigers of Tamil Islam are drugs and arms-gem deals.

Such "economically formed" terrorism is already capable of serious independent activity, and not only on the scale of "their" country. However, today the deployment of such activities is possible only if there are structures for "laundering" money - in the form of controlled banks, firms, manufacturing enterprises. "

"Laundering" is most often carried out in crisis zones of the world, where state control is weakened. For this reason, Russia is now among the largest "laundries".

CUSTOMERS AND PERFORMERS

The capture of the "black" and "gray" economies with their multibillion-dollar turnovers and armies of organized crime turns the leaders of terror into the masters of a powerful economic, political and military force. This "sphere of terrorist services" cannot remain unclaimed, including by "legal players" - states. Many states use terrorism for their own purposes - an example is the American "irangate", where the CIA financed the terror of the "contras" in Nicaragua with the proceeds from the sale of weapons to the "enemy" - Iran.

The 8,000-15,000 terrorist fighters left after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan have now become one of the pillars of the development of terrorism in North Africa, Bosnia, the Middle East, Chechnya, Tajikistan and... the United States itself.

What happened and is happening in Bosnia, in turn, shows that the United States is systematically creating an Islamic terrorist environment in Europe in order to prevent the latter from becoming too independent.

COOPERATION WITH SPECIAL SERVICES

The cooperation of special services with terrorism creates a qualitatively new phenomenon - special terrorism. The most famous example is Colombia, where only emergency international measures managed to wrest the state from the almost complete control of the drug mafia.

And Turkish terrorists - "gray wolves" - both inside Turkey and outside it, including in Azerbaijan, operate not only under the control, but also with the active participation of Turkish special services.

CONCLUSION

Terrorism as a mass and politically significant phenomenon is the result of an endemic "de-ideologization", when certain groups in society easily question the legitimacy and rights of the state, and thus self-justify their transition to terror in order to achieve their own goals.

Covert operations, unfortunately, have become a necessary and widely used instrument of interstate

struggle. Russia, too, cannot abandon them unilaterally. But playing it irresponsibly is extremely dangerous, as the United States learned from the example of Afghanistan when it tried to oppose bin Laden and his al-Qaeda movement.

The main strategic conditions for the fight against terrorism subject to the following:

Recreating a sustainable block world;

lead; blocking terrorism at the initial stage and preventing its formation and development of structures;

Prevention of the ideological justification of terror under the banner of "defending the rights of the nation", "defending the faith", etc.; the debunking of terrorism by all the forces of the media;

Transfer of all management of anti-terrorist activities to the most reliable special services, with no interference in their work by any other control bodies;

The use of an agreement with terrorists only by these special services and only to cover up the preparation of an action against

No concessions to terrorists, not a single act of terrorism with impunity, even if it costs the blood of hostages and random people - because practice shows that any success of terrorists provokes a further increase in terror and the number of victims.

A complete list of terrorist organizations in the world.

Abu Nidal Organization (OAN), also known as Black September, Fatah Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Brigades, Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims
Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), also known as Al Harakat al Islamiyyah

also known as Groupman Islamic Arm, AIG, Al-Jama, and al-Islamiya al-Musalla

"Aum Shinrikyo", also known as "Aum Supreme Truth".

"Fatherland and Freedom of the Basques" (ETA), also known as "Euskadi ta Askatasuna"

Gama a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group, IS), also known as Al Gama at,

Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), also known as "Harakat al-muhawama al-islamiya", "Ayyash students", "Engineering students", Yahya Ayyash units, "Izz al-din al-Hassim" brigade, forces " Izz al-din al-hassim, Izz al-din al-hassim battalions, Izz al-din al-hassam brigades, Izz al-din al-hassam forces, Izz al-din al-hassam battalions

Harakat ul-Mujahideen (HUM), also known as Harakat ul-Ansar, HUA, Al-Hadid, Al-Hadith, Al-Faran

Hezbollah (God's Party). Other names: Islamic Jihad, Islamic Jihad Organization, Revolutionary Justice Organization, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth, Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine, Organization of the Faithful Against the Infidels, Ansar Allah, Followers of the Prophet Muhammad

"Japanese Red Army" (JKA). Other names: Anti-Imperialist International Brigade (AIIB), Nippon Sekigun, Nihon Sekigun, Holy Military Brigade, Anti-War Democratic Front

Al Jihad. Other names: "Egyptian al-Jihad", "New Jihad", "Egyptian Islamic Jihad", "Group of Jihad"

"Kah". Other names: "Suppression of traitors", "Wild Bogdim", "

Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK). Other name: Karkeran Kurdistan Party

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Other names: Tamil Tigers, Ellalan Group. Operates under the guise of organizations such as the World Tamil Association (WTA), the World Tamil Movement (WTM), the Federation of Canadian Tamil Associations (FACT), the Sangillan Group

"Other names: "Mujahedin-e Khalq", the National Liberation Army of Iran" (PLA, militant wing of the IEC), "People's Mujahideen Organization of Iran" (NMOI), "National Resistance Council" (NSS), "Organization of People's Sacred Warriors of Iran" ,

"National Liberation Army" (ELN). Other name: "Echercito Liberation Nacional"

"Palestinian Islamic Jihad" - "Shakaki" group. Other names: "PID" - "Shakaki" group, "Palestinian Islamic Jihad" (PID), "Islamic Jihad of Palestine", "Islamic Jihad in Palestine", "Abu Ghunaima Detachment" as part of the Hezbollah Bait al-Maqdis organization "

Palestine Liberation Front-Abu Abbas group. Other names: Palestine Liberation Front (PFL), FOP-Abu Abbas

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), also known as Red Eagles, Red Eagles Group, Red Eagles Group, Halhoul Group, Halhoul Command

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (PFLP - GC)

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), also known as Fuerzas Armadas Revolutionarias de Colombia

November 17 Revolutionary Organization (November 17), also known as Epanastaticiki Organosi November 17

Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front also known as Devrimchi Sol (Revolutionary Left), Devrimchi Halk Kurtulus Partisi-Sefesi (DHKP/S), Dev Sol Silahli Birlikleri, Dev Sol SRB, Dev Sol Armed Revolutionary Groups

Revolutionary Struggle of the People (ELA), also known as Epanastatikos Laikos Agonas, Revolutionary People's Struggle, June 1978, Organization of Revolutionary International Solidarity, Revolutionary Core, Revolutionary Cells, Liberation Struggle

"Shining Path" (Sendero Luminoso), also known as Partido Komunista del Peru en el Sendero Luminoso de José Carlos Mariategui ( communist party Peru on the shining path of José Carlos Mariatega), Partido Komunista del Peru (Communist Party of Peru), PKP, Socorro Popular del Peru (People's Aid of Peru), SPP, Ejército Guerillero Popular (People's Rebel Army), EGP, Ejército Popular de Liberation (People's -liberation army), EPL

Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MPTA), also known as Movimiento Revolucinario Tupac Amaru

Al Qaeda,

also known as Qaeda, "The Base", Islamic Army, World Islamic Jihad Front against Jews and Crusaders, Islamic Army for the Liberation of Holy Sites, Osama Bin Laden System, Osama Bin Laden Organization, Islamic Salvation Foundation, Holy Site Protection Group.

Founded

Osama bin Laden around 1990 to unite the Arabs who were fighting in Afghanistan against the Soviet invasion. Provided financial assistance, recruited and trained Sunni Muslim extremists for the Afghan resistance. Currently, he pursues the goal of "restoring a Muslim state" throughout the world. Collaborates with allied Islamic extremist groups to overthrow regimes it considers "un-Islamic" and remove Westerners from Muslim countries. In February 1998, she released a statement under the heading "World Islamic Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders," arguing that all Muslims are obligated to kill American civilians, both non-military and military, and their allies everywhere.

.Activity

On August 7, bombed the American embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, killing at least 301 people and injuring more than 5,000 others. Claims to have shot down US helicopters and killed US troops in Somalia in 1993, and carried out three bombings targeting the presence of US troops in Aden, Yemen, in December 1992.

The organization is linked to plans for attempted terrorist operations, including the assassination of the Pope during his visit to Manila in late 1994, the simultaneous bombings of the American and Israeli embassies in Manila and other Asian capitals in late 1994.

the 1995 mid-air bombings of a dozen planes flying from the US over the Pacific Ocean, and the plan to assassinate President Clinton during his visit to the Philippines in early 1995.

The organization continues to train, fund and provide logistical support to terrorist groups that share these goals.

______________________________________________________________________________________

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru

Terrorism is a global problem of our time

Unfortunately, terrorism is part of our current reality. Terrorism is one of the most dangerous and difficult to predict phenomena of our time, which is acquiring more and more diverse forms and menacing proportions. Terrorist acts most often bring massive human casualties, entail the destruction of material and spiritual values that sometimes cannot be restored, sow enmity between states, provoke wars, distrust and hatred between social and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome during the life of a whole generation. The scale of terrorism is global.

The world community in the late 60s and early 70s. The twentieth century was faced with the need to intensify counteraction to acts of international terrorism. It was during this period that terrorist attacks began to be widely used as a means of political struggle and a method of influencing the political processes taking place in society.

What used to be the exception has now become commonplace in many countries. The geographic scope of terrorist activity has expanded enormously and has now spread to all regions. As a natural response, the cooperation of states in the fight against terrorism has intensified.

After September 11, 2001 international terrorism can no longer be seen as a tactical threat without global implications. Now, more than ever, the process of globalization and the increasing internationalization of terrorism, driven by expansion and globalization, is becoming evident. international relations and interactions in various fields. Today, terrorism is becoming an independent factor in world politics, representing a potential threat to any government, regardless of its legal form and political and ideological content.

To date, a system of international counter-terrorism has been formed, which includes cooperation at the global and regional levels, as well as on a bilateral basis. The fight against terrorism, unfolding on a global scale, not only highlighted the long-standing problems of international relations and international security, but also provides the world community with an unprecedented opportunity to fundamentally approach the solution of the issues of the new world order.

The concept and types of modern terrorism

Dictionaries define the concept of "terrorism" (from the Latin "terror" - fear, horror) as the oppositional activity of extremist organizations or individuals, the purpose of which is the systematic or single use of violence to intimidate the government and the population.

The development of the concept of terrorism is one of the most difficult problems world science and practice of combating crime. Terrorism as a phenomenon is considered modern science in three aspects:

* as a criminal act;

* as terrorist groups;

* as terrorist doctrines.

While terrorist attacks are not a new phenomenon, international law there is still no precise definition of what "terrorism" is. General Assembly The UN adopted about 10 resolutions on national, regional and international terrorism, but could not give it a more or less acceptable definition. As the Romans said: ignoratis terminis artis ignoratum et ars - if the terminology of the subject is unknown, the subject itself is also unknown. In order to successfully fight terrorism, it is necessary to study it comprehensively, understand its motives, driving forces and define it terminologically.

Terrorism is a multi-objective crime. The object of the crime is public safety in broad sense this word. Additional objects can be property, life, health of people, etc. Experts studying the phenomenon of terrorism distinguish 6 main types of modern terrorism:

1. Nationalist terrorism

Terrorists of this kind usually aim at the formation of a separate state for their ethnic group ("national liberation"). Typical examples are the Irish Republican Army, the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Basque Homeland and Freedom, the PKK.

2. Religious terrorism

Religious terrorists use violence for purposes they believe are determined by the Lord. This type of terrorism is developing much more dynamically than the others. This category of terrorists includes Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda, the Sunni Muslim group Hamas, the Lebanese Shiite group Hezbollah, and the Japanese cult Aum Senrike.

3. State-supported terrorism (state terrorism)

Some terrorist groups have been deliberately used by various governments as a cheap way to wage war. Notable terrorist groups include the following ties to governments: Hezbollah is backed by Iran, the Japanese Red Army is backed by Libya, and al-Qaeda was closely linked to the Taliban when they were in power in Afghanistan.

4. Terrorism of the left extremists

The most radical left wants to destroy capitalism and replace it with a communist or socialist regime. Examples: German "Baader-Meinhof", "Japanese Red Army", Italian "Red Brigades".

5. Right-wing terrorism

The task of right-wing extremists (according to the views of such groups are primarily racists and anti-Semites) is to fight against democratic governments in order to replace them with fascist states.

6. Anarchist terrorism

Anarchist terrorists were a global phenomenon from the 1870s to the 1920s, but it is possible that modern anti-globalists may be able to spawn a new wave of anarchist terrorism.

Terrorism is associated with a more general, generic concept of terror for it. Terror is a way of managing society through preventive deterrence. In 1970-1980. There was a terminological distinction between terror and terrorism. Today, "terror" is interpreted as illegitimate violence on the part of the state in relation to society as a whole or to dissidents and opposition. "Terrorism" is the practice of illegitimate violence implemented by forces and organizations opposing the state.

The problem of distinguishing between international and domestic terrorism has importance. If the fight against international terrorism is, from a legal point of view, an international legal problem, then the fight against terrorist acts of an intrastate nature belongs exclusively to the internal competence of states.

The following main distinctive features namely international terrorism:

* targets declared as terrorists affect several countries;

* the crime starts in one country and ends in another;

* the funds on which this or that criminal group exists come from another country;

* Citizens become victims of terrorist acts various countries and participants in events held by international organizations;

* The damage caused affects several countries or international organizations.

A Brief History of Terrorism

Any of the global problems currently threatening man has existed in the bud for thousands of years. Terrorism is no exception. An example of the oldest terrorist organization is the sect of religious fanatics "Sikari", which in the 60-70s. AD used terror as a means of political struggle in order to overthrow Roman domination and restore the Jewish state. Thomas Aquinas and the Fathers christian church also allowed the idea of killing the ruler, hostile, in their opinion, to the people.

In the Middle Ages, representatives of the Muslim sect of Assoshafins killed prefects and caliphs. At the same time, political terror was practiced by some secret societies in India and China. In the territories of modern Iran, Afghanistan and some other countries, the powerful Ismaili sect, one of the branches of Shiite Islam, instilled fear in their opponents from the Muslim Sunni nobility and rulers. The Ismailis played an important role in the socio-political conflicts and upheavals in medieval Islam, initiating the movements of the Fatimids, the Assassins, and the Druze. As symbols of cruelty, the Inquisition, St. Bartholomew's Night, the French bourgeois revolution, the Paris Commune, the "Red Terror" in Russia entered history.

For the first time the word "terror" in the political lexicon of Europe appeared in the XIV century. In different historical eras, the meaning of this word was understood in different ways, but this word and what it means today became popular during the Great French Revolution of 1789-1794. The doctrine of the transformation of terror into an instrument of power was developed by the Jacobins; they also developed the thesis that in order to gain or retain power by intimidating society, it is necessary to create an atmosphere of mass hysteria.

Terrorism becomes a permanent factor public life from the second half of the 19th century. Its representatives are Russian populists, radical nationalists in Ireland, Macedonia, Serbia, anarchists in France, as well as similar movements in Italy, Spain, and the USA. The so-called "philosophy of the bomb" was developed in the 19th century by the German radical Karl Heinzgen and put into practice by the Russian anarchist revolutionary Mikhail Bakunin, who advocated the idea of recognizing only one action - destruction.

The doctrine of "propaganda by deed" was advanced by anarchists in the 1970s. Its essence is that not words, but only terrorist actions can induce the masses to put pressure on the government. In the 20th century, terrorism was transferred to the state level.

Until the First World War, terrorism was considered a weapon of the left. But, in essence, individualists without political platforms resorted to it, as well as nationalists not only of leftist, socialist orientations. With the end of the war, terrorism was taken over by the right - the national separatists and fascist movements in Germany, France and Hungary, the "iron guard" in Romania; in fact, both were guided by the doctrines of the "philosophy of the bomb" and "propaganda by deed."

World War II marked another stage in the development of terrorism. In the post-war period, terrorism is growing almost all over the world and is undergoing another qualitative transformation. Before the war, the targets of terrorism were government agents, the military, and people collaborating with the regime. The civilian population, not connected with the authorities, was not the primary target of terrorists. But the World War, the experience of the Holocaust and Hiroshima changed the attitude towards the price of human life on a global scale.

The conflictogenic potential of terrorism has especially grown since the 1960s. Now the subject of terrorism is a powerful professional organization supported by the sponsoring state of terrorism. The direct objects of terrorist violence are citizens, foreigners, diplomats. The terrorist act turns out to be a mechanism of pressure on the authorities through public opinion and the international community.

Modern terrorism is a powerful branched and well-equipped structure. Modern terrorism has one longed-for goal: the seizure of power. After the collapse of the USSR, in many regions and corners of the post-Soviet space, there were attempts to achieve their goals by violence - let's recall the history of armed conflicts on the territory of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Moldova, in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, etc. The examples of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kosovo, Chechnya show that modern terrorism is capable of waging sabotage and terrorist wars and participating in armed conflicts.

Globalization and the increasing internationalization of terrorism is an indisputable fact. Among the features of modern terrorism can also be attributed to its new organizational forms.

Terrorism of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century was characterized by the presence of clear links between victims and perpetrators of terrorist attacks. In the second half of the twentieth century, it began to take shape, and by now a trend has taken shape when the victims (including hostages) are not guilty before the terrorists and have nothing to do with their demands. The life, health, dignity of the victim is only an instrument of terrorists' pressure on some "third forces".

Moreover, the demands and slogans proclaimed by the perpetrators are only a cover for the demands put forward by the organizers of the attacks. Both the perpetrators of terrorist attacks and their victims are "consumables" in the interaction between the organizers of terrorist attacks and the ruling groups. This trend requires a radical revision of criminal policy, a strategy not only to fight, but also to actually minimize the damage from terrorism.

Causes and trends in the development of terrorism

International organizations and terrorism scientists constantly pay attention to the problem of the causes of terrorism. Thus, the United Nations, in resolution 40/61, noted that indigenous terrorism and acts of violence stem from “poverty, desperation, misery and despair, prompting some people to sacrifice human lives, including their own, in an effort to achieve radical change.” Similar formulations are given in subsequent UN conventions.

However, the reasons indicated in the UN documents are not only not the only ones, but not even the predominant ones. The “hopelessness and despair” referred to in the UN Convention has given rise to terrorism in the United States and has been caused primarily by racial discrimination. But if we recall the terrorists from the well-known groups: the Red Brigades, the Red Army Faction, and others, then most of them belonged to the wealthy segments of the population. In closed, stagnant societies, for example, among the Bushmen of South Africa or the Maya Indians in Mexico, located at an extremely low levels economic and social development, there is nothing like political extremism, let alone terrorism. Thus, we can say that there is no direct dependence of terrorism on poverty or wealth.

At the level of society, ethnic and religious communities, manifestations of extremism increase during periods of historical changes and modernizations that have begun but not completed, when the so-called identity crisis is almost inevitable, associated with the difficulties of social and cultural self-determination of the individual. The desire to overcome this crisis gives rise to a number of consequences that can act as prerequisites for political extremism, namely: people's interest in consolidating in primary, natural communities (ethnic and confessional) is reviving, manifestations of xenophobia are intensifying.

Critical periods lay the foundation for extremism also by the fact that they significantly increase people's interest in historical traditions. Traditionalism, brought to its logical end, is the main prerequisite for various manifestations of such a radical ideological trend as fundamentalism. Almost always, political extremism arises during the period of nation-state building, if it is accompanied by the struggle of the central government against ethnic separatism.

The listed historical factors of extremism indicate the possibility of its manifestation to the greatest extent in areas of concentration of processes of incomplete modernization and cultural marginality. This can largely explain the outbreaks of extremism in the Islamic world.

Extremism and terrorism cannot be compared to a virus that humanity has picked up from somewhere. This is his internal ailment, generated mainly by disharmonious development in the social, political and cultural fields. However, by themselves, the processes of incomplete modernization and marginalization can only create prerequisites for extremism. Its transformation into a special ideology and political practice is always the work of specific people and groups.

According to the typologies of terrorism motivations, they can be

* political and ideological (achieving certain goals in the political struggle or in the struggle for some idea);

* selfish (the desire to acquire wealth bypassing the existing order);

* emotional, psychopathological.

Political and ideological motivations, in turn, can be socio-political, national (separatist) and religious (fundamentalist).

Organized crime is a disease that afflicts all democratic societies. But the rise of terrorism in the last decade represents a new form of organized violence directed against democracy. This new type violence differs significantly from other forms of organized crime in that it aims to achieve political rather than financial gain.

Organized crime does not aim to promote political ideas - it seeks to spread corruption through intimidation. Terrorism is the deliberate and systematic intimidation of civilians in order to achieve their political goals. In this it differs from legitimate military action, which is directed against enemy troops, although it may inadvertently cause harm to the civilian population.

Terrorist act

* demonstrates to society the impotence of power;

* creates precedents of active disobedience and forceful confrontation with the authorities - "propaganda by action";

* activates any forces and moods, opposition authorities;

* hits the economy, reduces the investment attractiveness of the country, worsens its image, reduces the flow of international tourists;

* pushes the country towards the radicalization of the political course, towards authoritarian forms of government.

A special, new function of terrorist acts is now manifesting itself. Classical terrorism has always been a form of blackmailing the authorities or the world community and openly put forward its demands, for example, to pay a ransom, release like-minded people from prisons, stop hostilities, etc. But lately, anonymous terrorist acts with vague goals have been increasingly committed. One of them may be the rallying or expansion of their own ranks in response to provoked actions of retribution. In this case, the state (or a group of states), when conducting such actions, plays according to the scenario imposed on it (or them) by extremists.

The first condition for the emergence of terrorism is the formation of an information society. A terrorist act requires a nationwide, and ideally a global audience. The more powerful the means become mass media the higher their role in shaping public sentiment, the wider the wave of terrorism.

Modern terrorism is most closely associated with modern means information that significantly enhance the indirect impact of terrorist acts. The media create a "virtual space" for terrorism, in which it is possible to achieve real political and psychological impacts, while being accomplices in the terrorist act. Totalitarian regimes that have the technological aspects of the information society, but at the same time block the free exchange of information through police methods, are not so vulnerable to terrorism. Equally, terrorism is not effective in disintegrating countries where the authorities do not control society.

The second condition for the emergence of terrorism is related to the nature of technology and the laws of development of the technological environment of human existence. With the development of scientific and technological progress, the industrial environment is becoming more complex and vulnerable. The ability of the state to block the activities of terrorists in every point of social space at any arbitrary moment turns out to be lower than the ability of attackers to strike.

The third condition for the emergence of terrorism is associated with the erosion of traditional society and the formation of a modernized society oriented towards liberal values. The terrorist attacks loudly proclaim that the authorities are not able to guarantee the life, health and tranquility of citizens; therefore, the government is responsible for it. This is the essence of the mechanism of political blackmail that terrorists use.

The fourth condition for the emergence of terrorism is the real problems that arise during historical development. The most frequent grounds for terrorism are separatism and national liberation movements, as well as religious, ethnic, and ideological conflicts. Terrorism arises at the boundaries of cultures and epochs of historical development. The clearest example of this is the situation in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, where a deeply traditional Palestinian society comes into contact with a modernized Israeli society.

Terrorism finds its most threatening expression in the context of the resurgence of Islamic fundamentalism. The rise of Islamic terrorism is qualitatively different from the terrorism that has been dealt with so far. It is born from an irrational cultural source - militant Islam, which strives for world domination and has millions of supporters. The spiritual and ideological void created by the collapse of communism has opened the way for the triumphant march of militant Islam in many areas of the Middle East and other regions where communism was previously flirted with as an ideology worthy of understanding.

Militant Muslims prioritize ideological zeal over life itself. An example is the ever-increasing use of suicide bombings (although this is mainly characteristic of Eastern terrorism.) Such crimes are not typical even for separatist (Basque, Corsican, etc.) and national-religious terrorism, since in Christian culture there is traditionally negative attitude to suicide.

In the report Mapping the Future of the World, the US National Intelligence Council combined the forecasts of leading international experts and tried to look into the future 15 years, identifying new global trends that could affect events in the world. There are no signs that the key elements fueling international terrorism today will fade in the next 15 years, the report says, and terrorists are likely to try to take advantage of globalization to achieve their goals.

According to the report, many states and non-state actors (terrorists) can gain access to weapons of mass destruction. A clear interest in acquiring chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons increases the risk of a major terrorist attack using such weapons. A significant threat to world stability will be posed by radical Islam, the world expects the growth of popularity of the ideology of jihad.

Terrorist groups will continue to use conventional weapons and explosives in future attacks, adding to them new, more sophisticated destructive schemes. “Probably, the terrorists will be most original not in the technologies or weapons used, but in their operational concepts, i.e. scale, construction or mechanisms for supporting terrorist attacks,” the forecast says.

Latest scientific achievements in the field of biology have made terrorist and undeclared hostilities real using biological weapons mass destruction (WMD). The scale of such actions can be varied: from the destruction of key political figures to a full-scale biological war waged by covert methods and threatening the physical destruction of the population of any state in the world.

Particularly dangerous biological WMD makes its relative accessibility. Today, the production of biological weapons of mass destruction is available to 120 countries of the world, 17 countries have programs related to bio-weapons. For the World community, all aspects of possible bio-terrorism are dangerous: political, criminal, religious, as well as the actions of mentally unbalanced individuals. The intellectual barrier that hinders the use of bioweapons is constantly decreasing as relevant information appears in open sources, including electronic networks.

It can be expected that terrorists will continue to carry out cyberattacks designed to disrupt critical information networks such as computer systems and communication systems, and - with even greater likelihood - causing physical damage to information systems, the authors of the report note. Information Technology that provide instant connection, communication and training will allow the terrorist threat to become more and more centralized, turning into a set of groups, cells and individuals who do not need a stationary headquarters to plan and conduct operations. It is noted that the Internet global scale will provide terrorists and their structures with a ready resource teaching materials, target guide, weapon know-how and fundraising.

Facilitated by global communications, the revival of Muslim identity will create the basis for the spread of radical Islamic ideology inside and outside the Middle East, including Southeast Asia, Central Asia and Western Europe. This revival will be accompanied by increased solidarity among Muslims embroiled in national or regional separatist conflicts such as those in Palestine, Chechnya, Iraq, Kashmir, the Philippines and southern Thailand.

"Informal charitable foundation networks, religious schools, informal banking systems and other mechanisms will continue to proliferate and be exploited by radical elements," the report says. And alienation among unemployed youth will increase the ranks of those susceptible to terrorist recruitment.

Besides,

* there will apparently be a transformation of the personality of the terrorist and the mechanism of criminal behavior. First of all, this is likely to be reflected in professionalization, the transformation of terrorism into a permanent craft. The consequence of this may be a change in the nature of terrorism in general: the strengthening of well-organized, covert and ramified terrorist groups;

* The reaction of society, in all likelihood, will be passive and will be reduced to gradual adaptation, adaptation to the conditions of constant danger. Under these conditions, the fight against terrorism will fall entirely on the special services;

* Terrorism is likely to be characterized by a further sharp change in quantitative and qualitative aspects. In all likelihood, the most common forms and methods of action by terrorist organizations will be aerial terrorism of all varieties, including the use of surface-to-air missiles, rocket attack on ground targets using remotely controlled launchers; poisoning of food, water sources and medicines; using methods from the arsenal of chemical and biological warfare; widespread use of booby traps; attempts to seize radioactive substances, nuclear, chemical, biological and other types of WMD or their components.

Internal armed conflicts and international terrorism and their relationship

terrorism armed conflict international cooperation

Such a problem as internal armed conflicts, the causes of their occurrence and their impact on the military-political situation in individual countries, regions and the world is extremely important, since in modern conditions it is internal armed conflicts that are increasingly becoming detonators of serious and dangerous geopolitical explosions. They very often come into contact, and even merge with such a phenomenon as terrorism, which poses a threat at this stage. international peace and security.

Considering the problem of internal armed conflicts in their connection with international terrorism, it should be noted that this is not typical for all internal conflicts: it depends on the nature of the conflict that has arisen, its driving forces and the goals set by its initiators and leaders.

The international nature of people's lives, new means of communication and information, new types of weapons sharply reduce the importance of state borders and other means of protection against terrorism. The variety of terrorist activities is growing, which is increasingly linked to national, religious, ethnic conflicts, separatist and liberation movements.

One of the problematic situations is the delimitation of terrorism from the liberation and national liberation struggle. Terrorism, as a rule, is not of a mass nature, it is closed in on itself. On the other hand, if the liberation struggle is based on the killing of innocent civilians, women and children, then it is no different from terrorism.

The difference between terrorism and other forms of political conflict (revolutions, wars, guerrilla war) consists in using the tactics of indiscriminate and unrestricted violence or the threat of its use against individuals or groups of the population who have been victims in most cases by chance, that is, who are not direct opponents of terrorists.

No matter how numerous and irreconcilable the various extremist groups and movements may be, without the support of their actions at the state and international levels, today they are not able to solve their tasks on their own. The support of a sovereign state is able to provide terrorists with ideological and material assistance, professional training, diplomatic cover, financial and technical means. With state support, terrorists become part of a social environment that encourages them. Examples are the Contras in Nicaragua, dushmans in Afghanistan, militants in Kosovo and Chechnya.

Terrorism as a weapon to eliminate the enemy has been transformed into a tool foreign policy. There was even a new term - "export of terrorism". Israel's experience best demonstrates the difference between internal terrorism and the threat of terrorism from outside. Now there is practically no export of terrorism to Israel from neighboring Arab states, and, of course, not because they have special sympathy for Israel, but because they have been shown what the price of supporting or condoning terrorism is.

Inter-ethnic armed conflicts or conflicts between official authorities and terrorist armed groups and organizations are an effective way to destabilize the situation in a number of regions.

The epicenter of terrorist activity has shifted from Latin American countries to Japan, Germany, Turkey, Spain, and Italy for a number of years. At the same time, with varying degrees of intensity, terrorist actions were carried out by such organizations as the IRA in England and Northern Ireland, ETA in Spain. IN last years Islamic paramilitary terrorist groups Hamas and Hezbollah, Sikh terrorist movements and groups in India, Algerian and other terrorists have developed great activity in the Middle East.

On the territory of the former USSR, in the conditions of exacerbation of social, political, interethnic and religious contradictions and conflicts, post-Soviet terrorism flourished in lush colors. Terrorist organizations have established close ties among themselves on a common ideological-confessional, military, commercial and other basis.

However, flirting with international terrorism, attempts to use it in own interests fraught with serious problems in the future. Internal armed conflicts will cease to be dangerous for countries and peoples only when the practice of using these conflicts by third countries to solve their geopolitical and other tasks is ended.

Anti-terrorism legislation of states

A regulatory legal framework adequate to the realities of the time is of key importance in the fight against terrorism. Simultaneously with the start of work on the creation of anti-terrorist legislation in Western Europe and the United States, the so-called "new legal culture" began to take shape. Directly the problem of legislative regulation of countering terrorism, including international, can be divided into two large blocks.

The first is the adoption of legislative acts necessary for special services and law enforcement agencies to increase the effectiveness of the fight against terrorism.

The second is the creation of conditions for improving the quality international cooperation special services to counter terrorism. At the same time, the priority efforts of legislators should be directed to the development of legal measures to eliminate the material base of terrorism.

Leading western states: Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Italy, France, the USA not only made structural changes in the current legislation, but also adopted a number of special anti-terrorist laws. In the last quarter of the 20th century, the main international conventions were also adopted, that is, the improvement of domestic and international legislation was carried out in parallel.

Although the definitions of terrorism vary from State to State, terrorism is classified as a purely criminal offense in the domestic criminal law of most countries. In the anti-terrorist legislation of the countries of Western Europe and the United States, common trends prevail, which legal scholars call "legal repressive strategy." The main areas of this strategy include:

* the very participation in conspiracies aimed at committing acts of terrorism should be considered as a crime already committed;

* automatic increase in the term of punishment if it is established that the crime was committed for the purpose of terrorist activity;

* criminal liability for persons who are members of any of the prohibited organizations, induce other persons to do so, or participate in a meeting of prohibited organizations;

* the guilt of belonging to terrorism of any person who finances terrorist activities or induces others to do so;

* simplification of the procedure for considering cases related to terrorism;

* the possibility of prosecuting persons suspected of having links with terrorists, the right to search and arrest without presenting a warrant;

* deportation of foreign citizens suspected of terrorist links, refusal to issue entry visas to citizens of states that support terrorism, as well as to all persons suspected of terrorism;

* Extending the preventive detention of persons suspected of terrorism and limiting their rights to appeal to the authorities;

* legislative ban on the collection, storage, publication and transmission of information relating to the police, security forces, court and prosecutorial officials, employees of the penitentiary system, which may be useful to terrorists;

* criminal liability for concealing information that could be useful for preventing terrorist acts.

National organizations engaged in the fight against international terrorism

From the middle of the twentieth century to armed forces different countries began to appear special anti-terrorist units for special purposes. The creation of such units is dictated by the need to carry out anti-terrorist measures in connection with the unprecedented increase in terrorist activity in the world.

Israel has been the target of extremist activities for more than 50 years. The modern stage of the fight against terrorism began in Israel in 1972, when a group of Arab extremists from the Black September organization captured several Israeli athletes in the Olympic village in Munich. From that moment, both in Israel and in a number of other countries, special anti-terrorist units began to be created.

Currently, the fight against terrorism in Israel is led by an operational headquarters, which includes representatives of the armed forces, police and intelligence agencies, including representatives of the Mossad intelligence. Its tactics are based on delivering preventive strikes against terrorists, including by obtaining advance information from agents operating in their midst; inflicting retaliatory strikes on the organizers and perpetrators of terrorist acts that could not be prevented.

The reconnaissance group of the General Staff of the Ministry of Defense "Saeret Matkal" was created in 1957 as a reconnaissance special unit, since 1968 it switched to anti-terrorist activities. It is considered the best anti-terrorist unit in the world. "YAMAM" is a division of the Israeli police. Created in 1974 as a special service responsible for anti-terrorist activities exclusively within Israel.

Germany. The "Federal Border Protection Group" GSG-9 was created after the Munich tragedy during the Olympics in 1972. Today, this group not only fights terrorists, but also provides protection for diplomats during trips to the Middle East. Helps German counterintelligence by organizing surveillance of terrorists. The GSG-9 special group is considered the most effective among other European special forces in carrying out combat anti-terrorist operations.

USA. The main task of the FBI (the leading structure in the fight against terrorism), the CIA and other intelligence services that are part of the US intelligence community is to quickly monitor the situation inside the country and abroad through interaction, conducting undercover work against terrorist organizations, improving technical means and working with information analytical bodies. Within the structure of the Joint Center for Combating Terrorism, which includes specialists from various ministries and departments, a special group has been created to prevent terrorist acts against citizens of the United States and allied states, as well as important military and public facilities. Accepted special program, aimed at preventing incidents in the United States similar to the incident in the Tokyo subway, for the implementation of which the command of chemical and biological protection of the US military is responsible.

Each of the 59 FBI departments has created at least one combat unit terrorism (SWAT), set up numerous teams to investigate and prevent terrorist bombings. Unlike European countries The United States did not create a special unified anti-terrorist unit. Its function is performed mainly by the FBI's domestic terrorism unit (including the Delta squad).

The Delta Force is an operational detachment of special forces of the American army, created in 1976. The main anti-terrorist unit of the United States. Engaged in the release of American hostages abroad.

New York City Police Emergency Service Unit (ESU).

Los Angeles Police Detachment (SWAT). Created in 1965. An elite unit used both domestically and internationally.

Naval Special Forces Group (NSWDG). The service was founded in 1980. Responsible for US anti-terrorist operations on the water. The training of these soldiers is carried out throughout the United States. There are also joint exercises with more experienced teams such as the German GSG-9, the British SAS-22.

Great Britain. Most countries have come to the conclusion that a special organization should deal with the fight against terrorism. The United Kingdom was one of the first to follow this path, creating in 1941 special service SAS-22 as an elite, highly professional anti-terrorist organization. Today, SAS-22 focuses on the fight against terrorists of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), a Catholic paramilitary group advocating the reunification of the British province of Ulster with Ireland. In terms of combat training, the SAS-22 is comparable only to Israeli counter-terrorist units, but surpasses them in armament.

France. Established in 1991, the government's anti-terrorism program Vigipirate is still active today. Vigipirate Plan Listed 40 possible measures provided by the French government in case of various kinds of critical situations.

"National Gendarmerie Intervention Group" (GIGN). Created in March 1974 to combat Arab terrorism in France. The BRI (search and destruction) units, which have exclusive powers, are also fighting terrorists.

Russia. Directorate "A" of the Department for Combating Terrorism of the FSB is a special unit. At first it was Detachment 7 of the Alfa KGB Directorate, created in 1974.

Directorate "B" of the FSB Special Forces Center. In 1981, the Vympel group was created under the "C2" department of the First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR. Very quickly, it became one of the best special forces units in the world. In 1994, within the framework of the FSB, the Vympel group turned into unit B (Vega).

Australia - Tactical Assault Group (TAG), Special Air Service Regiment (SASR). The Australian SASR was formed in 1957. Today the SASR is one of the groups responsible for fighting terrorism in Australia. The Australian officers of the group are constantly cooperating with the British SAS, with the New Zealand SAS, with the German GSG-9.

Spain. In Spain, a group has been formed as a police anti-terrorist bloc special operations(SEO), which includes the best specialists intelligence agencies of the country.

The annual report of the US State Department "Currents of World Terrorism" provides global statistics on the activity of world terrorist organizations. Since 2001, when the 9/11 attacks were carried out in the United States, terrorist activity has fallen by 45 percent. The State Department believes that this situation is the result of strengthened ties between the community of nations, which in recent years have joined forces in the fight against extremists who use terrorism to achieve their goals. An example of such cooperation is the Program of the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States to Combat International Terrorism and Other Manifestations of Extremism.

In particular, this program provides for summarizing and disseminating the positive experience of conducting anti-terrorist measures, the practice of investigating acts of terrorism and other manifestations of extremism; to conduct joint command and staff and operational-tactical anti-terrorist exercises in the format of interested parties; expand and improve contacts and cooperation with international centers and organizations dealing with issues of combating international terrorism, as well as with their respective specialized structures.

Legal regulation of international cooperation

The international means used in the fight against terrorism include some international bodies and organizations: UN, Interpol, international organizations of experts. Within certain limits, the institution of extradition of persons who have committed an act of international terrorism operates, is widely discussed in UN bodies and other international organizations, among scientists and politicians, the question of the international criminal court as a means of combating international terrorism.

Over the past decades, a significant legal framework has been created in the form of numerous international conventions to combat terrorism. The position of the UN in the fight against international terrorism is reflected in 12 international conventions and 46 resolutions of the UN Security Council. They provide for the mutual obligations of states in countering various types and forms of terrorist activity. In particular, after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1373.

Resolution 1373 (of September 28, 2001) imposes the following obligations on UN Member States:

* introduce criminal liability for the financing of terrorism;

* immediately freeze any funds related to persons who commit terrorist acts;

* prohibit all types of financial support for terrorist groups;

* deny terrorists safe haven, livelihood or other support;

* share information with other governments about any groups that are committing or planning terrorist acts;

* cooperate with other governments in the investigation, identification, arrest, extradition and prosecution of persons involved in such acts;

* introduce criminal liability under domestic laws for active or passive support of terrorism and bring violators of these laws to justice;

* become a party to the relevant international conventions and protocols against terrorism as soon as possible.

Cooperation in the fight against terrorism was formalized in the framework of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Organization of American States and the Organization of the Islamic Conference.

At the meeting on combating terrorism (Paris, July 30, 1996), the ministers of the G8 (Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, USA, France, Japan, Russia) adopted a final document in which they declared their determination to give priority attention to the fight against terrorism, made an overview of the trends in the development of terrorism in the world. The forum participants presented at the final press conference a list of 25 counter-terrorism measures agreed upon by them, a significant part of which relates to the national competence of states.

The document obliges the signatory countries to renounce any passive or active support for terrorists; tougher legal measures to prosecute terrorist activities; prosecute any person accused of committing, preparing or assisting in terrorist acts.

The success of the fight against terrorism directly depends on real operational cooperation between special services. The significance of the conference held in Paris also lies in the fact that it contributed to overcoming a serious psychological barrier that traditionally separates representatives of this profession. The leading countries of the world came to the realization that the underworld united much earlier than theirs. law enforcement, the understanding that terrorism can only be defeated by joint efforts has strengthened.

Actions against the threat of international terrorism must be bilateral in nature: international and domestic. Measures taken at the international level will prevent its domestic manifestations, and vice versa. All states must adhere to the same rules, terrorism must be declared a crime against humanity.

Necessary:

* revise laws on international trade and adopt a number of amendments to them that restrict trade in gas centrifuges, enriched uranium and other dangerous "components" of weapons of mass destruction;

* subject terrorist states to diplomatic, economic and military sanctions, which for the most part have a monocultural, resource-oriented economy and therefore can feel the consequences of economic sanctions;

* neutralize terrorist enclaves: terrorists must not be allowed to enter areas that are not independent states, but serve as zones of shelter and support for terrorists (for example, the Hezbollah enclave in southern Lebanon);

* freeze in Western banks the financial resources of terrorist regimes and organizations;

* develop cooperation international services security, to overcome mutual suspicion, to coordinate actions between the intelligence services of all free countries;

* review legislation to take action against countries that incite violence;

* impose restrictions on the possession of weapons, their mandatory registration, as well as strengthen control over weapons;

* Tighten immigration laws;-

* actively pursue and eliminate terrorist groups;

* refrain from releasing from prison those found guilty of terrorist acts;

* train special forces to fight terrorism, as well as train police officers in special techniques and tactics to suppress terrorists;

* conduct educational work, explain to the broad masses of the population programs to combat terrorism.

A comprehensive approach to the eradication of international terrorism involves the use of the entire spectrum of political, economic, financial and humanitarian measures. The UN and leading financial and economic organizations and institutions are developing programs to ensure more balanced non-discriminatory conditions for world socio-economic development.

It would be an unforgivable mistake to identify terrorism with any religion, nationality or culture. It is necessary to establish a dialogue and mutual understanding of different civilizations on the basis of common values of protecting human life and dignity.

Sources of terrorist financing

According to the latest data, there are more than 500 terrorist organizations and movements in the world. Most of them have the character of international carefully conspired communities of like-minded fanatics with iron discipline, extensive connections and powerful financial support. Along with a large number of terrorist organizations and groups, there is an equally large number of various structures supporting them, up to state sponsors of terrorism.

One fact that has long been obvious, but not discussed for diplomatic reasons: without the support of sovereign states the existence of modern terrorism is impossible. According to studies, the total budget in the sphere of terror is annually from 5 to 20 billion dollars. The "quantity" of terrorism gave rise to its new quality, and technical progress, giving it new opportunities, potentially equalized it with entire states.

Terrorist states and terrorist organizations together form a terrorist network, the components of which support each other not only politically, but also operationally. Therefore, it is not enough to destroy the terrorists - the entire terrorist network must be dismantled. Regimes that cover and finance terrorism should be subject to severe political, economic and military sanctions.

Counteraction to international crime and terrorism should be built systematically in order to contain them to the utmost. A comprehensive approach is needed, including freezing the assets, accounts of any corporation, individual or charitable organization if they have links to terrorists. Forceful actions against radical terrorists should be preceded by deep financial intelligence.

The true independence of the terrorist environment appears when, at the expense of the initial financial support of supporters and sponsors, a system of basing and training is created and self-financing is provided. The main way of self-financing is criminal activity. Today, the main sources of financing terrorism are the control of the drug business, racketeering, prostitution, arms trafficking, smuggling, gambling, etc.

"Economically formed" terrorism is capable of serious independent activity, and not only on the scale of its "own" country. However, today the deployment of such activities is possible only if there are structures for "laundering" money - in the form of controlled banks, firms, manufacturing enterprises. The terrorist environment creates such an economic sector, now called the "gray economy".

...

What it is?

To reveal the essence of the problem of terrorism in the modern world, it is necessary to find out what this term means. The word "terrorism" means one of the variants of political struggle associated with ideologically motivated violence. Its essence is violence to intimidate the population. As a rule, terrorist attacks are prepared by individuals or organizations. Their goal is power in the face of individual officials or society in the face of the civilian population. Also, terrorists can strike at private or public property, important infrastructures and life support systems. The goal of criminals is to achieve the development of events they desire, as a rule, the situation in the country, inciting a revolution, declaring war, gaining independence of a certain territory, obtaining concessions from the current government, and more.

Although terrorism is a global problem of the modern world, legislators in different countries have not come to a consensus on its definition. In most states, acts that are dangerous to society are considered terrorism. At the same time, they were committed with the aim of intimidating the population or its social groups. The purpose of the terrorist is to draw as much attention to the crime as possible. At the same time, he wants to influence any decision previously made by the authorities of the country. Terrorism is closely related to a more general concept - terror, which is one of the ways to control popular opinion through intimidation. This method of influence is resorted to by both states and various organizations that are trying to solve political issues in this way.

Appearance conditions

Many people ask themselves: what characteristic the problem of terrorism in the modern world? An important feature of world terrorism is that a prerequisite for the commission of a criminal act is to attract the maximum attention of the world community to this act. Wide resonance, spread as far as possible more information about the crime play only into the hands of the bandits. A little-known or secret act of violence loses all meaning.

The widest possible dissemination of information about the committed act of terrorism is necessary for criminals to change the mood in society, because massacres affect mass psychology. Organizations that carry out inhuman crimes demonstrate their strength and capabilities, declaring that they are ready to go all the way to achieve their goal. Bandits sacrifice not only their own lives, but also the lives of innocent people. They declare to everyone that there is a force in society that under no circumstances will reconcile itself to the existing order of things and will continue to fight.

What do terrorists want?

In order to find out what problems of terrorism exist in the modern world, it is briefly necessary to describe the goals of criminals that they pursue when committing an act of violence. They are as follows:

Demonstration of powerlessness. In the place where the crime took place, the power has lost its power. In this place, laws and morality were violated, an alternative to the current administration was established.
Propaganda by action. The resulting act of violence causes some members of society to sympathize with the terrorists, as well as join their ranks.
The emergence of anti-government sentiments, the intensification of the work of opposition forces, since the attack is interpreted as a sign of weakness political system. All these actions push the authorities to concessions.
The crime negatively affects the economy of the country where the incident occurred. The image of the city is deteriorating, the flow of tourists is decreasing.
Terrorists are pushing the country to change its political course. Often the goal of bandits is to transfer power to an authoritarian form of government.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world is that a terrorist act is the most dangerous form of destabilization of society. Other methods, such as unleashing a civil war, strikes, uprisings, military destabilization, riots, require more effort and resources. Also, the implementation of plans will require the support of other anti-government forces. To organize enough support for terrorists by a narrow stratum of society. Also, criminals do not need large technical resources.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world is that any act of terrorism is one of the ways to weaken the power, to destroy the political system. Lawyers classify terrorists as criminals who go against the constitutional foundations of the country. They threaten the security of the entire state as a whole.

Society and terrorists

The main problem of countering terrorism in the modern world is that a terrorist attack requires nationwide, and even better, worldwide publicity, therefore, for it to exist, it needs Information society. It first appeared in the 19th century in Europe. It is there that an enlightened society reads newspapers daily. Over time, the media become a more powerful force. The greater the role of journalists, the wider the wave of terrorism can be.

Another global problem of terrorism in the modern world is the development of technologies that allow you to instantly disseminate information about a committed terrorist attack around the globe. With the development of scientific and technological progress, the industrial environment becomes more and more vulnerable. In the world modern technologies humanity is facing catastrophes that occur without the intervention of criminals. Also, the problem of countering terrorism in the modern world is that the ability of the state to control the activities of each person or group of persons is extremely limited.

Also, the emergence of terrorism is influenced by the change in society, which strives for liberal values. Citizens are getting closer to the idea of a social contract, where the safety and life of a person must be guaranteed by the state. Terrorists, by their actions, are trying to prove to the whole world that officials and law enforcement agencies are not able to guarantee a calm and peaceful existence for their citizens. Therefore, the government should be held accountable for the crimes of criminals. If society, on the contrary, tries to rally against a common misfortune, while supporting power with all its might, then terrorist acts lose their power.

In prosperous countries, there are such manifestations of terrorism, when mentally unbalanced people commit acts of violence. However, such phenomena are observed quite rarely. Most often, the grounds for committing mass murder of citizens are liberation movements, as well as religious and national conflicts.

The problem of international terrorism in the modern world is that these bandits can exist only on the condition that a certain part of the citizens will sympathize with them. Unlike trained military saboteurs who can work alone, terrorists need the moral and physical support of citizens. In this they are in many ways similar to the partisans. If support fades, then the terrorist organization will not be able to exist for a long time.

The essence of the problem of terrorism in the modern world is that its appearance is an indicator of the crisis in the country. This is a mechanism of communication between society and power, between a separate cell of society and the entire population of the state. Such crimes testify to the trouble in the social space. At the same time, it is unlikely that it will be possible to solve the problem that has arisen only by force. The suppression and localization of bandit organizations are only part of the solution. Other methods of struggle should be political and cultural transformations, which will remove the need for a radical solution of the problem on the part of society.

Varieties

The division of terrorism into types and classes is a difficult task, given its diversity. Nevertheless, experts divide the problem of terrorism in the modern world into areas depending on the type of activity of criminals:

An individual criminal who commits a crime alone. In today's world, terrorists rarely operate without the support of an organization. Therefore, an attack on the official Vera Zasulich in 1878 can be cited as an example of the manifestation of such criminal activity.
Collective terrorist activity is planned and carried out by a large organization. In our time, it is organized terrorism that is most common.

Terrorists also pursue different goals. Depending on this, the following types are distinguished:

Religious. It is associated with the struggle of adherents of one religion with adherents of another. Sometimes terrorists want to change government from secular to religious.
National. The bandits in this case pursue separatist goals.
A social and ideological view that requires a change in the political and economic policy of the country. Sometimes this type of protest is called revolutionary. Examples include the Social Revolutionaries, anarchists and fascists.

Terrorist methods

Terrorists have several methods at their disposal to draw attention to themselves. Let's consider them in more detail:

Explosions of important government or military buildings, transport hubs, residential buildings, theaters, restaurants.
kidnapping statesmen, journalists, high-ranking military. The main purpose of kidnapping is blackmail in order to exchange for accomplices.
Political assassinations of officials, police officers, military.
Capturing buildings containing a large number of of people. After such a step, terrorists usually want to negotiate with the authorities. Hostages are either killed or released. This manifestation of terrorism is gaining popularity in our time.
Capture of transport planes, ships, buses with hostages. Most often, this form of terrorism manifested itself in the 80s of the last century.
Robbery of banks, shops, private houses, kidnapping for ransom. This is a minor form of terrorism, but it brings profit to the bandits.
Beatings and abuse of people. Terrorism in this manifestation is an act of psychological pressure on a person.
Terrorism using biological weapons. An example is the distribution of letters containing a poisonous substance.
Poisoning victims with radioactive elements.

The arsenal of terrorists is constantly expanding. Recently, computer terrorism has been gaining popularity. The authorities need to be prepared for the fact that any technically complex facilities and storage facilities can become a target for radical organizations.

Modern terrorists

Often people want to understand the causes of the problem of terrorism in the modern world. We will briefly try to describe them below. Terrorism was activated with renewed vigor at the dawn of the 20th century. There are several reasons for this phenomenon, for example, the economic crisis, the sale of weapons and explosives on the black market, the weakening of state institutions, the growth of criminal structures, uncontrolled migration, and local conflicts.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world lies in the fact that some terrorist attacks are carried out by radical groups, for example, the explosion of the monument to Tsar Nicholas II in 1998 near Moscow, as well as the mining of the monument to Peter I in the Russian capital. Both listed actions ended without casualties among the population. However, such crimes can shake the credibility of the authorities, because such acts were committed in the very center of Russia.

A much more serious problem of combating terrorism in the modern world arose when attacks were carried out related to the war in Chechnya. Bandits blew up houses, markets, took hostages in several Russian cities. Most often, crimes occurred in Moscow, Dagestan and Volgodonsk. Chechen terrorists are very organized and have a stable source of income.

Among the most high-profile crimes is the seizure by criminals led by Basayev of a maternity hospital in Budennovsk at the end of the 20th century. It ended with the return of the terrorists to the territory not controlled by Russia. Another high-profile hostage-taking took place in Moscow, on Dubrovka, during the musical Nord-Ost, in 2002. As a result of the crime, several dozen hostages died, all the terrorists were eliminated during the assault.

The new kind

The problem of combating terrorism in the modern world has now become aggravated with renewed vigor, because at the moment the world is threatened by nuclear terrorism. Also, kidnapping for the purpose of blackmail or ransom is becoming more and more common. The reason for the problem of terrorism in the modern world lies in the attitude of ordinary people towards terrorists in the country. It depends on the attitude of society towards the current political order, as well as from the goals that criminals dream of achieving. Also, the condemnation or support of terrorists by the civilian population depends on the liberal values of a particular state, the price of human life, the level of enlightenment and legal awareness of citizens.

If terrorism has arisen due to social, political or cultural problems, then a small part of society, especially suffering from the resulting crisis in the country, will support terrorists different ways. Thanks to a positive attitude towards yourself, the bandits who kill civilians and organize terrorist attacks will have a chance to recruit more people. The resolution of painful problems relieves tension in society, eliminates the split between warring organizations, and deprives terrorist groups of support from the population.

Citizens who are faced with a terrorist threat, as a rule, change their attitude towards this phenomenon. The shock associated with the attack of bandits on civilians splits society. Some reject terrorists, condemning their actions. Others justify the action of the bandits, recognizing that in certain situations it is impossible to do without drastic measures. If terrorist groups become active in the country, committing more and more crimes, almost the entire civilian population condemns their actions, seeing how innocent people suffer. A group that once supported terrorism is changing its mind. Popular support for criminals is waning.

The influence of evolution on attitudes towards terrorism

People's attitudes towards terrorist acts are influenced by historical evolution evaluation of such a phenomenon. Society treated these crimes differently at different stages of its historical development. So, during the appearance of the first terrorist organizations, their members were considered fighters for freedom, equality and independence.

In the early 1920s, organizations organizing acts of violence in warring countries existed quite legally in their homeland. They were supported in every possible way by their native state. As liberal sentiment developed in the countries of Western Europe, terrorists found themselves outside the law. After the Second World War, criminals were sponsored exclusively by aggressor countries that sought political and ideological expansion.

In the early 1960s, developed countries gradually began to recognize terrorism as a source of unconditional political system. Nowadays, the phenomenon is strongly condemned in the media. The acquittal and glorification of terrorists are severely punished in some countries, up to and including imprisonment. Now the center of terrorism has shifted from the countries of Western Europe to the Arab countries. The inhabitants of these states have yet to go through an evolutionary stage from the recognition and support of criminal acts to condemnation.

International terrorism

To justify the problems of terrorism in the modern world, one should know that criminals often resort to massacres, since they will not be able to achieve their delusional goals in open battle. Violent actions against the civilian population have long crossed the national boundaries, turning into a global threat to all the peoples of the globe. Terrorism has become an effective tool for intimidating society during military and political conflicts. The age-old disputes between two different worlds, which differ significantly from each other in their understanding of life, moral standards and culture, lead to significant casualties among the innocent population.

What is terrorism? Terrorism in Latin means "horror", "fear". Fear is a force, it is an influence with which terrorists want to change the world. The ideology of terrorism is always based on violence, which is not a goal, but a means of implementing criminal plans. I think everyone understands that terrorism is a threat of the 21st century. Terrorists set off horrific explosions that kill peaceful people shocked by their cruelty. Most experts agree that there is a war going on, but not a war in the usual sense of the word, but a war, undeclared, terrible.

There are over a hundred definitions of terrorism. However, none of them can fully reveal the essence of this complex phenomenon; the ideology of terrorism is always based on violence, which is not a goal, but a means of implementing criminal plans.

What caused this undeclared war against humanity?

Today, the political situation around the world is largely due to those complex processes that take place in the Near and Middle East. This geopolitical region remains extremely tense, unstable and explosive. The whole East is in a system of open conflicts different levels voltage. The situation is complicated by the presence of many unresolved economic and ethno-social problems.

Islamic radicalism also plays an important role. As a phenomenon of political life, terrorism and Islamic radicalism manifest themselves as independent nation states that arose during the collapse of the colonial empires of Great Britain and France. The problem of terrorism and Islamic radicalism is acquiring special significance today, as the internal political situation in the states of the Near and Middle East is deteriorating sharply.

Modern terrorism is distinguished by the following features:

1.there is an ideological justification for activity in the form of Islamic radicalism;

2. excellent technical equipment;

3.high level of discipline and organization;

4. the availability of financial resources received both in the course of carrying out their criminal activities and from parties interested in the activities of terrorists.

The defining feature of modern terrorism and Islamic fundamentalism is its trans-state character. Terrorist groups are no longer divided in essence into international and domestic.

The situation is complicated by the fact that terrorists either engage in traditional criminal activities themselves or cooperate with international criminal syndicates, especially in the field of drug trafficking and illegal arms trade. In any case, this allows you to have a constant cash flow.

Wishing to intimidate people, sow fear, expand the sphere of influence, modern terrorists arrange acts that are terrible in terms of inhumanity and cruelty.

The largest, large-scale terrorist act was committed on September 11, 2001 in the United States of America. Then it really started open war terrorists. It is known that as a result of four New York terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, 2977 people died, which is the largest number of victims of terrorist attacks in the history of mankind. A shocking blow was dealt to one of the strongest states in the world.

A series of terrorist attacks in the fall of 2015 - in the spring of 2016, first in Paris and then in Brussels, demonstrate the possibility of such attacks anywhere.

On November 13, 2015, the largest terrorist attacks in the history of France were carried out in Paris. Explosions near the stadium in Saint-Denis, executions of visitors in a number of French restaurants and hostage-taking in the Bataclan concert hall claimed the lives of 130 people, more than 250 people were injured. The terrorists were militants of the Islamic State criminal organization.

In Brussels, the terrorist attacks were carried out on March 22, 2016 at the airport and subway by militants of the Islamic State. During the explosions, 40 people were killed and more than 215 were injured (60 of them seriously).

On April 3, a suicide bomber carried out an explosion at the Technological Institute metro station in St. Petersburg. 14 people died, 90 people were injured. The suicide bomber was a member of the terrorist organizations Jabhat al-Nusra and the Islamic State.

Terrorists are guided by various political, ideological, economic, religious and ethno-national motives. These motives are partially similar to the political strategies of individual states.

Only the unification of all states, influential participants in international relations and the development of a common strategy will make it possible to fight terrorism and Islamic radicalism.

Global security and international terrorism. Terrorism as a global problem of our time Terrorism as a global problem of our time short message

Introduction

I. Terrorism is a deterrent

1. Definition of terrorism in the Criminal Law.

2. Terrorist.

How do terrorists create fear in people?

Types of terrorist movements

Russia's place in contemporary world civilization

World economy. Answers to exam questions

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

What it is?

Appearance conditions

What do terrorists want?

Society and terrorists

Varieties

Terrorist methods

Modern terrorists

The new kind

The influence of evolution on attitudes towards terrorism

International terrorism

Fleet patrol ships - classification and purpose See what a "Patrol Ship" is in other dictionaries

History of samurai in japan School of samurai in japan

The history of the samurai in Japan Types of Japanese warriors

Categories

Latest Articles

Eggs, chicks and thrush nests

And Kuprin is a wonderful doctor summary

Basic concepts of the sphere of methodological activity of hoopoe

Presentation "Literacy (writing) L

We develop a child in a year

Cottage cheese recipes with photos - what can be cooked cold or hot at home

Kohlrabi cabbage: what is useful, how to store, what can be done

Urgent cash loans on the day of treatment Mos express bank loan online application

Is it possible to sell a mortgage apartment?

Advertising

Global security and international terrorism. Terrorism as a global problem of our time Terrorism as a global problem of our time short message

Introduction

I. Terrorism is a deterrent

1. Definition of terrorism in the Criminal Law.

2. Terrorist.

How do terrorists create fear in people?

Types of terrorist movements

Russia's place in contemporary world civilization

World economy. Answers to exam questions

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

What it is?

Appearance conditions

What do terrorists want?

Society and terrorists

Varieties

Terrorist methods

Modern terrorists

The new kind

The influence of evolution on attitudes towards terrorism

International terrorism

You might be interested:

Categories

Latest Articles

Advertising